Computing Fundamentals

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Deputy Chief Engineer, PIEAS
Infinite Loops

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 Infinite Loop
// Infinite Loops, Page 226
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 7;
while (1) /* any non zero number can be provided
here. It is an infinite loop */
{
printf("i = %d\n", i);
i++;
}
getchar(); return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Infinite Loop
// Infinite Loops, Page 226
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 7;
do
{
printf("i = %d\n", i);
i++;
} while (1); /* any non zero number can be
provided here. It is an infinite loop */
getchar(); return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Infinite Loop
// Infinite Loops, Page 226
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 7;
for (; ;)
{
printf("i = %d\n", i);
i++;
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
break and continue Statements

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 Break Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5)
break;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Break Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5) // what’s about if we write if ( i > 3)
break;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Break Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5) // what’s about if we write if ( i < 3)
break;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0;
} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
// Infinite loop using while and break statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Please enter an integer number from 10 to 20\n");
while (1)
{
scanf("%d",&num);
if (num>= 10 && num <=20)
break;
else
printf("Invalid. Please enter an integer number from 10
to 20\n");
}
// Rest of the code goes here
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
// Infinite loop using for loop and break statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Please enter an integer number from 10 to 20\n");
for( ; ;)
{
scanf("%d",&num);
if (num >= 10 && num <=20)
break;
else
printf("Please enter an integer number from 10 to 20\n");
}
// Rest of the code goes here

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

// Infinite loop using do while loop and break statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Please enter an integer number from 10 to 20\n");
do
{
scanf("%d",&i);
if (num >= 10 && num <=20)
break;
else
printf("Invalid. Please enter an integer number from 10 to
20\n");
} while (1);
// Rest of the code goes here
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 The break statement
//More about break; //Page 221 for (i = 2; i<=n/2; i++)
/* if used in loop, it only breaks the { if(n%i == 0)
loop and then executes next { prime = 0;
statements */
#include<stdio.h> break;
}
int main()
}
{
int i, n, prime = 1; if (prime == 0)
printf("Enter a positive integer"); printf("The number %d is not a
scanf("%d", &n); prime number\n", n);
if (n ==2) else
printf("The number %d is a printf("The number %d is a
prime number\n", n); prime number\n", n);
else }
getchar(); return 0; }
{

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 The break Statement
• break
– Causes immediate exit from a while, for,
do/while or switch structure
– Program execution continues with the first
statement after the structure
– Common uses of the break statement are:
• Escape early from a loop
• Skip the remainder of a switch structure

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Another Example: for and break Together
int mynum = 3;
int guess;
The notation for(;;) is
for(;;)
used to create an
{
infinite for loop.
printf("Guess my number:");
while(1) creates an
scanf("%d",&guess);
infinite while loop
if(guess==mynum)
instead.
{
printf("Good guess!\n");
break; To get out of an
} infinite loop like this
else one, we have to use
printf("Try again.\n"); the break statement.
}

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 continue Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5)
continue;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0; }
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 continue Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5)
continue;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0; }
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 continue Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5) // what’s about if we write if ( i > 3)
continue;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0; }
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 continue Statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{
if ( i ==5) // what’s about if we write if ( i < 3)
continue;
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
getchar();
return 0; }
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 continue Statement
/*Enter 20 integer values. This program would tell how many odd
numbers you entered */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 0, num, count=0;
while(i < 20)
{
printf("Enter 20 integer numbers:");
scanf("%d",&num);
i++;
if(num%2==0)
continue;
count++;
}
printf("You entered %d odd numbers", count);
getchar(); return 0; } Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 The continue Statement
Used for skipping the remainder of the body of a
while, for or do/while structure and proceeding
with the next iteration of the loop
– while and do/while
• Loop-continuation test is evaluated
immediately after the continue statement is
executed
– for
• Increment expression is executed, then the
loop-continuation test is evaluated

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

exit() function

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 exit()
// About exit() function. Page 236
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h> // to use exit() function.
int main()
{
int i, j, k;
for (i = 0; i<5; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
getchar();
exit(0); // it will exit the program
j = 23;
printf("j = %d\n", j);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 Continue and exit together
#include<stdio.h>
// Continue to enter integer values. This program
#include<stdlib.h>
//will terminate when you enter 5 odd numbers.
int main()
{
int num;
int count=0;
while(1)
{
printf("\nEnter an odd number :");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num%2==0)
continue;
count++;
if(count==5)
exit(0);
}
getchar();
return 0;
} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Examples

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 For Loop -- Example
Write a complete and an efficient C program which
should take 20 integer values from the user, add all the
even values entered, and display the total number of
even values entered and the final sum of the even
values.

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 For Loop -- Example
Write a complete and an efficient C program which
should take 20 integer values from the user, add all
the even values entered, and display the total number
of even values entered and the final sum of the even
values.

Write a complete and an efficient C program which

should take 20 integer values from the user, multiply
all the odd values entered and display the total
number of odd values entered and the final product of
all odd values.

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 For Loop -- Example
Write a complete and an efficient C program that takes an
integer number from the user and calculates its factorial.

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 For Loop -- Example
Write a complete and an efficient C program that takes an
integer number from the user and calculates its factorial.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, num=1,factorial=1;
printf(“Enter value of N: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(num=1; num<=n; num++)
{
factorial=factorial*num;
}
printf(“The factorial of %d = %d”, n, factorial);
getchar(); return 0;
} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 while Loop -- Example
Write a C program that gets a number from the user and display it. If the
number is even the program will terminate otherwise the program will get
another number. The while loop should terminate only when an even
number is provided.

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

 while Loop -- Example
Write a C program that gets a number from the user. If the number is even
the program will terminate otherwise the program will get another number.
The while loop should terminate only when an even number is provided.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=1;
while(a%2!=0)
{
printf(“\n Enter Value of a = ”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf(“You entered %d\n”, a);

}
printf(“\nEnd of While loop”);
getchar(); return 0; }
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
 while Loop -- Example

Try to print even numbers between two given

integer numbers A and B such that A can be
greater or smaller than B. Numbers A and B are
to be taken from the user.

(Try it Yourself)

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS