Adama science and technology university

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

INTERNSHIP REPORT
On BROADCAST TECHNOLOGY
At
finfinne integrated broadcast
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all those who give us their support
and encouragement to the success and completion of this internship program. First of all we want
to express our sincere gratitude to the Almighty God for giving us the strength to pass challenges
and complete the report within the stipulated time. We would also like to acknowledge with
much appreciation to the Mr.Megerssa accepted our request for internshipin the company. A
special thanks to our company supervisor Mr. Amanuel who has given his ultimate
knowledge,experience, encouragements, and guidance with attractive approach. Also, we also
express sincere thankfulness to our internship mentorsMr.debela and Mr.megersa their kind
advice,valuablesuggestionsand gave us the guide line to write the report.

Further we want express ourspecial appreciation to our host company (FIB )for its willingness to
accept students and to gain work experiences in the company. We sincerely gratitude to entire
radio and television production technicians for their warm welcoming, motivation and support
Finally we would like to acknowledge our university for its great concern in our education. We
appreciate your support to have an internship period and make us obtain practical knowledge and
experience.
 Table of content
Content page no

Chapter one
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Background of FIB
1.2 vision, mission and objectives of company
1.2.1 mission
1.2.2 objective
1.3 sevice of company
1.4 Duration of my internship:

chapter two
2 Major activities during internship

2.1 Our monthly activities at FIB

2.1.1 video editing
2.1.2 live editing
2.1.3 Graphics
2.1.4 server control
2.1.5 cloud server

Chapter three
Satellite TV Station
And
Uplink-Downlink
3,1 satellite TV station
3,2 Uplink and downlink
3.2.1 Uplink procedure
3.2.2 Upownlink procedure
3.3 Equipments of Broadcast System
3.3.1 CAR
3.3.2 Earth staion
3.3.3 Encoder
3.3.4 Modulator
3.3.5 Antenna
3.3.6 IRD
3.3.7 Router
3.3.8 MSR
3.3.9 PCR

Chaper four
4.1 Learning experience
4.2 Our expectations

Chapter five
Conclusion
1.1 Introduction

In order to achieve our B.Sc. in Electronic and Communication Engineering, we were required to

complete an internship. we interned at Satellite TV Broadcasting System. In this report, we will

first describe about Communications Satellite, Satellite TV Channel and how
to perform live broadcast. I have been finished my internship at Independent Television Pvt. Ltd.
which is a private 24-hour
news channel.

1.1.1 Background of FIB

FIB TV is officially registered in Ethiopia as one of commercial satellite television broadcasting
and transmitting 24 hour in Afaan Oromoo.

Finfinne Integrated broadcasting is an entertainment media currently transmitting in Afaan

Oromoo on EutelSat/NileSat. It reaches all corner of Ethiopia and abroad.
FIB was established since 2019 G.C by shareholders. It is
headquartered in addis ababa , . focuses on entertainment part, including news and current
affairs.

In a short period of time FIB TV become one of the most tuned channel due to its attractive and
fascinating intertainment programs.

1.1.2 Mission of FIB

The mission of FIB is to address the true information , news and entertainment for customers and
develop the afaan oromoo language as much as possible .
1.1.3 Service of FIB

This Tv channel gives a service for the whole people who follows the FIB program such as,
News including abroad and inside country by afaan oromoo
And also it has current affairs program that is a brief description about the current condition,
this program may change the customer perspective positively .

1.2 Objectives of the Report

The main objectives of the proposed practical study ‘Satellite TV Broadcasting System at FIB’
are as follow:
1. TV Studio with Equipment
2. Studio Production Control Room (PCR)
3. Master Control Room (MCR)
4 Play out Automation
5. News room Automation

1.3 Overview of the Report

This intern report has briefly introduced the genesis and characteristic features of
communication satellites. A communication satellite is basically an electronic communication
package placed in orbit whose prime objective is to initiate or assist communication transmission
of information or message from one point to another through space. The information transferred
most often corresponds to voice (telephone), video (television) and digital data

1.4 Duration of my internship:

Academically, duration of an internship is 4 weeks or one month.
we did our internship in semp, 2018.
We worked at finfinne integrated broadcasting as an Intern from semptember 8, 2021 to October
8, 2021 (4 weeks).

Chapter two
2 Major activities during internship
 2.1 Our monthly activities at FIB
Before we started our practice we try to understand conceptually about the following activities
1. video editing by Adope primer
2. graphics
3. server control
4. cloud server
5. live stream concept
6. live editing (wire cast)
7. sms control studio standard

after taking same information about the above activity video editing is given to us to produce
final video that can be upload on the satellite .
we were oriented enough about video editing but not about live stream .

2.1.1 video editing

Adobe Premiere Pro is a timeline-based video editing software application developed by Adobe
Inc. and published as part of the Adobe Creative Cloud licensing program. First launched in
2003, Adobe Premiere Pro is a successor of Adobe Premiere.
Premiere Pro is the industry-leading video editing software for film, TV and the web. Creative
tools, integration with other apps and services and the power of Adobe Sensei help you craft
footage into polished films and videos. With Premiere Rush you can create and edit new projects
from any device
Detect edits automatically

Powered by Adobe Sensei AI, Scene Edit Detection in Premiere Pro identifies original edit
points automatically. It’s faster than ever to add cuts or markers and apply adjustments.

2.1.2 Live editing

Create & publish clips in seconds (be the first!)

 Ingest from any live feed (RTMP, HLS, SRT) or from external asset management
repositories
 Publish to all digital channels (social media, OTT platform, CMS) in one click

Boost your content production (create more!)

 Simple browser-based clipping tool for non-technical storytellers, allowing content

production from anywhere, at any time (even with limited home internet bandwidth)
 Feature-rich editor with advanced functionality such as close-captioning, graphics, b-
rolls, template enforcement, ratio adjustment, exclusion zones, and more
  AI/ML-based assisted content creation to further improve speed
 Unlimited number of editors (license not based on number of seats)
 Optimized workflow, integrated with your existing content supply chain

Scale on-demand |  broadcaster-grade

 Endorsed by leading Tier-1 Sports and News broadcasters worldwide

  Scale on-demand to any size event (e.g. France Televisions covering the Olympics with
47 concurrent live streams ingested and published to OTT)
 Enjoy the benefits of a fully cloud-native solution with 24/7 online support and
broadcaster grade SLAs
 Security - Enforce digital rights protection to content and assign permissions to editors

2.1.3 Graphics
Graphic features are pictures and other images that accompany a piece of text to enhance its
meaning for the reader. Some examples of graphic features include photographs, drawing, maps,
charts and diagrams.

Refers to any computer device or program that makes a computer capable of displaying and
manipulating pictures. The term also refers to the images themselves. For example, laser printers
and plotters are graphics devices because they permit the computer to output pictures. A
graphic monitor is a display monitor that can display pictures. A graphics board (or graphics
card) is a printed circuit board that, when installed in a computer, permits the computer to
display pictures.
Many software applications include graphics components. Such programs are said to support
graphics. For example, certain word processors support graphics because they let you draw or
import pictures. All CAD/CAM systems support graphics. Some database management systems
and spreadsheet programs support graphics because they let you display data in the form of
graphs and charts. Such applications are often referred to as business graphics.

2.1.4 Server control

TV Server is a rack-mountable hardware appliance that provides instant access to television

channels by streaming the signal across your current IP network. TV Server is entirely LAN-
based, with no separate infrastructure required.

It is capable of delivering both digital terrestrial and free-to-air satellite channels, allowing your

staff, students or customers to watch live or pre-recorded TV for information or entertainment,
using any type of screen or device connected to your network.

You’ll be able to automatically record, archive and upload content. The system can be remotely
managed and monitored with a simple-to-use web browser interface, or integrated with room
control systems. Every model has an integrated network video recorder with a full-featured EPG,
allowing users to pick and choose exactly what they want to record.

 easy, secure way to provide TV content to anyone, anywhere on your network

 connects directly with your satellite or Freeview antenna, maintaining the highest
possible quality picture for every viewer
 works with Video Library for the storage and delivery of recorded content
 integrates with your existing network technologies such as Active Directory®
 reaches the full extent of your LAN or WAN – no need to worry about cable lengths or
routing
 control access to premium subscription content
 streams as IP multicast, minimising impact on existing LAN users, or RTSP unicast (up
to 150 connections)
 built-in NPVR with fully automated recording
 transcoding engine allows live recompression to lower bit rates
 web-based administration interface with remote monitoring (via IPTV Manager desktop)
 IP-based control, e.g. Crestron®, AMX®

2.1.5 Cloud server

"The cloud" refers to servers that are accessed over the Internet, and the software and databases that
run on those servers. Cloud servers are located in data cente all over the world. By using cloud
computing, users and companies do not have to manage physical servers themselves or run software
applications on their own machines.
The cloud enables users to access the same files and applications from almost any device, because the
computing and storage takes place on servers in a data center, instead of locally on the user device. This
is why a user can log in to their Instagram account on a new phone after their old phone breaks and still
find their old account in place, with all their photos, videos, and conversation history. It works the same
way with cloud email providers like Gmail or Microsoft Office 365, and with cloud storage providers like
Dropbox or Google Drive.

For businesses, switching to cloud computing removes some IT costs and overhead: for instance, they no
longer need to update and maintain their own servers, as the cloud vendor they are using will do that.
This especially makes an impact for small businesses that may not have been able to afford their own
internal infrastructure but can outsource their infrastructure needs affordably via the cloud. The cloud
can also make it easier for companies to operate internationally, because employees and customers can
access the same files and applications from any location.

The most common cloud deployments are:

Private cloud: A private cloud is a server, data center, or distributed network wholly dedicated
to one organization.

Public cloud: A public cloud is a service run by an external vendor that may include servers in
one or multiple data centers. Unlike a private cloud, public clouds are shared by multiple
organizations. Using virtual machines, individual servers may be shared by different companies,
a situation that is called "multitenancy" because multiple tenants are renting server space within
the same server.

Hybrid cloud: hybrid cloud deployments combine public and private clouds, and may even
include on-premises legacy servers. An organization may use their private cloud for some
services and their public cloud for others, or they may use the public cloud as backup for their
private cloud.

Multi-cloud: multi-cloud is a type of cloud deployment that involves using multiple public
clouds. In other words, an organization with a multi-cloud deployment rents virtual servers and
services from several external vendors — to continue the analogy used above, this is like leasing
several adjacent plots of land from different landlords. Multi-cloud deployments can also be
hybrid cloud, and vice versa.
Chapter three
Satellite TV Station
And
Uplink-Downlink
3.1 Satellite TV Station
Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast signals
relayed from communication satellites. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic
reflector antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish antenna and a low-noise block (LNB)
down-converter. A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on
a television set. Satellite
television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to geographic areas without

terrestrial television or cable television.

3.2 Uplink & Downlink

The communication going from a satellite to ground is called downlink, and when it is going
from
ground to a satellite it is called uplink.
3.2.1 Uplink Procedure
Final video signal which will be on-aired, that means transmitted to satellite, comes from MCR
(Master Control Room) – which signal format is SDI (Serial Digital Interface). SDI signal
embedded both audio and video. So MCR master out enters encoder as an input. Then encoder
encodes the SDI signal to ASI signal. At the broadcast center, the high-quality digital stream of
video goes through an MPEG encoder, which converts the programming to MPEG-4 video of the

correct size and format for the satellite receiver in our house. Encoding works in conjunction
with
compression to analyses each video frame and eliminate redundant or irrelevant data and
extrapolate information from other frames. This process reduces the overall size of the file.
After transmitting the signal, then it‘s received in satellite. More specifically it‘s received by the
transponder. A transponder is a wireless communications, monitoring, or control device that
picks
up and automatically responds to an incoming signal. The term is a combination of the words
transmitter and responder. In communication satellites, the transponder receives the signal from
earth. Then it removes the noise, amplifies the same signal, converts the signal to downlink
frequency and transmits it to earth. At the broadcasting station or studio, they transmit the signal
in uplink frequency to the satellite. The satellite transponder receives the signal; recover the
content
by removing noise. Then it amplifies the signal and converts it into downlink frequency and
transmits to earth. The receiver receives the signal. Usually uplink frequency is different from
downlink frequency. Uplink frequency is high and downlink frequency is low. It is mainly used
in satellite communication to transfer the received signals.
A transponder is typically composed of:
 An input band pass filter 

An input low-noise amplifier (LNA), designed to amplify the (normally very weak, because of
the large distances involved) signals received from the earth station 

A frequency translator (normally composed of an oscillator and a frequency mixer) used to
convert the frequency of the received signal to the frequency required for the transmitted signal 

An output band pass filter 

 A power amplifier

3.2.2 Downlink Procedure

First, tracking the satellite with the receiving antenna. Once the satellite is tracked then the given
downlink parameter of desired channel is inputted in the IRD (Integrated Receiver and Decoder).

When we receive any channel, we downlink the frequency as C-Band frequency. But there is a
LNB
(Low Noise Block converter) mounted with the antenna feed horn which converts the C-band
frequency to L-Band frequency by subtracting the C-band frequency with the Local Oscillator
frequency. ‘IRD’ is compact and professional receiver. When the ‘IRD’ receives the L-Band RF
signal,
then it first demodulate the signal and then decode it, after that we got the video signal which is
transmitting from the TV station. It took 3 seconds to complete the whole uplink and downlink
process.

3.3 Equipments of Broadcast System

3.3.1 CAR

In broadcast facilities, Central apparatus Room (CAR) is where shared equipment common to all

technical areas is located. This room may also be known as a central Equipment room (CER),
and
is also referred to as a data or server room. This include SPG/GPS, Talk back server, MCR
switcher, News switcher, Program Switcher, Main Router, Digital Audio Processor, Storage
server, Networking equipment, Cisco Switch Rack etc. It should be air-conditioned; however
low-
noise specifications such as acoustical treatments are optional. Equipment is connected either
directly with an attached foldout monitor, keyboard and mouse or remotely via KVM switch,
VLAN, or remote desktop. It is head of a TV station.

3.3.2 Earth Station

An Earth stations use dish-shaped antennas to transmit and receive microwave signals to and
from satellites. There is a ground-based receiving or transmitting/receiving station in a satellite
communications system. Earth stations use dish-shaped antennas. An earth station is generally
made up of a multiplexor, a modem, up and down converters, a high power amplifier (HPA) and
a low noise amplifier (LNA). Almost all transmission to satellites is digital, and the digital data
streams are combined in a multiplexor and fed to a modem that modulates a carrier frequency in
the 50 to 180 MHz range. An up-converter bumps the carrier into the gigahertz range, which
goes to the HPA and dish. Down-convert, Demodulate and De-multiplex For receiving, the LNA
boosts the signals to the down-converter, which lowers the frequency and sends it to the modem.
The modem demodulates the carrier, and the digital output goes to the de-multiplexing device
and then to its destinations.
This include Local Receiver, Modulator, Encoder, Antenna Controller, L BAND Splitter,
FiberLink server, IRD, Spectrum Analyzer etc.

3.3.3 Encoder
An encoder is a device that converts information from one format to a coded value. In
Telecommunications encoder is a device that used to change a signal or data into a code and TV
broadcast system encoder convert SDI (Serial digital interface) video signal to ASI
(Asynchronous
Serial Interface).

3.3.4 Modulator

In telecommunications, modulation is the process that combines the message signal to a carrier
signal.
ITV use QPSK modulation. The device that performs modulation is called modulator.

3.3.5 Antenna

A satellite dish is a dish-shaped antenna designed to receive electromagnetic signals from

satellites,
which transmit data transmissions or broadcasts, such as satellite television. There are 5 antennas
in
ITV. The uplink antenna diameter is 1.8 meter and downlink antenna diameter is 4.8 m. One of
them use
for uplink purpose and others are for different channel from different satellite.

3.3.6 IRD

IRD stand for Integrated Receiver Decoder. This is ultimately a signal receiver. The operational
sequence of IRD is reverse than that of the earth station. The received RF signal by LNB (low
noise blocker) is converted to L-band frequency; that is operational for IRD. The IRD process
this
L-band frequency then demodulate it and then decode it according to the encoding system. And
thus the desired base-band signal is recovered.

3.3.7 Router

Router is used to destine the received signal to a suitable interface.

3.3.8 MCR

Master control Room is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-
the-
air television stations and television networks. It is distinct from a production control room
(PCR)
in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are
coordinated.
MCR is the ̳heart‘ of our operations with full bank of monitors, VTR, Automation Server,
communications equipment and computers with complete built-in redundant systems. MCR is
the
final point before a signal is transmitted over-the-air with channel Logo.
3.3.9 PCR

Production control Room is a room where finally program or news execute from camera to
MCR.
It designed specifically for the time-critical, chaotic, and pressure-filled environments of
television
broadcast and live production, which works with your choice of equipment, grows and adapts to
your changing control needs, and provides easy-to-use, precise, reliable, and repeatable control.
Production control systems scale from simple VTR or video server play out. To production
switcher control of rundown play out of VTRs, Video Servers, Routers, Production Switchers,
Master Control Switchers, Audio Mixers, Camera Pedestals, Multi-viewers.

Chapter four

4.1 Learning experience

Communications is a truly global career field. As the profession continues to grow, so does the
need to understand communications on a global scale. Global Experiences’ communications
internships are diverse, with placements in TV studios, film companies, radio stations, and new
media marketing agencies. Placement opportunities depend on your background and future goals

As a communications intern, we will be involved in and learn every stage of the production
process. Other tasks include researching programs, preparing briefing notes, and assisting on
shoots out in the field.
By this internship program we learned many things. As an intern we gained knowledge
about the environment of a broadcasting. We learned how to work under too much
pressures. Beside the pressures of higher officials how to control every difficult
situations. To be an intern at Finfinne integrated broadcasting it-self was a special experience for
us.

4.2 Our expectations

Before joining Finfinne integrated broadcasting. We were a bit confused about where to intern
and mainly in which department. Joining there, we find ourself surrounded
with people professionally creative and friendly to work and learn from. We have a
great interest not just becoming a good technitioian but to become a creative
person in the communication. From university, we have come to know many things about
broadcasting but this was the time we wanted to apply them practically. In a brief, I
expected from this internship were to:
1. Professional links
2. Knowledge about the field
3. Mentality to work for others
4. Professional skills
5. Reputation

Chapter five
Conclusion
Internship is basically the road to someone's career. One get to know the
applications and opportunities of their theoretical studies of the recent past.
Internship is an opportunity to explore one's relevant field without the fear of
falling down as it is a phase of learning and everyone is there to help. One can go
through as many mistakes at this period of time (which is not advised, at all) and
can ask a lot of questions about anything and everything and authorized people are
usually is happy to answer all the questions without hesitates.
Internship is more likely the phase of a toddler who just started to talk and always
have questions on top of their head. They keep on asking until their curiosity is
fulfilled. To my consideration, an intern should curios, but should be considerate
and always ask relevant questions.
FIB gave us a great environment and a great deal of
experience. The employees took us very well and we sure have learnt a lot about
video editing, live stream editing concept, sms control, respecting the hierarchy and punctuality.
we shall forever remember these virtues because we believe; these will take us in a prosperous
future.
In this intern report, the main parts of the satellite television have been discussed in FIB. How a
signal is transmitted accurately from earth station to satellite, and how it will down form satellite
to earth station. The total workflow or working processes of a TV station that means several
sections of the station like MCR, PCR, CAR, Studio and Antenna have been experimented
thoroughly and their functions have been achieved. The operation of various broadcast related
equipment have been learned properly. Live broadcast from outdoor or indoor Studio.

REFERENCE