Model 1681 Instruction Manual – Firing Circuits DC SCR

Drives
joliettech.com/information/model-1681-instruction-manual-firing-circuits-dc-scr-drives/

INSTRUCTION MANUAL
MODEL 1681
SOLID STATE ADJUSTABLE SPEED
DC MOTOR CONTROL

1681 INSTRUCTION MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. General Description

1.1  Electrical
1.2  Mechanical

II. Specifications – General

2.1  Electrical
2.2  Mechanical
2.3  Environmental

III. Theory of Operation

3.1  Power Section & Transient Protection

3.2  Block Diagrams of DC Motor Control
3.3  Input Amplifier & Ramp Circuits
3.4  Reference Voltage
3.5  Minimum Speed Circuit
3.6  Electronic Mode Selector Switch
3.7  IR Compensation
3.8  Speed Regulator
3.9  Initial Starting Current Timer
3.10  Isolation Circuit
3.11  Firing Circuit

3.11.1  Clock (Voltage Controlled Oscillator)

3.11.2  Reference Detectors
3.11.3  Counting Circuit
3.11.4  Gate Pulse Oscillator

3.12  Fault Protection

3.12.1  Phase Sequence & Phase Loss

3.12.2  Overtemperature & Interlock
3.12.3  Current Trip

IV. Start- Up Procedures

4.1  Mechanical Installation

4.2  Electrical Installation
4.3  Checks Before Initial Start-Up
4.4  Trim Adjustment Settings

V. Servicing and Trouble-Shooting Procedures

VI. Diagrams – Tables – Application Information

1679 1681

Installation Drawing 1679-4003 1681-4003

Overall Schematic Drawing 1679-4101 1681-4001

General Description
I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

This manual is applicable to all integral horsepower DC motor controls of this series from 40
HP to 300 HP. The integrated circuit regulator selection of these DC motor controls are
modular in construction, affording a minimum of down time in the event of a malfunction.
Exceptional speed regulation and torque limiting is realized over their full operating range.

Operational features include: minimum and maximum speed adjustments, acceleration

and deceleration, current limit and IR compensation adjustments. In addition, forcing
and stabilization adjustments are provided for stabilizing the drive in systems with various
intertials and the constants. Fault logic circuitry protects the controller from over current,
phase loss, incorrect phase sequence and over temperature.
All circuitry and power components are built to withstand the vibration and handling of
industrial environments.

1.1  Electrical Description

The power section of the controller is a three phase full wave bridge (six thyristors).
This configuration yields full-wave six-pulse control of the motor over the entire speed range.

Thyristors, which are silicon controlled rectifiers, conduct when their gate terminal is
pulsed positively with respect to the cathode. Once switched on the thyristor remains
conducting until its anode voltage falls to zero. Pulsing the thyristor “on” late in the half cycle,
when its anode is positive, will cause a small amount of DC power to be delivered to the
motor. Pulsing the thyristor early in the half cycle will result in a large amount of power
being delivered to the motor. Thyristor switching waveforms are shown in section 3.1.

A printed circuit board assembly called the firing circuit provides the pulses to gate or turn
on the thyristors. Three pulses spaced 60 0 apart switch the thyristor on at the adjustable
point in each half cycle they appear. When low speed is called for the pulses appear late in
the half cycle. When high speed is required the pulses appear earlier in the half cycle. A full
description of firing circuit operation is discus s ed in section 3. 2.

The speed regulator circuit controls the firing circuit by introducing a DC level output which
is proportional to the desired speed and the error in speed due to loading.

Eight trim adjustments are located on the front of the speed regulator card. These
adjustments include minimum and maximum speed adjust, current limit, acceleration and
deceleration, and IR compensation adjust. In addition, forcing and stability adjustments are
provided. Minimum and maximum speed adjustments trim the ends of the speed range. The
acceleration and deceleration adjusts set the time it will take to reach the speed setting. The
acceleration and deceleration rates are essentially linear.

The current limit adjust will provide effective torque limiting from 200/0 to 250% of the
controller rating. The current limit circuit will hold armature current constant within 5% at all
conditions including locked armature. Current limiting is stable under all conditions.

The IR compensation adjust will allow speed regulation of 2.5% over a 20:1 range with
armature voltage feedback. The speed regulator is discussed in section 3.3.

Fault conditions which might hinder operation of the motor control are sensed by the fault
circuit on the control card. This circuit will shut the motor controller down if conditions of
over temperature, blown fuse, phase reversal, phase loss or extreme overcurrent are
present. The cards are interlocked electrically; removing any card while the system is running
will cause immediate shut down of the controller. Fault detection circuitry is discussed in
section 3.4.

1.2  Mechanical Description

All assemblies are mounted on a painted steel panel with electrically conducting items
mounted on insulated panels. Every assembly and part is front removable. Assemblies with
heat dissipating components have been carefully designed for efficient cooling. All
assembled parts use locking hardware to withstand vibration and shock from handling and
shipping.

Interwiring of assemblies generally conforms to J.I.C. specifications.

Surfaces of all metal parts subject to corrosion are plated, painted or anodized depending on
type of metal. Circuit boards are high quality epoxy glass with gold plated contacts and are
coated with epoxy, making them highly resistant to most atmospheres and humidity
conditions.

Cooling is achieved by forced air.

Specifications
II. SPECIFICATIONS

2.1  Electrical

Horsepower:  See nameplate

Power Input:  See nameplate
Speed Range @ rated torque, armature feedback for 2.50/0 speed regulation 20:1
Speed Range @ rated torque, tachometer feedback for + 0.10/0 speed regulation *40:1

Current Limiting
Adjustable from 200/0 to 2000/0 of rated armature current. Limiting with locked armature
within 50/0 of initial limit point.

IR Compensation
May be adjusted for 0 to 200/0 boost

Minimum and Maximum Speed Adjustments

Minimum speed adjustment range: 0 to 200/0 of base speed
Maximum speed adjustment range: 70 to 1150/0 of base speed

Acceleration and Deceleration Adjustments

Linear ramp acceleration and deceleration, independently adjustable from 2 to 30 seconds.

*With suitable tachometer generator

Fault and Overload Protection

System shutdown for:
Overtemperature – 80° heatsink temperature Phase loss or fuse loss
Overcurrent – Instantaneously at approximately 5 times rated peak to two minutes at 150%
Phase sequence – incorrect phase sequence
Automatic Current Limit Level – cuts back to 200% maximum if over 2000/0 more than 10
seconds

Signal Input
Manual – 1K to 2.5K potentiometer for control of zero to base speed
Programmed – 0 to 5 VDC.
Withstand Voltage: 1500 volts peak to ground or AC line, maximum

2.2  Mechanical Specifications

Dimensions:  24″H x 25″W xl01/4″D

All assemblies are front removable.
The motor control must be operated in a vertical position with power input connections at
the top.
Where practical, all wiring conforms to J. I. C. electrical specifications.
Cooling:  Forced air.
Approximate weight: 80 lbs.

2.3  Environmental Specifications

Maximum operating temperature around controller (in or out of enclosure) 50°C.

Atmosphere: All parts subject to corrosion are plated or coated. However, highly corrosive
atmospheres may eventually cause corrosion to these parts.
Operation in up to 95% relative humidity (non-condensing) is permissible.

 Theory of Operation
III. THEORY OF OPERATION

3.1  Power Section

The power section is made up of three pairs of thyristors connected as shown in the
simplified schematic of Figure A.

Each of the three phase voltages is connected through fast acting current limiting fuses to
the common of the anode of one thyristor and the cathode of another . The cathodes of
three thyristors are connected together to form the positive output of the supply. The
anodes of the other three thyristors are connected together to form the negative output of
the supply.

Without a gating signal, the thyristors block the flow of cur rent in both directions and there
is no current in the motor armature. As a properly timed gate signal is applied to each
thyristor gate, the device goes into conduction and acts like a rectifier, i. e. , it conducts as
long as the anode potential is positive with respect to the cathode. When the polarity
changes and the current falls below the holding current of the device, the thyristor regains’
its blocking state and will remain off until it receives another gating signal.
To achieve proper bridge control, the thyristors must be pulsed in a given sequence.
Conduction always occurs in pairs, i.e. current flows from an AC line through a thyristor to
the armature and back through a thyristor to another AC line.

With any conduction angle the current paths are as follows: From L1 through SCR 1, motor
armature, back through SCR 4 to L2. 60° later conduction from L1 is through SCR1, motor
armature, back through SCR6 to L3.

From L2 through SCR3, motor armature, back through SCR6 to L3. 60° later conduction from
L2 is through SCR3, motor armature, back through SCR 2 to L1.

From L3 through SCR5, motor armature, back through SCR4 to L2. 60° later conduction is
from L3 through SCR5, motor armature, back through SCR2 to L 1.

Since power is supplied to the armature six times per cycle, the ripple frequency at all
conduction angles is 360 Hz. Figures Band C show typical armature voltage wave shapes at
half and full speed conditions with high and low torque levels.
 FIGURE A. 1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
3-PHASE FULL WAVE (6SCR) POWER CIRCUIT

TYPICAL ARMATURE VOLTAGE WAVE SHAPES

 1/2 BASE SPEED
FIGURE B

BASE SPEED
FIGURE C

3.1.1  Transient Suppression and DY /DT Protection

The power thyristors and diodes are subject to voltage transients from both the incoming
power source and the output armature circuit. As shown in figure A, a series resistor-
capacitor network and an “MOV” (Metal Oxide Varistor) is connected ac ros s each of the
bridge SCR’s. The “MOV” absorbs transients on the lines with the help of the line impedance.
Since the effect of these devices are dependent on the impedance of the AC power source, it
may be necessary in some applications to add additional inductance to the incoming lines in
the form of chokes or an isolation transformer.

The “MOV” device has the characteristic that it maintains a high resistance until the RMS
voltage across it exceeds a certain level (well below the voltage rating of the SCR’s) I when it
sharply switches to a low resistance. It recovers rapidly after the voltage level drops. The
resistor-capacitor network not only serves to by pass very fast transients spikes I it also
serves as a “DV/DT” buffer. “DV/DT” is the rate of rise of voltage across the semiconductor,
immediately after it stops forward conduction. The buffer circuit acts to reduce the rate I
giving the device more time to recover its voltage blocking characteristic.

3.2  Block Diagrams of DC Motor Control

Simplified block diagrams of the DC motor control are shown in figure 1 and figure 2. The
diagrams show that the control section is isolated from the power section in both the
forward and feedback paths.
 FIGURE 1. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
SIMPLIFIED 8LOCK DIAGRAM

FIGURE 2. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

LOGIC CIRCUIT BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.3  Input Amplifier and Ramp Circuits

The speed control potentiometer is normally connected between a five volt reference supply
and the minimum speed amplifier, as shown in figure 3. The speed signal from the wiper of
the control potentiometer is inverted by the input amplifier ICZ3 and fed into the ramp
circuit. The ramp cirO1 it controls the motor acceleration and deceleration.
Increasing the speed setting increases the positive voltage applied to the input amplifier,
causing a corresponding increase in the negative signal at the amplifier1s output. The
negative signal from the input amplifier causes the output of the comparator section of ICZ8
to switch to its negative voltage limit. The negative voltage step from the comparator passes
through Diode D17, and is attenuated by a voltage divider formed by the acceleration
Rheostat R74 and Resistor R78. The voltage step output of the voltage divider is integrated
by the integrator section of ICZ8, R 77, and Capacitor C38. The negative input step causes the
output of the integrator to increase positively as a linear function of time (ramp) on a slope
or rate determined by the amplitude of the input voltage step, until its positive output
voltage equals the negative output voltage of the input amplifier. When the signals from the
integrator and input amplifier are equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity, the
comparator output will drop towards zero, and the output of the integrator will be
maintained at the new speed setting.

A reduction in speed command setting reduces the input voltage to the input amplifier ICZ8,
causing a corresponding reduction in the amplifierls negative output voltage. This decrease
reduces the negative signal to the comparator below the positive signal coming from the
integrator, resulting in a net positive signal at the comparator, causing its output to switch to
the positive limit. This positive step signal passes through Diode DI8, is attenuated by the
voltage divider formed by deceleration Rheostat R75 and Resistor R 78. The attenuated step
signal causes the integrator to ramp in a negative direction until its output signal is equal to
the new speed command.

FIGURE 3. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

INPUT AMPLIFIER AND RAMP CIRCUIT
 FIGURE 4A. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
LOGIC CIRCUIT POWER SUPPLY REGULATOR (IC21) SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC

FIGURE 48. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

CONNECTION OF LOGIC CIRCUIT POWER SUPPLY REGULATOR

3.4  Reference Voltage

The reference voltage for the motor speed control is obtained from a monolithic integrated
circuit voltage regulator, as shown in figure 4. The integrated circuit contains a temperature
compensated voltage reference of approximately 7 volts, an error amplifier, a series pass
transistor, and a current limiter, as shown in figure 4A. The compensated reference is
attenuated, to 5 volts by Resistors R51, Potentiometer R52, and R53, as shown in figure 4B.
The attenuated reference is connected to the non-inverting input of the error amplifier. The
error amplifier compares the 5 volt reference signal with the regulator output voltage. The
amplified error signal controls the series pas s transistor to maintain 5 volts at the
regulator’s output. However, an abnormal current flow in external Resistor R54 will turn the
current limiting transistor on and reduce the signal to the base of the series pass transistor.
Reducing the base signal reduces the output voltage, thereby protecting the regulator
against accidental short circuits or shorted logic components.

3.5  Minimum Speed Circuit

The minimum speed adjustment is buffered by a unity gain amplifier as shown in figure 5. Its
adjustment range is zero to approximately 20% of full speed.

FIGURE 5. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

MINIMUM SPEED CIRCUIT

The minimum speed adjustment may alternately be used as an offset adjustment. Figure 6A
shows the connection for “minimum speed” adjustment. The variable output from IC27 is
added to the speed adjust potentiometer, providing a bottom limit to the speed setting.

Figure 6B shows the connection for “offset” adjustment. The variable output from IC27 is
connected to the non-inverting input of input amplifier IC23. This provides an offset signal to
compensate for speed corrunand devices with minimum outputs higher than zero.

3.6  Electronic Mode Selector Switch

The mode selector circuit, shown in Figure 7, is used to switch between the
acceleration/deceleration mode, inch mode, and jog mode. In the normal
acceleration/deceleration connection, the run enable signal is high (+5V), switch “C” is on, and
the speed commands come from the speed control potentiometer through the
acceleration/deceleration ramp. However, this input may also be used for a “speed follower”
input signal, when the ramp is not required or desired. In the inch mode, the inch
adjustment potentiometer is connected directly to the speed command amplifier through
switch “B” without an acceleration/deceleration ramp. The inch mode is selected by applying
a logic 1 (+5V) to the inch enable input. Selection of the jog made by applying a logic I (+5V) to
the jog enable input, connects the jog adjustment potentiometer directly to the speed
command amplifier via switch “A”. Usually the jog adjustment potentiometer is preset to the
desired jog speed and the jog enable input is used to jog the motor.

FIGURE 6A. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

MINIMUM SPEED CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS

FIGURE 68. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

CONNECTION FOR OFFSET ADJUSTMENT
 FIGURE 7. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
ELECTRONIC MODE SELECTOR SWITCHES

The mode selector circuit has three other functions of interest. The first is a “run enable
inhibit” function. If either the inch or jog enable circuit is energized, a signal appears on the
base of Transistor 019. When 019 conducts, the enable terminal (13) of enable switch C of IC
26 is clamped to ground, preventing the turn on of the run circuit. The second function is a
ramp reset action, from the run enable circuit. When the run enable circuit is energized, a
“Logic I” (+5V) signal is sent to NAND gate IC18, causing the ramp to reset. This prevents
“bumping” the drive if the drive is turned on before the deceleration ramp has reached a low
value.

The third function causes each enable circuit, through Diodes D39, d40, and D41. to provide
a turn-on signal to the high gain error-integrating amplifier IC28. The purpose of this circuit is
to provide fast control response to turn-on commands. and to eliminate effects of amplifier
offset at the operating speed.

3.7  IR Compensation

IR compensation is combined with the speed signal at the speed command amplifier. as
shown in figure 7. IR compensation adjustment range is zero to approximately 20% boost.

The IR compensation circuit automatically proportions the compensating signal to armature

voltage, so that the compensation is essentially constant over the entire speed range.

3.8  Speed Regulator

The speed regulator circuit is shown in figure 8. It consists of four operational amplifiers that
function as a speed error amplifier, current error amplifier, regulator, and level shifter
respectively.

The speed and current error amplifiers function together to supply an error signal to the
speed regulator. When the motor current level is below the current limit level, the current
error amplifier ICZ8 is at its positive voltage limit and the motor armature voltage or speed
error amplifier is supplying the error signal to the regulator. However, if the current limit is
exceeded, the current error amplifier will take control of the regulator.

The voltage and current error amplifiers have fast response times and relatively low gains.
The ;regulator amplifier has a high gain but relatively slow response. This arrangement
produces a motor control with a quick responding current limit while maintaining good
stability and excellent speed regulation.

The level shifter amplifier inverts the zero tb minus five volt regulator signal to a plus five to
zero volt signal. The plus five to zero voltage signal controls the voltage controlled oscillator
(clock) frequency in the digital gating circuit.

With a command signal, from a potentiometer or external command device, applied to the
“external current limit” input to the current error amplifier ICZ8, the control becomes a cur
rent control amplifier. The current command signal can be brought through the
acceleration/deceleration ramp circuit, or directly to the speed command circuit. No internal
potentiometer is provided for this function.

FIGURE 8. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

SPEED REGULATOR CIRCUIT
 FIGURE 9. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
INITIAL STARTING CURRENT TIMER

3.9  Initial Starting Current Timer

The maximum current limit value is higher for starting then for running (200% start and
150% run). The circuit t hat permits the higher starting current is shown in figure 9. Initially,
the output of NOR gate D is high (+5V), 5V is applied to amplifier “B” and the reference
voltage [or the current limit circuit is at +5V corresponding to 200% of rated current.

When the current starts to flow, transistor Q17 turns on. The output of NOR gate “A”
switches to a logic high, NOR gate “C” switches low, transistor Q18 turns off and capacitor
C49 charges through R148 and D32. The capacitor voltage is inverted by amplifier “A” and
compared with a fixed level at the comparator. The capacitor charges until its voltage level
causes the comparator to switch positive, after approximately 5 seconds. The positive
voltage from the comparator causes NOR “D” to switch to a logic zero (0V). A logic zero from
NOR “D” attenuates the voltage applied to amplifier “B”. This reduces the reference voltage
for the current limiter to approximately 3.3V corresponding to 150% of rated current.

When current stops flowing, transistor Ql7 turns off, NOR “A II and NOR “B” switch low and
capacitor C49 starts to discharge through R1SO and D33. After approximately three minutes
of discharge, the comparator switches low, the NOR gate “D” switch high and the current
limiter’s reference voltage returns to 5V, or 200% of rating.

3.10  Isolation Circuit

The armature current and voltage signals are isolated from the control circuit as shown in
figure 10. The current and voltage signals are modulated or chopped by an electronic
chopper, transformer coupled, and demodulated to produce isolated signals.

The chopper consists of an operational amplifier and an electronic switch. The operational
amplifier has a gain of plus one when the switch is off and minus one when the switch is on,
as shown in figures 11 and 12. Switching between plus and minus gains modulates the signal
to produce an AC signal (et in figure 12) at the transformer. The modulated signal is
transformer coupled to the output amplifier. The output amplifier is synchronously switched
between a plus one and minus one gain to demodulate the signal. The output amplifier is in
effect a synchronous rectifier. The current signal isolator output is also brought to terminal
TB2, to provide a signal proportional to armature current, but isolated from armature
voltage.

3.11  Firing Circuit

The function of the firing circuit is to sequentially turn on each thyristor at the proper time.
This is accomplished by detecting a reference point with the applied voltage cycle and
initiating a firing pulse train after the proper delay time.

It can be seen from figure 13, that the “on” time of the thyristor is increased by decreasing
the delay time and vice-versa. It follows that the output power can be varied by changing the
delay time. The delay time is obtained from a fixed length electronic counter, counting
pulses from an electronic clock. The clock is a voltage controlled oscillator. When the clock is
at a low frequency, more time is required for the counter to reach its preset count, hence
there is a long delay. If the clock frequency is high, the counter needs less time to reach the
required count.

FIGURE 10. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ISOLATION CIRCUIT
FIGURE 11. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
INTRODUCTION TO ISOLATION CIRCUIT

FIGURE 12. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

ISOLATION CIRCUIT, MODULATOR-DEMODULATOR
 FIGURE 13. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
FUNCTION OF FIRING CIRCUIT

When the counter has obtained the required coWlt, meaning the required delay has passed,
and assmning no fault conditions exist, an electronic gate opens, allowing firing pulses to
turn on the thyristor. The firing pulses are removed after 1200, or at the next crossing of the
timing reference point, whichever occurs first. The coWlter is always reset at the reference
point crossing. Figure 14 is a simplified block diagram of a three SCR, three diode motor
control. Figure 15 shows a six SCR motor control. Each SCR has its own reference detector
and counter. The coWlters work off a common clock signal to assure virtually identical delay
times for each SCR firing. Independent referencing detectors allow the angle between
phases of the line to vary (phase shift) without effecting the firing angle.

3.11.1  Clock (Voltage Controlled Oscillator)

A simplified block diagram of the clock or voltage controlled oscillator is shown in figure 16.
The Capacitor C charges at an exponential rate which is set by Resistors RA, RB, and Capacitor
C. When the ‘capacitor voltage reaches the control voltage, the threshold comparator
triggers the flip-flop so that its output is set high. This sets the clock’s output low and turns
on the discharge transistor, allowing the capacitor to discharge through Resistor RB. When
the capacitor discharges to half the control voltage, the trigger comparator triggers the flip
flop so that its output is set low. This turns the capacitor discharge transistor “off” and drives
the clock output high. The capacitor starts to charge again and the cycle repeats.

The capacitor voltage oscillates between the control voltage and half the control voltage.
Increasing the control voltage will increase the magnitude of the oscillation and the time
required to complete a cycle. Hence, increasing the control voltage will decrease the
frequency of oscillation and vice-versa.

FIGURE 14. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

SIMPLIFIED 8LOCK DIAGRAM OF A 3 SCR, 3 PHASE DIGITAL FIRING CIRCUIT
 FIGURE 15. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
SIMPLIFIED 8LOCK DIAGRAM OF A 6 SCR, 3 PHASE DIGITAL FIRING CIRCUIT

3.11.2  Reference Detectors

Each reference detector locates a reference point on the input voltage cycle and generates a
timing pulse. The reference point is very close to the negative zero crossing, since this allows
full variation of output power with minimum variation of delay time.

The circuits that develop the reference or reset pulses are shown in figure: 17 and figure 18.
The circuit of figure 17 simply conditions the line voltage, while the circuits in figure 18
develops the actual pulses.

Each phase of the three phase line voltage is transformer coupled into a low pass filter which
removes transients and noise. The output of each filter is amplified and clipped to produce
square waves. The square waves convey zero crossing information to the reference pulse
circuits of figure 18 and the phase sequence circuit, figure 22.

The three square waves are connected to the twelve monostable multivibrators which
produce six reference pulses displaced 600 from one another as shown in figure 18. Each
reference pulse resets one of the six electronic counting circuits. Note: a three SCR. three
diode motor control requires only six multivibrators and
three reference pulses displaced 120°.
FIGURE 16. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO)
FIGURE 17. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
AC LINE FILTER & CLIPPER

FIGURE 18. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

DEVELOPMENT OF RESET PULSES IN TRIGGER CIRCUIT

3.11.3  Counting Circuit

A typical counting circuit is shown in figure 20, with its timing diagram in figure 19. The. zero
crossing of the line voltage resets the counter, to start the timing cycle. The first part of the
timing cycle corresponds to the SCR off time and lasts for 1000 clock pulses, on a 60Hz
system (1200 for 50Hz systems). After counting a 1000 (1200) clock pulses, the counter
output (QlB of counter “B”) switches to a logic “1” (+5V), and allows the firing pulse produced
by the gate pulse oscillator to pas s through the NAND and NOR gates of figure 20. The firing
pulse out of the NOR gate is amplified by the two transistors, and transformer-coupled to
the SCR gate with which it is associated.

The number of gate pulses and the manner by which they are removed depend on the
output level of the motor control. For low output levels, small conduction angles, the SCR
receives gate pulses until the counter is reset by the next zero crossing. However, at high
output levels, the gate pulses are inhibited by the NOR gate after 120 electrical degrees,
since the SCR is commutated off at this point and further gate pulses would simply cause
gate heating.

3.11.4  Gate Pulse Oscillator

The SCR firing pulses are generated by the gate pulse oscillator, sh own in figure 21. NAN?
gate “A” and “B” form an oscillator which is synchronized by the NOR gate “A” and “B” at the
turn on of each SCR. The synchronization circuit is designed to produce a wide initial firing
pulse, which increases accuracy of the firing angle, and adds to the DI/DT capability of the
SCR.

FIGURE 19. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

COUNTER :TIMING DIAGRAM
 FIGURE 20. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.
COUNTER AND GATE PULSE CIRCUIT

Gate pulses can only pass through NAND “c” if the phase sequence and phase 1088 circuits
determine that the correct power is present. Likewise, NOR “c” only allows pulse passage
when the control is enabled and no fault condition is detected.

3.12  Fault Protection Circuits

The fault protection circuitry senses several different circuit conditions and inhibits thyristor
gating in the event these conditions become harmful to the system.
The following is a list of conditions which will inhibit operation:

1. hnproper phasing of input voltage

2. Loss of an input phase voltage
3. Excessive load current
4. Over-temperature of heat sink as sembly
5. Opening of interlock circuit

3.12.1  Phase Sequence and Phase Loss

Correct phase sequence of the incoming power lines is necessary for proper thyristor firing.
Therefore, the fault logic circuits contain a phase sequence detector to prevent incorrect
operation.

If the incoming phase sequence is not ABC, the phase detector will inhibit thyristor firing and
no power will be supplied to the motor. Incorrect phasing is corrected by reversing any two
input power lines.

The phase detector is shown in figure ZZ. Squared-off phase voltage signals are fed to it from
the line filter circuit (figure 17). When the phase sequence is correct (ABC), the positive and
negative phase signals directly coupled to each NAND gate and the capacitor coupled
positive leading edges and negative trailing edges of the preceeding phase signal are
opposite polarity. The output of the NAND gates therefore remain high, allowing gate pulses
to flow to the SCR IS. However, if the sequence is incorrect (ACB), the directly coupled input
signals and the leading and trailing edges of the capacitor coupled input signals are in the
same polarity, causing the NAND gate to pulse low. These low pulses discharge the capacitor
C20, which inhibits the gate pulse oscillator.

Loss of an input phase also results in direct and capacitor coupled pulses to be in phase,
causing the NAND gate to pulse low. The pulses keep capacitor C20 discharged, thereby
inhibiting the gate pulse oscillator.
 FIGURE 21. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL
GATE PULSE OSCILLATOR

FIGURE 22. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL

PHASE SEQUENCE CIRCUIT

3.12.2  Over- Temperature and Interlock

Thermal overload protection protects the thyristors from operation beyond their
temperature limit. Without this protection, high ambient temperatures or high continuous
power overloading could produce excessive thyristor temperatures. A bi-metal temperature
switch mounted on the heat sinks accomplishes this protection.
The over-temperature protection circuit is also shown in figure 23. If an over-temperature
condition occurs, one or more of the thermal switches will open. Opening a thermal switch
will set the latch to a logic “1”, remove the gate pulses and turn on the fault trip LED. This
inhibits the controller until it is reset.

NOTE:  The controller will not reset until bi-metal switch has cooled enough to allow the
contacts to reclose.

External interlock devices (normally closed) may be connected into this circuit between
terminals ITBI and ITB2, as shown on the installation drawing.

Opening the external interlock shuts the controller off in the same manner as the thermal
overloads.

After the fault condition is corrected, the reset command will reset the latch, enable the gate
pulse oscillator, and resets the analog control circuits. The control circuits will not restart the
motor until the reset command is removed.

3.12.3  Current Trip

An excessive peak current will cause the output of the current trip amplifier to switch
negative. This sets the latch in figure 23 to a logic 1, removes the gates pulses and turns on
the fault trip LED. Depressing the reset will clear the latch and turn off the LED.

FIGURE 23. 1679/1681 DC MOTOR CONTROL.

TRIP CIRCUIT

Starr-Up Procedures
IV. STAR T UP PROCEDURES

The following steps and procedures should be followed closely to insure proper operation of
the motor controller.
4.1  Mechanical Installation

Since in most cases the motor control is previously installed in an enclosure, only a quick
mechanical check is necessary. Check mounting hardware holding the controller base to the
enclosure.

Open the front panel and check that all circuit boards are in place. Be sure all circuit cards
are firmly in place. The location of the controller apparatus should be a reasonably clean, dry
environment. Ambient temperature around the system should be such that the temperature
inside the controller enclosure does not exceed 50°C.

4.2  Electrical Installation

Before programmed inputs are made to the motor controller, an operational check is
suggested, to confirm that the drive is functioning properly.

Refer to the Installation Drawing:

1679 Control: 1679-4003, sheets 1 and 2

1681 Control: 1681-4003, sheets 1 and 2

Sheet 1 of the Installation Drawing shows the connections for a standard drive, with a single
speed adjust potentiometer to control motor speed from a minimum speed, as determined
by the minimum speed control setting, to a maximum speed, as determined by the
minimum speed control setting. Connections arc shown for either armature voltage
feedback regulation, or tachometer generator speed regulation. The tachometer generator
feedback circuit is designed for a 5 volt DC signal at maximum generator speed. If the
generator output exceeds 5 volts, a voltage divider network is needed to reduce the voltage
to the 5 volt level. The voltage divider, its connection, and the formula for calculating the
resistors is shown on the Installation Drawing. An AC tach generator may be used if its
output is rectified and filtered. Ripple voltage should not exceed one percent at any point in
the speed range. However, the ripple filter may cause response or stability problems.

Sheet 2 of the Installation Drawing shows typical connections for other uses of the control.
For jogging or inching, the speed adjustment potentiometers are shown connected to apply
the speed signal into one of the direct inputs, without going through the ramp circuit. This is
to produce crisp action when the jog or inch button is pressed. The jog connection is shown
for about a zero to 50 percent adjustment range. For a lower maximum jog speed, increase
the value of the fixed series resistor and decrease the value of the jog potentiometer the
same amount.

For “offset” control, to compensate for an instrument or other speed follower signal that has
a residual output at minimum (such as 5 to 50 milliamperes), the minimum speed amplifier
of the control is connected as shown. This connects the  minimum speed amplifier to the
non-inverting input of the input amplifier.
A typical connection is shown for connecting two controls with one as the lead, or master
control, and the other as the follower, or slave. The speed signal into the follower control is
connected to a direct input instead of through the ramp, to insure tracking of the drives
during acceleration or deceleration. The connection shown does not provide for individual
minimum speed adjustment, however. The minimum speed adjustment in the lead drive is
common to both drives. The minimum speed circuit cannot be connected in both drives
because the higher signal will over ride the lower one. Diode isolation cannot be us ed
because of the low signal level. If individual minimum speed adjustment is needed for
accurate system tracking, ‘a master reference supply with isolated 0 – 5 volt speed signals
should be used. A less costly but less accurate alternative is the use of two ganged speed
adjustment potentiometers, controlled by a single knob.

4.3  Checks Before Initial Start-Up

Ohmmeter Checks (DC Motor Disconnected)

1. Check all power terminals and control terminals for grounds, using the X10 scale on
the ohmmeter.
2. Check between AC power terminals L1, L2, L3, on the Xl ohmmeter scale. Readings
should be approximately 340 ohms. Check between plus and minus armature
terminals on the X10 scale. On the 1681 control, reading should be meg ohms with
meter in either polarity. On the 1679 control, reading should be megohms with plus of
meter on plus armature terminal, very low resistance with opposity polarity.
3. Check all motor leads (including tachometer and motor thermostat leads) for grounds,
and for insulation integrity between the shunt field and armature circuit. It is advisable
to use a megger for the motor insulation tests.
Check motor field resistance, and compare to nameplate data.

Voltage Checks (SEE WARNING, Section V)

1. Connect jumper on regulator card for armature voltage feedback.

2. If available, connect a light “dummy” load to armature terminals. A number of 200 watt
light bulbs in series will do (three for 240 volts DC, six for 500 volts DC).
3. Turn’ speed adjust pot to minimum.
4. Apply AC power. Check AC line volts at terminals L1, L2, L3.
5. Phase sequence LED indicator on regulator board should light. If it does not, SHUT OFF
AC POWER, interchange any two AC power leads, reapply AC power.
6. Push drive start or run button.
7. Check armature output volts. With minimum speed adjustment on regulator board full
CCW, should be close to zero. With minimum speed pot turned full CW should read
approximately 20 percent of rated armature voltage. Reset minimum speed full CCW.
8. Slowly turn speed adjust pot turns maximum. DC armature volts should increase to
approximate rated value. Turn maximum speed adjustment on regulator board
through its full range. Armature voltage should vary from approximately 100 percent
rated volts to 120 percent rated volts. Return speed adjust pot to minimum.
 9. Check for correct DC motor field volts. In 1679 control, 300 volts or 150 volts DC fixed
field supply can be obtained from the control, per connection indicated on the
Installation Drawing. When the 1681 control is used, the field supply must be obtained
from another source.
10. If any of these checks indicate an abnormal condition, refer to section v – Trouble
Shooting Procedure for additional check steps.
11. When the control is checked out, Shut Off AC Power. Remove dummy load and connect
motor leads. Adjust jumper on regulator board for correct feedback mode.

4.4  Trim Adjustment Settings

Adjustment of the trim pots located on the regulator card may be necessary of for the needs
of your application.

Adjust trim pots as follows:

Minimum Spe- to increase minimum speed turn trim pot clockwise.

ed to decrease minimum speed turn trim pot counterclockwise.

Maximum Spe- to increase maximum speed turn trim pot clockwise.

ed to decrease maximum speed turn trim pot counterclockwise.

Current Limit to increase limiting point turn trim pot clockwise. to decrease limiting
point turn trim pot counterclockwise.
When set 2/3 of the way counterclockwise, controller will limit at appro-
ximately 1000/0 rated armature current.

IR Compensa- to increase IR compensation when excessive speed droop exists turn

tion trim pot clockwise.
to decrease IR compensation when speed compounds turn trim pot
counterclockwise.
Use lowest possible IR compensation setting. With tachometer feedback
speed regulation, IR compensation should be full counterclockwise.

Acceleration to lengthen acceleration time turn acceleration trim pot counterclockwi-

se (maximum time 30 seconds).
to shorten acceleration time turn trim pot clockwise (minimum time four
seconds).

Deceleration To lengthen deceleration time turn deceleration trim pot counter

clockwise. (Maximum time 30 seconds)
to shorten acceleration time turn trim pot clockwise (minimum time 2
seconds).
 Forcing & Sta- Initial adjustments: Forcing, 75 percent clockwise. Stability, 50 percent
bility clockwise. If instability occurs, turn one adjustment at a time, forcing
first, to best setting. If stability cannot be obtained, decrease IR compen-
sation, check current limit adjustment.

 Trouble-Shooting Procedures
V. TROUBLE-SHOOTING PROCEDURES

The following trouble-shooting guide (see page 40 ) should be referred to when operating
difficulties occur.

The guide is broken down into three sections:

Symptom – description of problem

Probable Difficulty – description of what may be wrong
Check or Replace – action to be taken

This guide is also supplemented with a power module bench test. Ommeter readings are
given as a check for faulty semiconductors.

The steps shown in the trouble-shooting guide should be followed before substitution of any
modules.

TROUBLE SHOOTING
TYPE 1679 AND 1681 DC CONTROLS

WARNING

HIGH VOLTAGE Electric shock can cause serious or fatal injury.

Whether the AC voltage supply is grounded or not, high voltages to ground will be present
at many points within the SCR control. Extreme care must be exercised in the selection
and use of test instruments.

Operators should not stand on grounded surfaces or be in contact with ground when ap-
plying test instruments to test points. Test instruments should not have chassis grounded
while test are being made. Extreme care should be taken during the use of test instru-
ments such as an oscilloscope, since their chassis may be at high voltages with respect to
ground during testing.

In the event of malfunction, check the obvious but frequently

overlooked causes of trouble:
 1. Loose or broken connections. All terminals should be tight.
2. Control devices and interlocks external to the control.
3. Excessive1y high or low incoming AC voltage. Standard tolerance is + 10%.
4. Atmospheric contamination can cause insulating films to develop on relay and push
button contacts, expecia11y those in low energy circuits.
5. Noisy power lines. Incoming supply may contain “high energy spikes” which can cause
erratic operation.
6. All scope or meter readings called for in the trouble-shooting chart are measured with
respect to common, at terminal TB1-14.

SYMPTOM PROBABLE CAU- CHECK REPAIR OR REPLA-

SE CE

Phase sequence Incorrect phase Interchange two inco-

L.E.D. does not lite sequence ming power lines.
with power applied
No power to con- Measure input at L1, L2,
trol L3

Blown power or All fuses Fuses

control fuses

Jumpers missing Filter board Install jumpers

or not connected
on Filter Board

Filter board faulty Check output of filter bo- Filter Board

ard with scope at TB2-1,
TB2-2, TB2-3 *

Control board With scope, check for 5.0 Control Board

faulty Volts from anodes of D7,
D8, D9

Control blows line SCR’s and power Check SCR’s and Diodes, SCR’s or Diodes,
fuses with power diodes MOV’s MOV’s
applied
Faulty Motor Motor field and armatu- Motor
re (megger if breakdown
is suspected after dis-
connecting from o

Phase sequence No supply volta- +5.0 volts from TB1-1 Control or filter
L.E.D. lit no output ges board
from control with +12.0 volts from TB2-4
(filter board)
speed adjust full
-12.0 volts from TB2-5
C.W.
(filter board)

No reference vol- +5.0 volts from TB1-13 External speed ad-

tage just

Current limit set Adjust current limit pot Control Board

full C.C.W. for 3.0 volts from TB1-12

No run enable +5.0 volts from TB1-7 ex- External enable

signal ternal enable contacts contacts or control
board

No ramped ou- +5.0 volts from TB1-10 Control Board

tput

Open Jumper Connection diagram Jumper

“M” contacts Contacts “M” Contactor or

faulty power or “run” relay.
aux.

Gating & Isol. Bo- Check pulse train with Gating & Isol. Bo-
ard scope * ard

Phase sequence Open interlock or +5.0 volts from TB1-2 Interlock or Ther-
L.E.D. lit, fault L.E.D. heatsink ther- mostat
lit, no output from mostat open
control
Overcurrent trip Excessive load condition, Check machine &
(I.O.T.) short circuit in motor or processes Check
motor leads motor.
intermittent short in mo- Replace SCRs with
tor, SCR breakover, me- low, megger rea-
gger SCRs (out of circuit). dings.

Motor runs at base Jumper missing Jumper A to T for arm. Reconnect or ins-
speed or higher or in wrong mode feedback. Jumper T to T tall jumper
with low reference in control board. for tach feedback.
voltage applied.
Defective tacho- Tach output Tachometer or
meter or coupling coupling

Defective feed- +2.25 volts from termi- Isolation & gating

back isolator nal A on control bd. at board
500 volts output
 Defective control TP-10 control bd. for Control Board
board +4.0 volts

Control starts but Max. speed set Adjust max. speed Control Board
will not reach max. too low
speed with speed
adjust full C.W. Current limit set Adjust current limit Control Board
too low

Reference voltage +5.0 from TB1-13 Control board, Po-

wer Supplies (Filter
board)

Jumper in wrong Jumper 1 to 2 for 500 Jumper for correct

mode on iso. & volts arm. voltage
gating board Jumper 2 to 3 for 240
volts

Control will not re- Current limit set Adjust current limit set- Control Board
gulate speed with too low ting +3.0 volts TB1-12
load
Incorrect amme- Shunt Install correct
ter shunt shunt

Current isolator Load current TB2-1 for Isolation & gating

defective 1.25 volts @ 100% load. board

Line voltage dro- Line voltage when load Check AC supply

oping with load is applied, voltage for adeqacy and/or
should not droop more loose connections.
than 10%

Overload condi- Load current Correct cause of

tion overload

Control Unstable Stability or for- Control Board Adjust “stability”

cing not properly and “forcing”. Re-
adjusted place board

Ammeter shunt Check lead polarity Connect leads cor-

signal leads re- rectly
versed

Defective tacho- Tachometer and cou- Tachometer or

meter or coupling pling coupling
 Motor or load Load Correct load condi-
binding up tion

Speed amplifier Control bd., IC25, IC27 Control board

Voltage isolator Voltage isolator 2.25 Isolation & gating

defective volts from terminal A on board
control board @ rated
arm. voltage

Reference voltage TB1-13 for stable volt. le- Control bd. or ex-
unstable vel ternal po

Current limit set Current limit setting Correct current li-

too low (speed wil rise as soon mit setting
as it is turned to higher
current set.

Wrong ammeter Ammeter shunt Install correct

shunt shunt

Control bd. defec- Control bd. (substitue Replace control

tive spare board) board

* See schematic for wa-

veforms.

POWER MODULE BENCH TEST

The purpose of this test is to determine whether the power module being tested has
a defective thyristor, or thermal sensing switch.

Remove the module from the base panel and lay on its side. At this point it will be helpful
to refer to the “Exposed View of the DC Motor Controller” at end of manual. The upper
portion of the picture shows in detail the parts of the SCR/SCR power module.

Use a Simpson type 270 Multimeter or equivalent and set the meter to ohms Rx 1 or RxIO.

Thyristor Check
Connect (+) of ohmmeter to SCR cathode test jack, (-) of ohmmeter to SCR anode test
jack. Meter should read open. Reverse the ohmmeter leads. Ohmmeter should again read
open.
Now place (+) ohmmeter lead on gate test jack, (-) lead on anode test jack. Ohmmeter
should read open. Reversing leads should again give an open reading. Connect (+) of
ohmmeter to gate test jack, (-) of ohmmeter to cathode test jack. Ohmmeter should read
between Ion and 300n. Reverse ohmmeter leads. Meter should now read between 20n and
soon.

Thermal Sensor Check

Connect leads of ohmmeter to the two terminal tabs located on the thermal sensor.
The ohmmeter should read zero ohms.