1

FARAZ AHMED- TURN IT IN COPY

BS ENGLISH 8TH,

REGISTRATION# ENGBS-MF13-ID033,

“PORTRAYAL OF HONOUR KILLING IN PAKISTAN’S

ENGLISH NEWSPAPERS”

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Honour Killing is not only limited to Pakistani people and this practice is very
common in the world, generally in most of the societies, the honour of the family is
associated to the sexuality of the women. In many parts of the world this is considered
as a very justified practice, in which, basically it happens when, one of the family
member tends to kill the other member of the family in order to save the respect and
honour of the family. Mostly in patriarchal society, they do not consider it as a crime
and sin and mostly the female members are its victims, as there are number of reasons
for these killings mainly the lack of education and religious awareness. (Vatandoost ,
2012; Chafai, 2013) In Pakistan this practice is very common in all of her provinces.
Media tries to highlight this news and their portrayal in many cases it is entirely
different from the current situation.

Honour killing is exercised in East as well as in West, in East it is associated to

sociocultural and religious misinterpretation, where as in West it is a feature in
immigrants as a result of multiculturalism or clash of civilization. The countries like
America, Canada, Germany, and Sweden tend to blame eastern culture to initiate
honour killing in their country. The Eastern countries in which honour killings are
practiced are Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Saudi-Arabia, Africa and so on. The causes
of honour killings in western countries are ethnicity, religion, cultural mingling and
lack of integration, whereas causes of honour killing in the eastern countries includes
premarital sex, having conversation with non-family member, going against cultural
norms, getting marriage to a person of their choice, etc. There are vast researches
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carried out in the western countries in context of honour killing’s portrayal in their
newspapers, whereas there is lack of researches done in eastern countries regarding
portrayal of honour killing in newspapers. (Chafai, 2013; Vatandoost , 2012)

There are multiple sources of information such as social media but, print
media is the most reliable and the easiest method to access source of information.
Newspapers are an affordable source of information. (Ayoub , Awan , & Abbas ,
2016 ) Two newspapers will be analyzed that are ‘The Dawn’ which represents left
wing and ‘The Nation’ which represents the right wing respectively. (Hafiz , Umema,
Nadia, Hafsa, & Qandeel, 2012)

1.1 Background and Concepts

The evidence of honour killing sets back to the 1780 BCE in Iraq. A
commandment is constituted by the king Hammurabi that any women’s body is her
husband’s ownership till death and if it is caught in disloyalty she along with her lover
would be dropped into the sea until death. In 17 BCE Roman Royal leader Augustus
pronounced according to Julian Law that the females can be killed by the male head
of their family if caught in act of sexuality. Historically the attempt of honour killing
was amalgamated with “chivalry” and “nobility”. These concepts are even prevalent
nowadays and same meanings are linked with honour killing even today. (Munir,
2016)

In the execution of the crimes of honour it is not always male member who
plays a part in killings. Women also kill their daughters or sisters as they also try to
regulate the limits of sexual regulations and to maintain the so-called discipline.
Honour killing is not considered as a crime. In Pakistan, honour killing was initiated
in the epoch of Talpur clan of Sindh in the label of honour which is later on plagued to
the other parts of the country. (Munir, 2016)

The word discourse has been taken from a Latin word ‘Discurses’, which
means language in use. Discourse analysis includes the analysis of language in use.
Critical discourse analysis is a bit complex term, as it is the approach of analysis that
stresses on use of language and how language is used in the social institutions.
Critical Discourse Analysis focuses on how power is created and how one maintains
the social relations, knowledge and identity. Critical Discourse Analysis is based on
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the poststructuralist theory and critical linguistics. Critical Discourse Analysis doesn’t
only deal with spoken language but it deals with written texts as well as verbal and
non-verbal aspects of life.

Newspapers were originated in the early fourteenth century. The early shape of
newspapers were news pamphlets which people delivered from one place to another
on foot. (Barber, 2016) The main purpose of newspapers is to convey news pertaining
to current situation of social, cultural, political, and economical state of affairs from
indigenous to international level. The newspapers consist of several sections such as
news section, editorial section, opinion section, sports section, entertainment section,
and so on. The first section or the front page of every newspaper is about news
because it was the foremost objective of newspapers’ origin. (Lynch & Peer, 2002)

Honour killing is portrayed in the newspapers through the use of ‘language as

a tool of power’, and as it is not assumed as a crime whereas, the reality of honour
killings is entirely different and print media is portraying it differently. For instance in
Pakistan, many cases of the honour killings go unreported and no legal action is taken.
The system is highly ineffective and people are not punished who are guilty, in the
reaction, honour killing is amassed day by day. Due to the tough tribal system in
Pakistan, many guilty people are moving freely and consider it as a right thing.
(MUHAMMAD ZIA ULLAH, Honour killings in Pakistan under Theoretical, Legal
and Religious Perspectives, 2010)

The analysis is gathered from the editorials of ‘The Dawn’ and ‘The Nation’
newspapers. The Dawn newspaper represents the left wing and The Nation newspaper
represents the right wing. Left wing refers to liberal and open-minded news. They
consider that people are upright and the government has a concern to take care of their
citizens. The right wing represent conservative people, they focus more on law. (Hafiz
, Umema, Nadia, Hafsa, & Qandeel, 2012)

1.2 Research Objectives

a) To study social construct in Pakistan’s English newspapers.

b) To highlight the discourse used in editorials of two different English
newspapers of Pakistan.
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c) To reveal the projection of social issue ‘honour killing’ by Pakistan’s print

media

1.3 Research Question

How honour killing is portrayed in Pakistan’s English newspapers?

1.4 Statement of Problem

Honour killing ranges to the pre historic times. This is a problem prevalent in
the whole world but Pakistan has been ranked as the third most dangerous country in
the world for women. The portrayal of honour killing in Pakistani newspaper is
different as compared to the reality. Through this research, the awareness would be
created in people even at micro levels regarding honour killing and its portrayal in
printing-press

1.5 Delimitation

The topic of this research is “Portrayal of honour killing in Pakistan’s English

newspapers” specifically ‘The Dawn’ and ‘The Nation’. The research will be
delimited to the discourse analysis of the above mentioned newspaper’s editorials.
The research is limited to the undergraduate level students.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

There are many definitions of discourse analysis in linguistics which varies
from one linguist to another, discourse analysis term was introduced in 1952 by the
linguist Zellig Harris as a method of analyzing both written and speech. It is an
analysis which studies forms of language across texts and focuses the relationship
between the linguistic context and sociocultural context. (Paltridge, 2012) Discourse
is a complex concept, because of its confusing and corresponding definitions in
different fields by different theorists. In the linguistic ground, discourse is referred as
examples of spoken dialogue in contrast with written texts. (Fairclough, Discourse
and Social Change, 1992) Discourse analysis is a specific type of textual study which
concentrates on the word as the imbalanced supply of power, and societal inequality,
thus discourse analysis emphasize on the ways in which text provides certain ways of
representing the world. It is a comprehensive textual study to show how the discourse
production affects the textual meaning. (Ayoub , Awan , & Abbas , 2016 )

Norman Fairclough explores Critical Discourse Analysis as a type of analysis

which discovers the ambiguous relationships of causality and determination between
discursive practices, events and texts, broader societal and cultural designs relations
and processes to highlight how these things effect the ideology and to reveal the
relationship between society and discourse, power and domination. (Thamery, 2017)
Critical Discourse Analysis determines the implicit meaning in the text which is
difficult for reader to discover the true connotation of words without consulting
Critical Discourse Analysis principles. “A Critical Discourse Analysis investigates,
and aims at illustrating, ‘relationships’ between the text and its social conditions,
ideologies and power-relations” (Wodak, 1996:20 as cited in work of (Bilal, Rafaqat,
Hassan, Mansoor, & Zahra, 2012))

Critical Discourse Analysis has undergone a huge development since 1976. In

1979 Roger Fowler, Gunther Kress and Tony Trew worked on language and control.
During 1975 to 1985 no development occurred. Later on Norman Fairclough, Ruth
Wodak, Vin Dijk, Wetherell, Kress, and Tvan Leeuveen took Critical Discourse
Analysis to its peak (Weiwei & Weihua, 2015). Through the groundbreaking works of
Norman Fairclough, Teun Van Dijk and Ruth Wodak on critical discourse analysis,
one can desire to see the advent of the term Critical discourse analysis, especially
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through the works of Norman Fairclough. There was no concept of critical discourse
analysis before, Fairclough penned this term “critical” which suggests revealing
concealed links and reasons. This means cracking the functions of dogma, for the
broad shapes of ideologies which can hide the structures of the social world. (Weiss &
Wodak, 2003)

Media discourse is the study which deals with interaction platform where the
discourse is presented to a non-present reader, either through verbal or written
medium. Media discourse is on record kind of communication. Media discourse is
artificial but how it is manufactured is a matter and the solution for this matter is
critical discourse analysis of media discourse. Media discourse have different kinds
such as it consists of newspapers, radio stations, television broadcastings, and so on.
As Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis’ model deals especially with
newspaper discourse so we will deal with print media discourse by evaluating the
newspapers. (Ayoub , Awan , & Abbas , 2016 )

Critical Discourse Analysis defines the link between the language text, its
meaning and the society concentrating on the usage of the text types to highlight
specific meanings and associates it with the events. But in this research we will find
out the text types and the formal construction of language used in the editorials of the
newspapers. Editorials specially deal with the publications of the matters of domestic
and international politics, political personalities, policy makers, and the decisions
made by prominent politicians. (Ayoub , Awan , & Abbas , 2016 )

Text is defined as when we talk or inscribe and make an interpretation of

verbal or written words through books, movies, pamphlets’, magazines, and audio
recordings and so on, we treat it as a text. Text is anything which has some meanings
and we can draw some meanings from it. Textual analysis is a methodology through
which human species take text to comprehend the meanings of the world. It helps
through data gathering that how different humans understand different cultures around
the biosphere. Roland Barthes’s originated the term textual analysis in his research
work. (Ayoub , Awan , & Abbas , 2016 )

Newspaper are a great source of information as they bring out what is

unknown to the common people but news in the newspaper are often deceptive as
they portray the semi truth but not the complete truth. “If you don't read the
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newspaper, you're uninformed. If you read the newspaper, you're miss-informed.” ―

Mark Twain. At another place William Faulkner mentioned that “The best fiction is
far more true than any journalism.” (Twain & Faulkner, 2017)

Plethora of news have been published on the subject of honor killing and
many Non-Governmental Organizations and International Non-Governmental
Organizations have been working on honor killing but their study is not research
based. This study would be research oriented. The research tends to highlight the
portrayal of honour killing in Pakistani English newspapers. In different provinces of
Pakistan honour killing has been given dissimilar forenames, therefore, in Baluchistan
it is called as ‘Siyah Kari’, ‘Karo Kari’ in Sindh, ‘Tor Tora’ in KPK and similarly in
Punjab, honour killing as identified as ‘kala kali’. In all the regional languages of
Pakistan, the names given to honour killing are different but the background of it is
same as the victim of honour killing are punished to sacrifice their lives in order to
save prestige of family for the sin of pre-marital relationship. (Iqbal, 2006)

Talking about the religious views, a British political figure and Member of
Parliament Naz Shah said that Islam doesn’t allow these practices. Now even our
constitution doesn’t allow this practice. While briefing Senator Farhat-ullah Babar
stated that the vivacious circle has now come to an end. He stated that, "No murderer
will be able to walk away free even if his parents or family members forgive him for
killing his sister, wife or mother in the name of honour.” Even our religion doesn’t
allow all this. It is clearly mentioned in Holy Quran that the ones who murder a man
means he murdered the whole humanity, and the ones who hoards any human means
he hoards the entire humanity. (Shah & Shirkat Gah, 2002).

A Pakistani playwright, Rabia Ali, elucidated in her book “The Dark Side of
Honour: Women Victim in Pakistan” that the role of feudal lords cannot be ignored in
the practice of honour killing. Although they themselves are very educated but they do
not want the decorum of their community to be disturbed. They know what is
happening around the globe but they do not practice those values in their own culture.
Mazna Hussain in her research paper “Take My Riches, Give Me Justice: A
Contextual Analysis of Pakistan’s Honor Crimes Legislation” observed that tribal
councils are very important for the rural people. Their orders cannot be ignored and
they are all in all. Honour is the character associated with females in the patriarchal
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order of the society. Honour killings are done in order to maintain the status of the
society. (Vatandoost , 2012). According to Baker, the societies which are patriarchal,
their women have no space to speak. They cannot work on their own. They are
dependent for their works on the male member of the society. They’re not claimed as
the separate individuals and their individual actions can bring dishonour to the society
(Violence Against Women, 1999). According to Reddy, including the European
context, men consider women as their property and think that they have the right to
own them. They tend to control the female behavior and female sexual autonomy.
Even when males are killed in the cases of honour killing it is associated with the
prestige of female members. (Vatandoost , 2012)

Any of the mental, corporeal, erotic torture which leads to agonizing of

women, whether in public or private life will be considered misconduct and violence
against. Hence any act of physical or psychological harm to women is considered
violence. (Chafai, 2013). Becker stated that the religious practices sometimes mingle
with the traditional practices and as a result the rights of women are violated.
Sometimes it is the rule of the states that support the felons of honour killings. A
contradiction also exists between the universalism and relativism. According to
Universalism killing of women is a crime and human rights are violated and the
culprit should be punished. But the other group observes that honour killing may be in
accordance with some of the ethos and rituals. (Becker, 2004)

Faqir argued that men only think that their clan can regain its prestige if they
execute. This is absolutely wrong. (Faqir, 2001). At the present time, females are
treated as a second-class being and is not given proper rights. Islam was the first
religion to give equal rights to women. Even in the Holy Quran, it has been clearly
mentioned about the rights of the women that both males and females are monotonous
and slaughter of anyone is guilt-ridden (MUHAMMAD ZIA ULLAH, Honour
killings in Pakistan under Theoritical, Legal and Religious Perspective, 2010).

This article will abide by qualitative method. This research is grounded on

print media discourse, so only newspapers are selected to analyze the data. The two
famous Pakistani English newspapers are ‘The Dawn’ and ‘The Nation’ which have
been selected consecutively because the former newspaper belongs to right wing and
later to the left wing. Norman Fairclough’s framework of critical discourse analysis
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will be used to analyze the data. The unit of analysis will cover text types used in print
media discourse, the linguistic formal structure of print media discourse which
includes vocabulary, grammar, cohesion and text structure. The target of analysis is to
search and elaborate how power is used and fabricated through language used in
above mentioned newspapers about portrayal of honour killings. Emphasis is placed
on the creation of social construction using framework of Norman Fairclough. The
editorials of above mentioned Pakistani English newspapers are not analyzed
simultaneously before this research through Fairclough’s model of critical discourse
analysis as they are based on right wing and left wing thoughts, which will fill the gap
of research.
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1.1 Research Design

This research comes under the discipline of applied linguistics and it has
qualitative design as it deals with the CDA of news extracts of the Pakistani English
Newspaper’s editorials that deals with the honour killing issue. The choices are made
at sentence level and further in print media discourse will be conveyed that make the
core of the forecast of honour killing attacks.

3.1.2 Population/Sample

The population of this research envelops all the honour killing based editorials
published in the English newspapers of Pakistan, however this research has been
narrowed to only few editorial extracts from the two mainstream English newspapers
of Pakistan which are The Dawn and The Nation. This sampling is haphazardly
selected and the texts have been obtained from the month of May, 2016 to July, 2016.

3.1.3 Procedure

The procedure of this study encompasses a set of several editorial extracts

from the newspapers: ‘The Dawn’ and The Nation’, which are then analyzed by
concerning the Critical discourse analysis viewpoint.

3.1.4 Theoretical Framework

This research selects framework of Norman Fairclough which he

recommended in his book “Discourse and Social Change” (Fairclough, Discourse
and Social Change, 1992). The critical discourse analysis of editorials of ‘The Dawn’
and ‘The Nation’ newspapers of Pakistan would be done. This framework is used to
do critical discourse analysis of certain newspaper’s editorials which are based on
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honour killings. The basis of Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis consists
of three types:

a) Textual analysis,
b) Discursive practice
c) Social practice.

However, only textual practice of Norman Fairclough’s framework will be

dealt by the researcher, in this article. This encompasses the investigating linguistic
varieties of the text under study. These linguistic varieties cover construction of
grammar, vocabulary, cohesion and text structure and through these hallmarks media
producers deliver specific messages and those hidden specific messages are decoded
or revealed through applying critical discourse analysis. (Fairclough, Discourse and
Social Change, 1992). Norman Fairclough’s textual analysis covers the succeeding
structures:

a) Vocabulary
b) Grammar
c) Cohesion
d) Text structure

3.4.1 Vocabulary
It is the most importance part of written discourse according to Norman
Fairclough. It leans towards the manifestation of supremacy of domineering groups
and also the techniques adopted by these dominating groups to control the opinions of
the public. The literary devices such as collocations, repetition and synonymy are
analyzed. (Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, 1992)

3.4.2 Grammar
This grammar analysis covers choices of either active or passive and by
analyzing them, critical discourse analysts discover whether the initiator of action is
masked by passive production usage or is exposed by active production usage. By
applying the grammar analysis, the media holders’ favoritism is exposed for an
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individual and the societal group which is favored in their representation. In this
research article, the priority is given to the analysis of active and passive voice
building. (Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, 1992)

3.4.3 Cohesion
It refers to literary devices that tends to connect the text. It is indicated by use
of synonyms. Any text is connected through the help of demonstratives, pronouns,
conjunctions, etc. (Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, 1992)

3.4.4 Text Structure

It allocates the detail of how and which instances are present in a text. The
statements that highlight the odium or loyalty or association with certain idea are
examined. (Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, 1992)
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CHAPTER 4 CONTENT ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 Analysis

The center of this analysis is to do Critical Discourse Analysis on honour

killing related editorials of two newspapers by taking into consideration the linguistic
elements. Editorials will be dealt by applying Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis
model to highlight how honour killing’s projection gives ways to particular
ideologies, and how its representation through print media discourse influence
people’s mind.

4.2 Ponder the succeeding three editorials of The Dawn Newspaper.

I: Killing women

Jun 11, 2016.

THE fate suffered by 18-year-old Zeenat Rafiq burnt to death by her own
mother for marrying a man of her choice…(for full article see Appendix A:I)
("Killing women - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)

a) Vocabulary

There are less words which occurred multiple times in order to create
emotional response among the readers of the editorial.

The collocations of the word honour are used again and again such as
dishonouring, anti-honour killings laws, anti-honour killings bills, honour
crimes, killings, latest killings. Six instances are traced where such vocabulary is
witnessed.These instances of repetitions signify the harshness of situation and also
boosts the reader’s attention to the international issue of honour killings which have
left alone thousands of relatives from their beloved ones. ("Killing women -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)
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At another point the collocations related to word women used several times
such as young woman, women’s rights, pro-women, anti-women, women’s
ministry, status of women, are used time and again which imply the sympathy and
criticality with the victimization of women in the state of Pakistan that has gone
through the volcanoes of honour killing incidents. ("Killing women - Newspaper -
DAWN.COM,", 2016)

There are some words such as fate, misogynistic, punishment, impunity and
fatal, that has highlighted the dramatic effect of the event reported in the editorial.
("Killing women - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)

The factual data such as 18-years-old, March 2015, March 2016, in

February, in past three months, on Thursday, the third reported case, etc exhibit
the accuracy of the event mentioned in the editorial and also foster readers interest.
("Killing women - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)

The use of proper noun such as Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) is used
two times in the editorial which symbolizes it as dominant and hegemonic agents
against women protection and basic rights. The writer in this manner puts blame of
honour killing upon Council of Islamic Ideology. Another proper noun such as
National Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW) is used in the editorial
once and symbolizes the support towards empowerment of women and gender
equality. ("Killing women - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)

The idiom ‘burying its head in the sand’ is also used in the editorial for
insulting PML-N for not doing any effort regarding the amended bill on Honour
killing in sections of parliament of Pakistan. ("Killing women - Newspaper -
DAWN.COM,", 2016)

The lexicons such as death, burial, killing, cold storage, fearful, killers,
expresses slaughtering prey of honour killings. Such forecast of news involves the bad
feelings for the perpetrator. ("Killing women - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)
 15

b) Grammar

The production of active sentences is in plenty as compare to production of

passive sentences in this editorial. The examples active sentences are

 “The third reported case of a young woman burnt to death…” ("Killing

women - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)
 “In its current form, the bill allows impunity for killers” ("Killing women -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)
 “It is unacceptable when women’s right are bartered…” ("Killing women -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)

And the examples of passive sentences are

 “The honour killings bill had been tabled by former…” ("Killing women -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)
 “He must be told that the latest killing is a reminder…” ("Killing women -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)

c) Cohesion

There are plethora of examples of cohesion such as conjunctions,

demonstratives and pronouns which strengthen more connectivity to text. Among
which conjunctions are used in majority, demonstratives at zero level and pronouns in
minority are used which promote connectivity to writing.

Conjunctions

There are twenty-three total number of instances where conjunctions are

traced in text of editorial among which some of the examples of conjunctions are for,
as, that, then, and, than, or, but, etc.
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Demonstrative

There is not even a single instance found regarding use of demonstratives in

this editorial

Pronouns

The quantity of pronouns used this editorial is fifteen. Some of examples of

pronouns are her, it, its, he, their, them, etc.

d) Text Structure

The editorial writer uses such stylistic design which starkly condemns the
misogynistic practices such as honour killings and he seems to be voting in favour of
the women of tribal belts which are victimized through honour killings in the state of
Islamic Republic of Pakistan. ("Killing women - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,", 2016)

Qandeel’s murder

 Jul 17, 2016

THE shocking ‘honour’ killing of popular social media celebrity,… (for full story
see Appendix A:2) ("Qandeel’s murder - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)

a) Vocabulary

The repetition of the collocations related to Honour are used several times in
this editorial, for instance honour killing, anti-honour killing bill, and false notions
of honour. There are three instances traced where such lexicalization is witnessed.
These examples of repetitions signify the starkness of state of affairs and also
motivates the readers to focus to the worldwide problem of honour killings which
have leave alone thousands of families from their treasured one. ("Qandeel’s murder -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)
 17

The writer has inquired two questions in the editorial which are: Why is
lethargy? When will parliament be jolted out of its stupor to pass the anti honour
killing bill? The purpose of writer to ask these questions is to make the reader recall
the previous happenings associated to the text. ("Qandeel’s murder - Newspaper -
DAWN.COM,"2016)

The usage of proper noun ‘Nawaz Shareef’ is mentioned once in the text and
the writer tend to uses this proper noun to indirectly blame ‘Nawaz Shareef’ for not
providing security to the Media celebrity and also for not removing the clause from
criminal law act, which results in the honour killing of Pakistani Model Qandeel
Baloch. ("Qandeel’s murder - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)

The word disobedient is used to show the victim of honour killing as being
ill-treated by the hands of male dominant perpetrator, her ‘brother’. ("Qandeel’s
murder - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)

The usage of vocabulary such as death, murder, regressive patriarchies,

murderers, perpetrator, crime, punishment waives, private offence stages the
dramatic forecast of the occasion and has deep sense of impression to its reader. The
words death and murder are used twice each in this text. ("Qandeel’s murder -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)

b) Grammar

Like the previous editorial, this text also consists majority of active
arrangement sentences and minority of passive arrangement sentences. The examples
of active arrangement of sentences are:

 “The death of Qandeel Baloch conveys an insidious message…”

("Qandeel’s murder - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)
 ("Qandeel’s murder - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)“In her brief
moment in the spotlight…” ("Qandeel’s murder - Newspaper -
DAWN.COM,"2016)
 “She chose to live life on her own terms…” ("Qandeel’s murder -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)
 18

The examples of passive arrangement of sentences are:

 “Qandeel Baloch, must be condemned in the strongest possible terms”

("Qandeel’s murder - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)
 “They do not deserve to be murdered for it”. ("Qandeel’s murder -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)

c) Cohesion

There are surplus of instances of cohesion such as where conjunctions in

majority, demonstratives at least ratio and pronouns in second majority are used
which reinforce further connectivity to text.

Conjunctions

There are twenty-two total number of instances where conjunctions are traced
in text of editorial among which some of the examples of conjunctions are and, that,
as, both, if, for, because, etc.

Demonstrative

There are five instance found regarding use of demonstratives in this editorial.
Examples are that, this, there, etc.

Pronouns

The quantity of pronouns used this editorial is thirty. Some of examples of

pronouns are her, she, whom, itself, it, which, themselves, they, its, he, his, who, etc.

d) Text Structure

The writer disclosures the naked face of Pakistan Politicians specially Nawaz
Shareef who forget his vow regarding amending law of honour killing after the
screening of Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy’s famous Oscar award ceremony. The death of
model Qandeel Baloch is a bare witness of ruling party in government for their non-
serious attitude towards this grave national issue: honour killing. ("Qandeel’s murder -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"2016)
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3: Pro-women legislation

Jul 22, 2016

Yesterday's developments offer a sliver of hope where preventing violence

against women…(for full story see Appendix A:3) ("Pro-women legislation -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM," 2016)

a) Vocabulary

The statistical data used in any text gives the authenticity of the event penned
in any piece of writing, similarly the writer has used multiple factual data in the text
such as more than five hundred women are being massacred every year in
Pakistan. Another instance is of 19-year-old Maria Sadaqat, in 2014, in 2015 are
some numerical examples which signifies the writer’s authenticity of correct data
providing in the editorial. This factual data also forces its readers psychologically to
believe what is written in the text. ("Pro-women legislation - Newspaper -
DAWN.COM," 2016)

The collocations related to honour word are also used in this text like all
previously discussed editorials. The example are anti-honour killing, honour killing,
anti honour killing laws, honour killings, and transgression of ‘honour’. There are
five instances where these collocations are traced. These collocation highlight the
main topic of the texts to horizon its reader’s mind to brainstorm about the solution of
this critical national issue. ("Pro-women legislation - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"
2016)

b) Grammar

Like the former editorials, this text also comprises majority of active
construction sentences and minority of passive construction sentences. The examples
of active construction of sentences are:

 “The PML-N faces mounting pressure.” ("Pro-women legislation -

Newspaper - DAWN.COM," 2016)
 20

 “The criminal justice system must dispense punishment…” ("Pro-women

legislation - Newspaper - DAWN.COM," 2016)
 “A parliamentary committee reached a consensus…” ("Pro-women
legislation - Newspaper - DAWN.COM," 2016)
 “It is surprising the ruling party has waited so long…” ("Pro-women
legislation - Newspaper - DAWN.COM," 2016)
The examples of passive construction of sentences are:
 “The renewed prospect of such legislation being enacted, mentioned by
Mariam Nawaz”. ("Pro-women legislation - Newspaper - DAWN.COM,"
2016)
 “Perhaps Qandeel’s death has proven to be the catalyst for the government
to act”. ("Pro-women legislation - Newspaper - DAWN.COM," 2016)

c) Cohesion

There are excess of occurrences of cohesion such as conjunctions,

demonstratives and pronouns which highlight promote connectivity to text. Among
which conjunctions are used in maximum times, demonstratives are used eight times
and pronouns in minimum ratio of two instances are used in this editorial writing.

Conjunctions
there are twenty-six total number of instances where conjunctions are traced in
text of editorial among which some of the examples of conjunctions are Where, that,
for, than, both, and, then, but, etc.

Demonstrative

There is two instance found regarding use of demonstratives which are, this,
those, etc.

Pronouns

The quantity of pronouns used this editorial is eight. Some of examples of

pronouns are it, who, one, they, their, etc.
 21

d) Text Structure

The writer shows the role of parliament and the major politicians regarding the
amendment and implementation of the anti-honour killing bills. The delay by the
politicians such as Nawaz Shareef and Mariam Nawaz shows their lack of interest
towards honour killing. The killing of Qandeel Baloch is proof of impracticality of
applying honour killing bills on ground basis. And many more instances of honour
crimes every month shows the government’s non serious attitude. These politicians
are just giving lip service to the people of Pakistan. ("Pro-women legislation -
Newspaper - DAWN.COM," 2016)

4.3 Ponder the Succeeding Editorials Of The Nation Newspaper

4: Protecting Our Image?

May 01, 2016

After Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy’s Oscar win for a documentary on honour

killing…(for full story see Appendix A:4) ("Protecting Our Image?," 2016)

a) Vocabulary

The vocabulary such as banned, radical, extremism, anti-state, shame,

grave reality, hate, jingoistic, negative image, religious, nationalism and
nationalistic is used to evoke the public reaction upon the video of Sharmeen Obaid
Chinoy on honour killings. This vocabulary brings emotional and eye-opening
feelings of the readers of this editorial to see the plague of honour killing as a national
issue and to cure from it by amending the errors in the law. This vocabulary reflects
the anti-honour killing opinions. ("Protecting Our Image?," 2016)

b) Grammar
 22

Like the earlier editorials, this text also encompasses bulk of active structure
sentences and minority of passive structure sentences. The examples of active
structure of sentences are:

 “This was one of the elements of the National…” ("Protecting Our

Image?," 2016)
 “How will this happen.” ("Protecting Our Image?," 2016)
 “…especially those that are clearly not against the state…” ("Protecting
Our Image?," 2016)

The examples of passive structure of sentences are:

 “…on what should be tackled by the state.” ("Protecting Our Image?,"

2016)
 “While the documentary may be banned in Pakistan…” ("Protecting Our
Image?," 2016)

c) Cohesion

There are many of incidences of cohesion such as conjunctions,

demonstratives and pronouns which helps in more connectivity to the text.

Conjunctions

There are twenty-two figure of conjunctions occurred in the editorial. For examples
for, and, while, that, or, as, if, however, but, etc

Demonstrative

There are four times, that “this” demonstratives is used.

Pronouns

The quantity of pronouns used this editorial is nine. Some of examples of

pronouns are: its, our, their, something, they, it, etc.

d) Text Structure
 23

Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy being the journalist, showed the bitter reality of
honour killing to the entire world and now she is facing negative criticism upon her
release of Oscar award winning video “A Girl in the River: The Price of
Forgiveness” based on honour killing. Some jingoistic critics comments that she has
portrayed negative image of Pakistan but the writer has penned that though we are
exposed in front of global village but honour killing is a grave reality and to get cure
from this disease we have to strive, we should be united as a one nation to get rid of
this plague. And we should make our concepts clear regarding religion and imposed
patriarchal culture regarding honour killing. ("Protecting Our Image?," 2016)

5: Compromising On Justice

May 21, 2016

There is no reason that Pakistan's women, should have to live in fear of the
savagery… (for full story see Appendix A:5) ("Compromising On Justice," 2016)

a) Vocabulary

The collocations similar to honour word are used plenty of times such as
honour killing, honour killing case, honour, name of honour. There are six
examples where such collocations are witnessed. ("Compromising On Justice," 2016,
2016)

The word Karo Kari is a Sindhi language synonym of honour killing used in
Sindh province of Pakistan, which reflects the vastness of this plague which has its
roots in all parts of the country. ("Compromising On Justice," 2016)

The adjective deceased is used with the victimized women as a symbol of

delicate, weak, and a human to be sympathized, having mercy on them, similarly the
accused or culprit is presented as a strong, dominant and brutal human character of
the Pakistani society

The writer has used the word ‘blood money’ for the law of honour killing,
where the blood is exchanged by the blood as the perpetrator or murderer or killer is
 24

penalized to give the money in exchange of bloodshed of female family member

which has brought dishonour in their family. ("Compromising On Justice," 2016)

b) Grammar

The production of active sentences is in surplus quantity as compare to

production of passive sentences in this editorial. The examples active sentences are

 “These provisions ensure that several categories of killers…”

("Compromising On Justice," 2016)
 “One wonders if the victim, reshma bibi…” ("Compromising On Justice,"
2016)
 “The accused counsel argued that the honour killing…” ("Compromising
On Justice," 2016)

The examples passive sentences are

 “The issue of honour killing cannot be eliminated till loopholes…”

("Compromising On Justice," 2016)
 “…anything else, must be exposed as the agents of patriarchy…”
("Compromising On Justice," 2016)

c) Cohesion

There are several numbers of cohesion used in the text such as conjunctions,
demonstratives and pronouns which aids in more in the connectivity of the text.

Conjunctions

These conjunctions: that, and, till, for, thus, but, while, or, as, however, etc are
used for thirty-five times in the editorial.

Demonstrative

There is nine instance found regarding use of demonstratives which are there,
they, this, those, these, etc.
 25

Pronouns

The quantity of pronouns used this editorial is seven times. Some of examples
of pronouns are it, any, their, who, anything, one, ones, etc.

d) Text Structure

The writer in this editorial highlights how the justice of victim of honour
killings is being compromised by Pakistan’s penal code. The culprit by giving the
money exchange the blood of victim’s murder by the law of Pakistan. The culprit
considers honour killing as a justified act as he does not face the punishment of death
penalty or remaining life behind the bars. The writer further mirrors the inactive
approach of well-known political leaders towards the loopholes in the laws regarding
honour crimes, which results killing of thousands of women in the name of honour in
every province of Pakistan. The writer has shown its reader the naked face of law and
its makers. ("Compromising On Justice," 2016)

6: Law And Honour

July 22, 2016

Qandeel Baloch’s murder may be just another one in the long line of “honour”
killings plaguing the country… (for full story see Appendix A:6) ("Law And
Honour," 2016)

a) Vocabulary

The lexicons like plaguing, unapologetic, murder, killer, loophole,

toothless, conservative, clemency, mandatory, try to generate the painful image of
the event which is being unkindly designed to mark a collection of innocent females.
These words also give publicity to the event of honour killing and they embellish the
intensity of the occurrence of honour killing in the editorial. ("Law And Honour,"
2016)
 26

The words like punishment, guilty, pardon, and redemption used in the text
mirrors the aftermath of the honour killings. These words actually foster the
emotional arousal of the general public of Pakistan. This difference of opinion are
highly significant as they expose the honour killing sentiments. ("Law And Honour,"
2016, 2016)

The proper nouns such as Qisas and Diyat laws are used twice in the text.
The writer puts blame on these laws for the occurrences of honour killing in Pakistan.
The writer through Qisas and Diyat laws tends to highlight the oppositional barrier
being hegemonic representatives against anti-honour killing bill, women’s right and
empowerment struggle in Pakistan. ("Law And Honour," 2016)

b) Grammar

Like all previous editorials, this text also consists of majority of active
construction sentences and minority of passive construction sentences. The examples
of active construction of sentences are:

 “Despite the ruling party’s majority in the parliament.” ("Law And

Honour," 2016)
 “The same goes for rape.” ("Law And Honour," 2016)
 “It must avail that.” ("Law And Honour," 2016)

The examples of passive construction of sentences are:

 “…international watchdogs have been demanding for decades” ("Law And

Honour," 2016)
 “Opposition may also be expected from the PTI…” ("Law And Honour,"
2016)

c) Cohesion

There are multiple examples of cohesion used in the editorial such as

conjunctions, demonstratives and pronouns which foster connectivity to the text.

Conjunctions
 27

These conjunctions: but, and, yet, that, while, for, however, since, where, thus, as, etc
are used for thirty-one times in the editorial.

Demonstrative

There is eight instance of demonstratives are used which are: this, these, those,
etc.

Pronouns

The quantity of pronouns used this editorial is nineteen times. Succeeding

examples of pronouns are: one, her, which, itself, it, its, their, they, any, who, etc.

d) Text Structure

The writer presents the long debated event of honour killing of Qandeel
Baloch, a Pakistani model. The writer tends to mirror the real face of Pakistani
Politicians regarding their attitude towards honour killing laws. They are silent and
not interested to amend the Qisas and Diyat laws which are used as a barrier towards
anti honour killing laws and women protection bill. The role of CII is also evident that
they don’t consider it necessary to stop opposing anti honour killing laws and acting
as a anti women approach. The writer has also given reference of women rights
activists and international watchdogs who are struggling since decades to bring
change in honour killing laws so that the culprit will be punished in a way that they
start believing honour killing as a crime by spending their remaining life days behind
the bar not by roaming freely in the society. ("Law And Honour," 2016)
 28

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
Norman Fairclough is not only a linguist but one of the finest founders of
Critical Discourse Analysis. His model is a triangular model, which had
revolutionized the study of critical discourse analysis. This model is best suited or
applicable for newspaper discourse.

The nation newspaper follows the left wing thought whereas the dawn
newspaper follows the right wing thought. The analysis of the editorials of the nation
showed that this newspaper is more inclined to the Islamic ideology and patriotism.
Lexicons such as Qisas and Diyat law are frequently used in it. Nationalistic spirit is
prevalent. On the other hand the dawn newspaper, being the follower of liberal
dogma, talks about international rules and organizations about the unsettled
international issue of honour killings whereas the nation talks about CII (council of
Islamic ideology).

Both the newspapers radically reject the concept of honour killing and harshly
condemn it. In the construction of sentences, active structures are used in abundance
as compared to the passive structures in order to make the sense of sentence as direct
and quite evident. The text structure in both the newspapers victimize the women and
represent them as the fragile being of nature who have unworthy existence. The words
such as deceased, sexuality, and victim are always associated to the women.

Honour killing should be abandoned and such research would be quite fruitful
in creating awareness among people regarding their rights as women would start
fighting for their rights and men would stop exercising their patriarchal mischiefs. An
organization should be opened in every campus of national university of modern
languages to create an awareness about the rights of women. An international
conference should be organized in universities for teaching men their moral duties.
The novels regarding honour killing subject should be introduced in the course of
gender studies department throughout the country. Students should be encouraged on
doing research on such taboo topics like honour killing, blasphemy, and so on.