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L’utilisation de l’intelligence artificielle en formation : un panorama 2019

26 mars 2020

Azeneth Patino |

La version en francais du texte sera disponible sous peu.

From the vast literature on artificial intelligence (AI), few articles describe current implementations of AI-based training programs.
Most of the scientific and professional literature on AI focuses mainly on the impact of AI-driven automation in the workplace and its
implications for the future of work, the introduction of AI-powered technologies in the workplace, AI employee adoption, AI issues
and concerns, AI compliance, and predictions of future implementations of AI-powered technologies in di erent sectors.
Learning and development specialists acknowledge the impact of AI in the entrepreneurial world and its influence when defining
the current and future training needs (Carson, 2019; Davies et al., 2019; World Economic Forum, 2019). With many future jobs still
being undefined, learning specialists themselves face the challenges of training employees in this constantly changing world.

Methodology
We performed a Boolean/Phrase type of search in late October 2019 in EBSCO Host listed databases Academic Search Premier, Education Source,
ERIC, and Human Resources Abstracts.

Out of 1572 initially identified publications discussing emergent technologies for training purposes, 6 articles on artificial intelligence were selected
for final synthesis according to the following explicit inclusion criteria:

1. The articles reported the use of artificial intelligence within the scope of training in higher education, health, banking, human resources,
transportation, government, and private organizations.
2. The full text was available (If a paper was unavailable via database searches, requests were sent directly to the authors).
3. The articles were in English.
4. The articles had been published in 2019.

The current uses of AI for training purposes identified in this panorama can be classified into two categories: personalization of learning and
supporting training tasks.

Personalization of learning

Personalization of learning refers to the ways in which AI applications contribute to providing customized training programs to boost learner
engagement and match employees’ training needs. For instance, in the context of higher education, AI is used for profiling and prediction as well as
for assessment and evaluation (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2019). That is, AI allows the identification of learner profiles, later used to predict students
dropping out of a course or even failing the course. This can be used to provide feedback and guidance throughout the learning process in the form
of prompts when students are confused or stalled in their work.

When applied to learning and development, AI has been used to identify trainer characteristics regarding their teaching strategies and expertise in
subjects, to analyze employee performance and propose personalized training, to identify the learner’s preferred method and approach to learning
in order to provide a personalized training format, as well as in determining the best duration, pace, and frequency of training programs for
employees (Maity, 2019).

Supporting training tasks

Support refers to the uses of AI for intelligent tutoring systems, chatbots or other forms of AI-supported adaptive systems in order to facilitate the
learning experience. This task is usually performed by trainers, coaches or teachers. This refers specifically to task automation and tutoring and
teaching support.
In the higher education context, intelligent tutoring systems, also called intelligent online tutors, intelligent so ware agents or intelligent assistants
provide support in teaching course content, in providing automated grading and feedback, and in proposing learning materials based on student
needs.

In health education, intelligent tutoring systems have been used for training and learning for di erent reasons (Iezzi et al., 2019; Randhawa &
Jackson, 2020). For instance, chatbots and teaching-assistant robots have been used to answer students’ questions in online forums, to provide
students with tutoring hints, and to provide immediate feedback, demonstrations, and explanations to nursing students. These implementations of
AI aim to facilitate and support professors and doctors in time-consuming teaching tasks.

Artificial intelligence decision-making systems such as IBM’s Jill Watson already support HR personnel by providing assistance in a series of logistic
tasks. Such tasks include scheduling interviews, providing real-time feedback, answering questions to applicants, and even assisting employees in
sorting through resumes and making HR decisions in the recruitment processes (Damodaran & Schacht, 2018; Maity, 2019). In the near future,
artificial intelligence will be increasingly involved in the learning and development process. More specifically, AI will help to identify the individuals’
competency level and decide which learning intervention is best according to the individual’s training needs with the use of ITS.

Upcoming trends in AI-supported Learning and Development


As the digital era unfolds, we will witness many more uses of AI in the workplace and therefore, many more uses of AI for training purposes.
Learning and development teams will have to design training programs to upskill or reskill their employees for workplace changes. 

For instance, it is expected that the teams of the future will include AI-supported assistants (Pence, 2019). In other words, it is expected for workers
to collaborate with human and non-human coworkers as part of their job. These non-human coworkers may take di erent forms, one example is
the case of cobots, which are AI-supported collaborative robots that will support workers in di erent automated tasks at a faster speed (Cotte,
2020).

Also, the combination of AI technologies like Machine Learning or Deep Learning can potentially produce new ways of personalizing training and
learning in the workplace (Raths, 2019). New forms of AI search agents will support new ways to analyze, understand and find meaning in online
content, which will lead to a search revolution that might impact training practices.

AI-supported transcription services that o er automated captioned videos will favour an abundance of accessible videos online in several
languages (Joly, 2019). Since videos and online content are frequently used in training programs (Rajeshwari et al., 2019), this could potentially
influence training content selection and delivery.
The use of AI-supported chatbots for customer service in social media will increase significantly. This trend might possibly be used for training
purposes in the form of chatbots created to provide feedback and answer kearners’ questions in the context of training programs (Joly, 2019). 

Conclusion
While AI is currently influencing the way we work, learn and train our people, there is a considerable gap in the scientific and professional literature
that discusses AI-supported training in sectors such as higher education, human resources, banking, health, private organization, government, and
transportation. A lot has been said about AI-driven automation shaping the future of work. Upskilling and reskilling have become two mainstream
concepts in learning and development, professional development, and training in general. New approaches to learning and development inspired
by the growth mindset and lifelong learning philosophies are required to cope with the changing world we live in. Learning specialists themselves
have to cope with uncertainty regarding the nature of jobs and the nature of training programs future employees will require.



#Intelligence Artificielle #Literature Re vie w #Panorama #Re vue de littérature

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Un panorama de l’utilisation des technologies numériques émergentes pour des


raisons de formation : Méthodologie

3 avril 2020

Azeneth Patino |

Une version du texte en français sera publiée bientôt.

Introduction

To conduct a panorama of the uses of disruptive and emergent technologies for training purposes, we examined the scientific and professional literature on the design,
development, and implementation of research-informed or theory-based training programs involving emergent technologies as well as the development of technological
solutions for training in higher education, health, banking, human resources, transportation, government, and private organizations.

Out of 1572 initially identified publications for the period between January 2019 and December 2019, 95 articles were included in the final synthesis based on explicit
inclusion and exclusion criteria. 

The following research questions guided the literature review:

RQ1. What disruptive/emergent technologies do sectors such as health, banking, human resources, transportation, higher education, government, and private
organizations use to train their people?
RQ2. How do sectors such as health, banking, human resources, transportation, higher education, government, and private organizations use these emergent
technologies to train their people?

Methodology

The purpose of this literature review was to identify the reported usages of emerging technologies for training purposes in the following sectors: Higher education, health,
banking, human resources, transportation, government, and private organizations. In order to do so, we followed the following steps:

1. Define key concepts and search terms according to the purpose of the literature review, as per table 1.
2. Perform a search in a series of scientific databases using search terms associated with three key concepts (i.e. domain, technology, and sector).
Due to a large amount of retrieved unrelated papers in previous search strings and to the wide scope of the research that aims to gather information in several
sectors, the Boolean/Phrase type of search was chosen since its search operators permit to narrow the search and provide more relevant results.
The documents that were considered for the study included peer-reviewed articles, conceptual papers, reviews of literature and editorial articles in
professional magazines published between January 2019 and December 2019.
The search string and criteria for this literature review included publications indexed in EBSCO Host listed databases Academic Search Premier, Education
Source, ERIC, and Human Resources Abstracts.
3. Refine the search string. The final search strategy shown in Table 1 was refined by focusing on retrieving documents with the search terms associated with the
technology key concept in the title.
4. Select publications per title according to inclusion criteria. By refining the search with concept 2 in the title, duplicates were removed and publications were
selected based on the inclusion criteria.
5. Select publications per abstract information. A er duplicates were removed, abstracts were considered to select papers based on the following inclusion criteria:
Articles reported the use of disruptive/emerging technologies within the scope of training, learning, and development or professional development in the
identified sectors.
Full-text was available. If a paper was unavailable via database searches, requests were sent directly to the authors.
Articles were written in English.
Articles had been published in 2019.
6. Select publications per full-text according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Once the full-texts were retrieved, articles were selected or excluded according to the
previously mentioned inclusion criteria. Excluded articles at this phase presented one of the following characteristics:
Articles focused on elementary or high school rather than training and/or higher education.
Articles did not report the use of emergent technologies for training.
Articles reported the use of emergent or disruptive technologies for other uses rather than training.
Full-texts were not written in English.
Full-text was unavailable.
7. Review publications for inclusion in the research report. Selected papers were retrieved from a search undertaken in late October 2019. The publication screening
process is summarized in Table 2 and Figure 1.

Table 1

Table 2
Figure 1

To note, since the final dra of this report, 5 more full-text articles were sent to us by the authors. These articles were not included in the results section but are included in
the references list.

Results

This literature review aimed to examine the scientific and professional literature on emergent technology use for training in higher education, health, banking, human
resources, transportation, government, and private organizations. Table 3 presents the panorama of emerging technologies used for training per sector.

Table 3

References
List of publications per technology

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https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878118820905
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