Assignment prepared BY

GROUP 6
Sumaira(62) ,Misbha(81) :flower
Ayesha ijaz(61) ,Asma(65) :seeds
Anmol(53) ,Areeba(79) :fruit

Assignment topic: reproductive parts of plants flower

seed and fruit
Assignment submitted to :Madam Shiza
Abstract
As plant is most wise creature of earth so it have modified it self through the process of evolution and
change in their structure make the as more advance in reproduction further it have three parts through
which it can reproduce

1. Flower
2. Seed
3. Fruit

Mostly plants can reproduce by these three parts in three ways it may be sexual asexual or vegetative
monocot and dicot plants have different adaptations for reproduction furher development of plant needs
optimum conditions like temperature water air etc

Contents
Flower

Seed

Fruit

Conclusion

References

Flower

Blossom

A blossom, here and there known as a sprout or bloom, is the conceptive structure found in blossoming
(plants of the division Magnoliophyta, additionally called angiosperms). The natural capacity of a bloom is
to impact proliferation, as a rule by giving a component to the association of sperm with eggs

A few blooms deliver diaspores without preparation (parthenocarpy). Blossoms contain sporangia and are
where gametophytes create.

Numerous blooms have advanced to be appealing to creatures, in order to make them be vectors for the
exchange of dust. After preparation, the ovary of the bloom forms into natural product containing seeds.
Notwithstanding encouraging the proliferation of blooming plants, blossoms have for quite some time
been appreciated and utilized by people to convey excellence to their condition, and furthermore as
objects of sentiment, custom, religion, pharmaceutical and as a wellspring of sustenance.

Substance

contents
• 1 Morphology

o 1.1 Floral parts

 1.1.1 Perianth

 1.1.2 Reproductive

o 1.2 Structure

 1.2.1 Inflorescence

 1.2.2 Floral charts and botanical formulae

• 2 Development

o 2.1 Flowering change

o 2.2 Organ advancement

• 3 Floral capacity
o 3.1 Flower specialization and fertilization

• 4 Pollination

o 4.1 Pollination component

o 4.2 Attraction strategies

o 4.3 Flower-pollinator connections

o 4.4 Pollen hypersensitivity

• 5 Seed dispersal

• 6 Evolution

• morphology

Flower parts

The fundamental parts of a bloom can be considered in two sections: the vegetative part, comprising of
petals and related structures in the perianth, and the regenerative or sexual parts. A cliché blossom
comprises of four sorts of structures connected to the tip of a short stalk. Every one of these sorts of parts
is masterminded in a whorl on the repository. The four fundamental whorls (beginning from the base of
the bloom or most minimal hub and working upwards) are as per the following:

Perianth
On the whole the calyx and corolla shape the perianth .

• Calyx: the peripheral whorl comprising of units called sepals; these are regularly green and
encase whatever remains of the blossom in the bud organize, nonetheless, they can be missing or
unmistakable and petal-like in a few animal types.

• Corolla: the following whorl toward the peak, made out of units called petals, which are
commonly thin, delicate and shaded to draw in creatures that assistance the procedure of fertilization.

• Androecium (from Greek andros oikia: man's home): the following whorl (some of the time
duplicated into a few whorls), comprising of units called stamens. Stamens comprise of two sections: a
stalk called a fiber, bested by an anther where dust is delivered by meiosis and inevitably scattered.

• Gynoecium (from Greek gynaikos oikia: lady's home): the deepest whorl of a blossom,
comprising of at least one units called carpels. The carpel or various melded carpels shape an empty
structure called an ovary, which produces ovules inside. Ovules are megasporangia and they thus deliver
megaspores by meiosis which form into female gametophytes. These offer ascent to egg cells. The
gynoecium of a blossom is likewise depicted utilizing an elective phrasing wherein the structure one finds
in the deepest whorl (comprising of an ovary, style and shame) is known as a pistil. A pistil may comprise
of a solitary carpel or various carpels melded. The sticky tip of the pistil, the disgrace, is the receptor of
dust. The steady stalk, the style, turns into the pathway for dust tubes to develop from dust grains clinging
to the shame. The relationship to the gynoecium on the repository is portrayed as hypogynous
(underneath an unrivaled ovary), perigynous (encompassing a prevalent ovary), or epigynous (above
mediocre ovary.
Structure.

The four principle parts of a bloom are by and large characterized by their situations on the container and
not by their capacity.

Numerous blooms do not have a few sections or parts might be adjusted into different capacities or
potentially look like what is commonly another part. In a few families, similar to Ranunculaceae, the petals
are enormously decreased and in numerous species the sepals are brilliant and petal-like. Different
blooms have adjusted stamens that are petal-like; the twofold blossoms of Peonies and Roses are for the
most part petaloid stamens.[2] Flowers demonstrate incredible variety and plant researchers portray this
variety in a sSpecific wording is utilized to depict blooms and their parts. Many blossom parts are
combined; intertwined parts beginning from a similar whorl are connate, while melded parts starting from
various whorls are adnate; parts that are not intertwined are free. At the point when petals are melded into
a tube or ring that falls away as a solitary unit, they are sympetalous (likewise called gamopetalous).
Connate petals may have unmistakable areas: the tube shaped base is the tube, the extending district is
the throat and the flaring external locale is the appendage. A sympetalous bloom, with reciprocal
symmetry with an upper and lower lip, is bilabiate. Blossoms with connate petals or sepals may have
different molded corolla or calyx, including campanulate, funnelform, tubular, urceolate, salverform or
rotate.ystematic approach to recognize and recognize species.

Numerous blooms have a symmetry. At the point when the perianth is cut up through the focal hub from
any point and symmetrical parts are delivered, the bloom is said to be actinomorphic or general, e.g. rose
or trillium. This is a case of outspread symmetry. At the point when blooms are separated and deliver just
a single line that produces symmetrical parts, the blossom is said to be sporadic or zygomorphic, e.g.
snapdragon or generally orchids.

Blossoms might be straightforwardly joined to the plant at their base (sessile—the supporting stalk or
stem is exceedingly lessened or missing). The stem or stalk subtending a blossom is known as a
peduncle. On the off chance that a peduncle bolsters in excess of one bloom, the stems associating each
blossom to the fundamental pivot are called pedicels. The peak of a blooming stem frames a terminal
swelling which is known as the torus or container.

Inflorescence

An inflorescence is a blooming stem. The term is most utilized for a gathering or group of blooms
masterminded on a stem. An inflorescence is the regenerative part of a plant; each plant bears its blooms
in a particular example.
The adjustments can include the length and the idea of the internodes and the phyllotaxis, and in addition
varieties in the extents, compressions, swellings, adnations, connations and decrease of principle and
auxiliary tomahawks.

The stem holding the entire inflorescence is known as a peduncle and the real pivot (mistakenly alluded
to as the primary stem) holding the blooms or more branches inside the inflorescence is known as the
rachis.

A bloom that isn't a piece of an inflorescence is known as a lone blossom and its stalk is additionally
alluded to as a peduncle. Any blossom in an inflorescence might be alluded to as a floret

Inflorescences might be basic (single) or complex (panicle). The rachis might be one of a few kinds,
including single, composite, umbel, spike or raceme.

• ebracteate inflorescence

• bracteate inflorescence
  leafy bracteate inflorescence

 leafy infloresecne
 Plant organs can grow according to two different schemes, namely monopodial or racemose and
sympodial or cymose
 In inflorescences these two different growth patterns are called indeterminate and determinate
respectively, and indicate whether a terminal flower is formed and where flowering starts within
the inflorescence.
 Indeterminate inflorescence: Monopodial (racemose) growth. The terminal bud keeps growing
and forming lateral flowers. A terminal flower is never formed.
 Determinate inflorescence: Sympodial (cymose) growth. The terminal bud forms a terminal
flower and then dies out. Other flowers then grow from lateral buds

Non reproductive parts of flower

There are following important non-reproductive parts of flower:

 Perianth
 Sepals
 Petals
 Pedicel

Perianth:

the perianth is the non-reproductive part of the flower and structure that

forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs consisting of
the calyx (sepals) and the corolla (petals). The term perianth simply
means fused sepals and petals commonly known Tepals

Perianth in flowering plants:

In flowering plants the perianth described as being
either dichlamydeou s or heterochlamydeous in which the
calyx and corolla are clearly separate and
homochlamydeous in which they are indistinguishable.
The sepals and petals are collectively referred to as tepals.
When the perianth is in two whorls it is described
as biseriate. The calyx may be green known
as sepaloid it may also be brightly colored and is then described as petaloid

Types of perianth

1. Achlamydeous floral meristem without any corolla or calyx

2. Monochlamydeous perianth with non-petaloid calyx only 

3. Monochlamydeous perianth with corolla only or homochlamydeous perigonium with

tepals 
 4. Dichlamydeous/heterochlamydeous perianth with separate whorls 

Sepals:

A sepal is a leaf shaped structure found in flowering plants

or angiosperms. It is found on the outermost part of the flower
and like a petal a sepal also considered to be a modified leaf.
However sepals are more likely to confuse with leaves since
they are mostly but not always are green. They are also often
covered with tiny hairs and are directly attached to the stem  as
they are the first part of the flower to develop. Together all the
sepals of a single flower are referred to as the calyx. Sepals can
be long or short thick or thin fused together or separated and are
found in different numbers which helps classify different plants.

Types of sepals:

 Gamosepalous:

• When the sepals of a flower are fused

Example: hibiscus
  Polysepalous:

• When the sepals of a flower are free

Example: rose

Color variation:

 The variation in color is due to the acidity of the

soil and the amount of aluminum.as in the following
figure the color of the sepals is red.
 Example: water lily

Function of sepals:

 Function is to protect the inner parts of the budding flower and also to hold together the
inner lying floral parts intact.
 As the sepals surround the petals and the reproductive organs inside the flower and
protect them from harsh environmental conditions and drying out. 
 In other cases, the sepals can go as far as growing larger and closing around the fruit in
order to protect it from different kinds of insects or bees

Petals:

Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are mostly
brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. Together all of the petals of a flower
are called a corolla.

Types of flower based on the orientation of petals:

 Actinomorphic:

• Regular(radial)

• they can be divided into 3 or more identical

sectors
  Zygomorphic :

• Irregular

• They are only bilaterally symmetrical

• able to be bisected into two halves

Color variation:

• Flower colors come mainly from the pigments

called anthocyanins.

• Which are in the class of chemicals called

flavanoids.

• Other pigments are carotenoids found in tomato

and carrots.

• That provide yellow, red and orange in the plastids.

Functions:

 The main function of flower petals is to attract pollinators

such as butterflies, bees and bats.

 Provide protection to reproductive organs of the flower.

 Produce different scents to allure desirable pollinators or

to repel undesirable pollinators.

 Petals of different colors can attract pollinators that have

poor smelling abilities.

Pedicel:

A pedicel is a stem that attaches a single flower to the inflorescence

Types:
  Pedicellate:

  Flower with a stalk or pedicel.

 Examples: rosa

 Sessile:
 Flowers that are borne directly from the stem
and lack a petiole or pedicel.

  Examples: Colocasia

Seed
Seed is known as fertilized ovule with an outer covering it is an embryonic part which helps in
reproduction seed have general meaning as anything that can be sown

Example

Dry seeds of some plant also behave as seed like walnut almond etc

Some tubers also referred to as seed as seed means anything that can be sown as potato tubers

Production
Different seeds have different type of production and it may indicates the plant name as in gymnosperm
the naked seeds production is presnt and in angiosperm the enclosed seed production occurs in
angiosperm seed is mostly present in a fleshy type of fruit where as in gymnosperm does not have any
such type of fleshy part in replace of this it may produce bracts or cones

What is seed and Germination of seed?

Definition
Germination usually refers to the growth and development of any living thing any case of seed
development is ht word for germination according to William hook germination results the formation of
root from radical from pulmule the shoot arises
Conditions for growth
There are some conditions for growth of seed which are as follow

1. There should be reserve food in the endo spermSeed should be in favourable condition means
optimum temperature water light oxygen etc those seeds which are not able to fulfill these
conditions they ultimately become dormant until condition

Temperature
Seeds of different plants even of same plant need different temperature for germination

Exposure to cold temperature for germination is known as vernalization

On this temperature base plants divded into different category

Annual

Biennial

Perennial

Most common annual plants have optimal temperature between 75-90F for example raddish carrot
Here are some plant species with their optimal temperature

Water
Water is very important factor for the germination of seed of plant as the moisture breaks the seed coat
of seed by a phenomena known as imbibation

By the uptaking of water hydrolytic enzymes of seed do some metabolic reaction in result of which seed
reserve food get utilize by seed for further growth and germination

Every seed require different quantity for the seed germination as different seed have different enzymes
for catalytic activity
Here are some examples of the seed which require different quantity of water for germination

Oxygen
Oxygen is need by seed for the respiration which is ultimate source of energy until plants leaves produced
but seed do not produce that type of energy as the plant’s leaves

Lack of proper oxygen may cause some type of physical dormancy

When seed get buried too deeply then the plant faces the lack of oxygen

Light
Mostly plants do not affected by the light or darkness because at that time they do not show
photosynthesis

but some seeds in the forest does not germinate until canopy allows to enter light in seedling through
whole this phenomena is known as the scarification

it is same process as nature do for breaking the seed coat for example in Barley

Some seeds need fire for germination these type of plants grow only after the fire these type of seeds
found in Australian forest

These are some seeds with scarification and whole these phenomena are external for the seed
germination

Seed structure
Seed is fertilized ovule so far it consist of different parts as plumule

Radical

Endosperm

Testa

Micropyle

Epicotyls

Plumule
Hilum

Hypocotyls

cotyledons

Here are different parts of seed there are two type of seeds are present which are either dicot

With two cotyledon or it may be monocotyledon with one cotyledon

Conclusion
Seeds have different specific parts in structure for germination any type of disturbance in seed
germination or in conditions lacks physical or chemical dormancy

TYPES OF SEEDS

There are two main types of seed

1 : Dicotyledonous Seeds

 Dicotyledonous exalbuminous
 Dicotyledonous albuminous

2 : Monocotyledonous Seeds

 Monocotyledonous exalbuminous
 Monocotyledonous albuminous

DEFINITION :

Dicotyledonous seed

The dicotyledonous also known as dicots ( or more rarely dicotyls ) ,dicotyledonous is one of the two
groups into which all flowering plants or angiosperms are divided formaly.The name refers to this type of
seed is one of the typical characteristics of this type of seed group , namely that seed has two embryonic
leaves or cotyledons.
Monocotyledonous seed

In monocotyledonous type of seed, it have only one seed leaf in the inner side of the seed coat.
Monocotyledonous is a thin leaf because endosperm is not present to the inside of the seed leaf. For
example ; maize grain

Exalbuminous seed

Exalbuminous are the seeds which have stored food and cotyledons are also present in a special
structure which is called as kernel. Until the embryo is mature it does not remain. e.g pea seed and gram
seed.

Albuminous seeds

Albuminous seed have special nourishing tissue .Albuminous seeds are those seeds which have food
stored in the special nourishing tissue which is called as endosperm. Endosperm till maturity it is remain
persistent. Cotyledons does not act as a food storage while it acts as a food sucking organs e.g Castor
seed.

TYPE 1 : DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED

Dicotyledonous exalbuminous seed

Exalbuminous are those seeds which have food stored and the cotyledons in a special structure which
is called as kernel. It does not remain until the embryo is mature e.g gram seed.

Gram seed :

The gram seed is more or less rounded from one end and pointed from the other end of gram seed. It is
covered by brown seed coat called testa ;

the whitish coat on the inner side is called as tegmen. Testa also bears a scar at the pointed end of the
seed the which is called as hilum.

 Hilum shows the position of the attachment of the seed to the fruitwall.
Micropyle

There is a very minute opening near the hilum which is known as micropyle.

The water droplet is pushes out through this micropyle if the soaked seed is pressed. When the seed
coat is removed the kernel is exposed which in the gram seed that is embryo is present but nothing else.

Two fleshy cotyledons are found if the kernel is pressed , at a joint they are remain hinged laterally to the
axis of the embryo which are called as the first node or nodal zone.

Radicle

Towards the pointed end lower part of axis is lying which is called as the radicle.

Plumule

Between the two cotyledons upper part is lying which is called as the plumule. Plumule looks like a
feather because it have very minute size leaves. In the fleshy cotyledons food is remain stored .

So the gram seed is dicotyledonous exalbuminous.

Albuminous seeds

In this type of seeds ( ground plant ) the food is not stored in the two cotyledons of the embryo but in the
endosperm which is present to the external side of the embryo. Endosperm is a special nourishing tissue
for the storage of food. Endosperm gets its food from the nucellus of the ovule and embryos which gets
their food from the special type of nourishing tissue called as endosperm.

In the exalbuminous type of seeds the endosperm does not remain till maturity and
embryo completely consumes the endosperm which is a nourishing tissue and nucellus so that’s why
they are no longer seen while the food is kept stored in the cotyledons later which become swollen.

In the albuminous type of seeds the endosperm is still present and the cotyledons are thin acting only as
food sucking organs. For example: castor beans ( Ricinus communis ) where the fruit is not a bean but a
three chambered capsule.

Morphology

Castor seed are oblong in shape may be more or less oblong.

Testa

On the outer surface of testa there are many sculpturings and testa is very hard and shell like.

Caruncle

Spongy outgrowth is present at the one end of the testa which is called the caruncle. At that end the hilum
and micropyle are also occur and which are usually remain concealed by the outgrowth.

There is a thin white papery coat is present next to the testa. It is known as perisperm ( which is
remnants of nucellus ) because it is not really as tegmen or coat .

The kernel have endosperm and embryo or also may have albumin surrounding the embryo. Two thin
leafy cotyledons placed one against the other and very minute plumule is present which forms the axis
and embryo have small radicles.

They leave marking on the endosperm because they have distincts veins. The endosperm which is a
stored food matter is present surround the embryo. The kernel is embryo plus albumen in the castor oil
seed.

So it is a dicotyledonous albuminous seed.

TYPE 2 : MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SEEDS

Albuminous seeds

Most of the common monocotyledons are albuminous .the large endosperm of the cereals is the most
important source of starch , the principal food of all people.

For example : rice (paddy ) ,wheat and maize may be taken as the type seeds of the world. In all these
the grains are actually fruits of caryopsis type. The rice grain is tightly covered by the husks , in wheat the
husks are loose, while in maize the husks are short and loose so that the grains are exposed. In the three
the outer coating of the grain is formed by the fusion of the pericarp and the seed coat.

Maize grain

The maize grain is called a grain because it is not a seed it is one seed fruit. To form the outer pale
yellowish coat the fruit wall and seed coat which are inseperably united.
Position of the embryo is marked by the presence of whitish area at the one seide of the maize grain.

The remaining part being endosperm or stored food because it occupies very small portion of maize
grain.

With radicle and plumule embryo has an axis.

Coleorhiza

The sheath which is surrounded the radicle called radicle sheath or coleorhiza.

Coleoptile

Plumule also surrounded by the sheath which is called plumule sheath or coleoptile.

Scutellum is a shield shaped body. Between the axis of the embryo and the endosperm scutellum is
present. Scutellum is dividing the grain into two unequal parts.

Single cotyledon of the maize grain is a scutellum. During the germination of embryo scutellum absorbs
the food from the endosperm.

So the Maize grain is monocotyledonous albuminous.

Exalbuminous seeds

There are few of the monocotyledonous seed are exalbuminous .Although all the common
monocotyledonous seeds are albuminous. This type of seed is found in the Aroideae ( e.g Pathos and
Amorphophallus campanulatus ) and also widely in the families Hydrocharitaceae ( e.g Vallisneria ),
Alismaceae ( e.g Alisma plantago ) , Naiadaceae etc.
 Fruit
Definition:

O Fruit life systems is the interior structure of organic products

O Fruits are the develop ovary or ovaries of at least one blossoms.

O In plump natural products, the external layer (which is regularly palatable) is the pericarp,
which is the tissues that creates from the ovary mass of the bloom and encompasses the seeds.

Evolution of fruit

O Evolution has chosen for specific qualities in plants that would expand their wellness.

O This assorted variety emerged through the determination of beneficial strategies for seed
insurance and dispersal in various situations

O It is realize that dry natural products were available before beefy leafy foods organic
products veered from them.

O A consider taking a gander at the Rubiaceae family found that inside the family, meaty
natural products had developed autonomously something like 12 times.
O Fruit did not develop from a solitary cell (with the exception of as in plants did) it
advanced from seeds and their packaging in angiosperms. Natural product is a way to scatter
seeds. This will kick you off on the distinctive techniques for seed scattering.

O It has been found, in any case, that straightforward changes inside formative
administrative qualities can cause extensive adjustments inside the anatomical structure of the
organic products.

O Layers of natural products:

 Pericarp:

It is the mass of the ovary.

Comprised of three layers

 Epicarp

 Mesocarp

 endocarp
Flavedo:

O The hued external peel layer of citrus natural products additionally called the epicarp.

 It contains the oil sacs, and henceforth the fragrant oils and various plastids which are
green and contain chlorophyll turning yellow or orange in the ready natural product,
when they contain carotene and xanthophylls.
  Epicarp:

Outer most layer of pericarp.

It frames the external extreme layer.

At times called exocarp.

 Mesocarp:

It is the center layer

It us the ordinarily the piece of natural product that is eaten

  Endocarp:

Internal layer that encompasses the seed

Anatomy of grass fruit

O The grains of grasses are single-seed straightforward organic products where in the
pericarp (ovary divider) and seed coat are intertwined into one layer. This sort of organic product
is known as a caryopsis.

 Examples incorporate, for example, wheat, grain, and rice

CATEGORIES OF FRUIT
Mainly there are three types of fruit which are described bellow;

1. Simple Fruit

2. Aggregate Fruit

3. Multiple Fruit

I. Simple Fruits - Fruits formed from 1 pistil. They may be either true or accessory fruits.

II. Aggregate Fruit - A fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils from the
same flower. The individual units may be berries or other specific types. (Raspberry, Strawberry)

III. Multiple Fruit - A fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils often with
accessory parts, the pistils being from a number of flowers. (Mulberry)

Simple Fruits:
 Develop from single ovary containing on or more carpels

 Fruits formed from 1 pistil

 They may be either true or accessory fruits

 Simple fruit is either;

1. Fleshy Fruits

2. Dry Fruits

Fleshy Fruit:
 A fruit in which the wall becomes soft and fleshy as it matures.

Types of Fleshy Fruits:

A. Drupe

B. Berry

C. Pome

DRUPE:
 A one-seeded simple fruit developed from a superior ovary

 The innermost portion of the wall (endocarp) becomes hard and stony

 The outermost part (exocarp) becomes a relatively thin skin,

 The middle portion between the skin and the stone (mesocarp) becomes either fleshy or
fibrous.

 Cracking the pit open reveals a single seed formed from an ovule contained within the
ovary of flowers
BERRY:
 A simple fruit in which the ovary wall or at least its inner portions become enlarged and
usually juicy.

POME:
 The most common type of pome is apple.

 A pome has thin skin and lots of fleshy tissue. We eat fleshy tissue.

DRY FRUITS:
 Fruits in which the coat becomes dry at maturity.

Two major types of dry fruits;

1. Dehiscent Fruits:
 Dry fruits which at maturity open by definite natural means to shed the contained seeds.

2. Indehiscent fruits:
 Dry fruits which do not open when mature to shed their seeds. Many of this group is one
seeded fruits.

Aggregate Fruits:
O Develop from many separate carpels.

O From one flower.

O Example:
 Raspberry

Multiple Fruits:
O Develop from many carpels.

O Many flowers

O Example:

Pineapple

Here there are differences between simple, aggregate and multiple fruits.

Conclusion:
O The flower is the reproductive part of flowering plant.

O Seed- From ovule

O Seed coat- from the ovule wall

O Fruit are the mature ovary.