Computing Fundamentals

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Deputy Chief Engineer, PIEAS
For Loop

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Printing the stars (10 Times)
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

printf("*\n");

getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Printing the stars (100 Times)
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 100; i++)

printf("*\n");

getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Printing the stars (100 Times)
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 1000; i++)

printf("*\n");

getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Printing the counting from 1 to 10
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

printf("%d\n", i);

getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Printing the counting from 1 to 1000
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 1000; i++)

printf("i = %d\n", i);

getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 20-Spans System

Span 1 Span 2 Span 20

I/P OA OA OA OA OA O/P
DCF1 DCF2 DCF20

80 km 80 km 80 km
 The for loop
#include<stdio.h>
• The most important looping structure in C.
• Generic Form: int main()
for (initial ; condition ; increment ) {
statement
• initial, condition, and increment are C expressions. int i;
• For loops are executed as follows:
1. initial is evaluated. Usually an assignment for (i = 1; i <=
statement. 1000; i++)
2. condition is evaluated. Usually a relational printf("i =
expression.
3. If condition is false (i.e. 0), fall out of the loop
%d\n", i);
(go to step 6.)
4. If condition is true (i.e. nonzero), execute getchar();
statement
5. Execute increment and go back to step 2.
return 0;
6. Next statement }
 The for Loop
//For statement examples /* 3. for loop counting by
#include <stdio.h> 5's */
int main ()
{ printf("Output with increment
int count; of 5\n");

/* 1. simple counted for loop */ for (count=0; count<32;

printf("Output with increment in loop\n"); count += 5)
for (count =1; count <=10; count++) printf("%d\n", count);
printf ("%d\n", count);
getchar();
/* 2. counting backwards */ return 0;
printf("Output with decrement in loop\n"); }
for (count = 56; count >48; count--)
printf("%d\n", count);
 The for Loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int count;
/* initialization outside of loop */
count = 1;
for ( ; count < 7; count++)
printf("%d ", count);

printf(“\n");
/* increment outside of loop */
count = 1;
for ( ; count < 7; )
{
printf("%d ", count);
count++;
}
getchar(); return 0; }
 The for Loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int count;
int x, y;

/* compound statements increment */

for (x=0, y=100; x<y; x++, y--)

{
printf("%d, %d\n", x,y);
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 The for Repetition Structure
• Format when using for loops
for ( initialization; loopContinuationTest; increment )
statement
• Example: No
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) semicolon
(;) after last
printf("i = %d\n", i); expression

– Prints the integers from one to ten

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 The for Structure: Observations
• Arithmetic expressions
Initialization, loop-continuation, and increment can
contain arithmetic expressions.
x = 2;
y = 10;

for ( j = x; j <= 4 * x * y; j += y / x )
is equivalent to

for ( j = 2; j <= 80; j += 5 )

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 The for Structure: Observations
• Notes about the for structure:
– "Increment" may be negative (decrement)
– If the loop continuation condition is initially
false
• The body of the for structure is not
performed
• Control proceeds with the next statement
after the for structure
– Control variable // for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
• Often printed or used inside for body, but not
necessary

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 For Loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x;
/* The loop goes if x < 10, and x increases by one in every loop*/

for ( x = 0; x < 10; x++ )

{
/* Keep in mind that the loop condition checks
the conditional statement before it loops again.
consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
x is updated before the condition is checked. */

printf( "%d\n", x );
}
getchar()
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
while Loop

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 Printing the counting from 1 to 10
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ int main()
int i = 1; {
while (i <= 10) int i;
{
printf("i = %d\n", i); for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
i++; printf("*\n");
}
getchar(); getchar();
return 0; return 0;
} }
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 while Loop
For loops can usually be rewritten as while
loops:
initialization;
while ( loopContinuationTest )
{
statement;
increment;
}

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 while Loop
• Generic Form
while (condition)
statement
• Executes as expected:
1. condition is evaluated
2. If condition is false (i.e. 0), loop is exited (go to step 5)
3. If condition is true (i.e. nonzero), statement is executed
4. Go to step 1
5. Next statement
• Note:
for (exp1; exp2; exp3)
stmt;
is equivalent to
exp1;
while(exp2)
{ stmt; exp3; }

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

// While loop is a top-test loop
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int x = 7;
while (x < 9)
{
printf(" %d is less than 9\n", x);
x++;
}
getchar();
return 0;
}

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 while Loop
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int x = 0; /* Don't forget to declare variables */
while ( x < 10 )
{ /* While x is less than 10 */
printf( "%d\n", x );
x++; /* Update x so the condition can be met
eventually */
}

getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
do while Loop

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 Counting from 1 to 10
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int i = 1; int i = 1;
do while (i <= 10)
{ {
printf("i = %d\n", i); printf("i = %d\n", i);
i++; i++;
} while (i <= 10) ; }
getchar(); getchar();
return 0; return 0;
} }
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
// Do While loop demonstration

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 11;
do
{
printf(" %d is less than 9\n", x);
x++;
} while (x < 9);

getchar();
return 0;
}

// It is a bottom-test loop instead of a top-test loop

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 The do while Loop
• The do/while repetition structure
– Similar to the while structure
– Condition for repetition tested after the body of
the loop is performed
• All actions are performed at least once
– Generic Format:
do
{
statement;
} while ( condition );
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 The do while Loop
• Standard repeat until loop
• Like a while loop, but with condition test at bottom.
• Always executes at least once.
• The semantics of do...while:
1. Execute statement
2. Evaluate condition
3. If condition is true go to step 1
4. Next statement

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Flowchart of the do/while Loop

action(s)

true
condition

false

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 The do while Loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x;
x = 0;
do
{
/* The value of x will be printed at least one time
even though the condition is false*/
printf( "%d\n", x );
x++;
} while ( x != 10 );
getcahr(); return 0;
}

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 Comparison of
for, while, and do-while
loops

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 Loops
for (i = 0; i < 12; i++)
{
dowork();
}
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
i = 0;
while ( i < 12)
{
dowork();
i++;
}
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
i = 0;
do
{
dowork();
i++;
} while (i < 12); // use of semicolon
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 for loop
Preferably used where exact number of
iterations are known in prior.

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

The while Repetition Structure
Example:
int product = 2;
while ( product <= 1000 )
product = 2 * product;

true
product <= 1000 product = 2 * product

false

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 The while Repetition Structure

• Repetition structure
– Programmer specifies an action to be repeated
while some condition remains true
– Psuedocode:
While there are more items on my shopping list
Purchase next item and cross it off my list
– while loop repeated until condition becomes
false

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 do while loop
Preferably used where loop should must run
atleast once.

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Infinite Loops

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 Infinite Loop
// Infinite Loops, Page 226
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 7;
while (1) /* any non zero number can be provided
here. It is an infinite loop */
{
printf("i = %d\n", i);
i++;
}
getchar(); return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Infinite Loop
// Infinite Loops, Page 226
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 7;
do
{
printf("i = %d\n", i);
i++;
} while (1); /* any non zero number can be
provided here. It is an infinite loop */
getchar(); return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Infinite Loop
// Infinite Loops, Page 226
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 7;
for (; ;)
{
printf("i = %d\n", i);
i++;
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS