CHAPTER ll

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researchers

considered in strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents the

synthesis of understanding culture, society and politics. To develop a comprehensive

understanding of culture, society and politics, it is fundamental to consider all the

different aspects that contribute to these concepts. The humanities and social sciences

offer a wide range of perspectives that help to provide a more complete understanding

of these ideas.

As reported by Mills, W. (1916–1962), an American Sociologist and a professor of

sociology in Columbia University. To develop a comprehensive understanding of

culture, society and politics, it is important to consider all the different aspects that

contribute to these concepts. The humanities and social sciences offer a wide range of

perspectives that help to provide a more complete understanding of these ideas. One of

the most important aspects of culture is its ability to shape our values ​and beliefs. Apart

from this, Studying Way of life, Community, and Politicians focuses on multidisciplinary

ideas from anthropological, political science, and sociologists so students can learn

awareness of cultural, social, and political dynamics and sensitivity to cultural diversity.

Students are exposed to the nation's present goals for social progress and get a greater

grasp of how government, economy, religion, and human activity function. (Santarita

and Madrid, 2023). However, Culture, society, and politics are all complicated even in
their own right. While evaluating each of these notions, a larger perspective of the world

is required since it allows for the analysis of how social variables impact results in varied

circumstances. On the other hand, Enverga, M lll, published in 2019 Studying

economics, religion, and life. By giving readers a global point of view, A Global

Perspective enables viewers to understand the diversity of the human race as it is

manifested in social interactions. In addition, this book contains in-depth discussions,

situational examples, and engaging exercises that apply the concepts in real-world

situations for a better understanding of and appreciation for humanity. It is aligned with

the necessary K to 12 curricula for the senior high school core subject "Understanding

Culture, Society, and Politics."

According to Street year 1993, Political culture is frequently seen in political theory as

an institutionalized object of study. While everyone is aware of it, they seldom comment

on it (typically when they unintentionally run into it) and few people care to ask how it

got there in the first place, despite the fact that everyone is aware of it. Moreover,

Political Culture, Political Science, and Identity Politics: An Uneasy Alliance. published

by Taylor & Francis. Political science has always had a strained relationship with

political culture, which is defined as the principles that guide political activity. The most

recent iteration of this clash is identity politics. No one can agree on how much or how

accurately to assess culture and identity, particularly political culture, which is vital for

comprehending other nations and global areas.

 Based on a study published by Enverga, M. Lll., 2019. Knowing how cultures differ

requires an understanding of variances in knowledge, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes,

and actions eventually to language disparities. Cultures refers to the patterns of

anthropogenic activities and the symbols frameworks that give those patterns a

significance. The study of culture comes from the Latin Colere, which means "to

cultivate." Cultures may be described as "systems of meaning and symbolism that even

its creators question, lack set borders, are always in flux, and interact with and compete

among themselves."

Reformation, Cultures and Societies in a Changing World. United States: SAGE

Publications. Author Wendy Griswold explains how culture influences our social reality

and how society shapes culture in the Fourth Edition of Cultures and Societies in a

Changing World.Students' awareness of cultures throughout the world will be

broadened by examples from many nations and eras (Griswold, W., 2012). Nor,

Understanding Philippine Society, Culture, and Politics. Furthermore, the book is a

collection of informative Public Lives articles about society and culture Among the

subjects discussed in the articles are Being and Being a Filipino, Philippine Society in

Transition, Current Problems and Issues, Culture and Society, and Politics and Society.

As well as the anthology, which was meant to be published for students in grades 11

and 12, discusses five aspects of the Filipino mind. It is envisaged that the book will act

as a resource and a supplement to the corresponding senior high course (David, R.,

2017). In fact, The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology offers a

distinctive overview of the field's theories, counter arguments, and background. It

combines ethnography and anthropological theory and has extensive entries, concise

biographies of significant anthropologists, and glossary items. The new entries

represent significant shifts in anthropology over the past ten years, including the

increasing importance of subdisciplines like medical anthropology in mainstream work,

the inclusion of gender and sexuality concerns in recent work, and anthropology's new

ethnographic engagement with key contemporary institutions like science and finance.

(2009)

This in-depth investigation looks at the local politics of a central Luzon community

that cultivates rice. Divergent views on how resources should be allocated are present

in this contentious interaction; the fortunate place an emphasis on principles supported

by capitalism, while the underprivileged advocate for their rights to basic needs

fulfillment and human dignity (Kerkvliet, B. J., 2002). Besides, Concise Dictionary of

Social and Cultural Anthropology. Germany: Wiley. The main emphasis is on

fundamental anthropological ideas, and some biographies of notable people who

developed crucial theories and carried out the most well-known fieldwork among various

civilizations throughout the world are featured. Many bibliographical references serve as

a starting point for additional study. The discipline of anthropology is very new and has a

convoluted past (Morris, M. 2013). Contra Heritage: Critical Viewpoints on Asian Historic

Preservation. Although the notion of urban Asians must be taught by heritage

professionals and administrations in order to properly maintain their legacy may be

well-founded, it takes away the requirement to educate oneself on the local-popular

customs and beliefs that serve as the basis of most people's involvement with the
tangible past. Written by an archaeologist Byrne, D., 2014. Having long had one foot in

the field of historic and cultural practice as well as the academic camp of archaeology

and heritage studies, Counterheritage is both a direct critique of current heritage

practice in the Asian arena and a contribution to this project of self-education. By the

same token, research on international affairs that is financed by the government was

completed and was in progress from July 1969 to June 1970. The paper published

ongoing psychological and social sciences research studies that were initiated,

continued, and completed during fiscal year 1970 and that are concerned with global

relations, foreign nations, and US international policy. It is primarily intended for

research officers throughout the Government. The study summaries are arranged by

topic, and each part concludes with pertinent cross-references (Suchinsky, A. E., Nash,

J.,1971). Besides, the term of civil society in the Philippines has evolved from free

election movements to people power. By emphasizing the ability of so-called "secondary

associations" to project ethical and intellectual leadership in each of these crises, this

research offers new insight into the forces and mechanisms behind changes and

continuity in Filipino political and social life. (Hedman, E., 2006).

We pursue this study so that we can know how much humanities and social sciences

students have learned and also to help future Humanista. Future students of the

humanities and social sciences will also benefit from this research by being better able

to understand and identify the historical, political, and cultural relevance of the

numerous facets of human existence covered in this area of study. One of the most

important aspects of culture is its ability to shape our values ​and beliefs. A society's
values ​and beliefs can have a profound effect on the way its members interact with

each other and the world around them. The humanities offer a unique perspective on

culture and its impact on society. Learning history, art, and literature, we can gain a

greater understanding of the ways in which culture has shaped the world around us.

The social sciences offer a different perspective on culture and its impact on society.

Analyzing sociology, psychology, and anthropology, we can gain a greater

understanding of the way our social interactions are influenced by our cultural beliefs

and values. Excluding, the social sciences can help us understand how our political

beliefs are shaped by our cultural values. Studying the humanities and social sciences

can help us develop a broader understanding of culture, society, and politics. By

considering all the different perspectives these disciplines offer, we can gain a greater

understanding of the way our world works. Unquestionably, the humanities and social

sciences are essential to our knowledge of politics, society, and culture. Yet much more

research has to be done in these fields of study. One reason for this is that because the

humanities and social sciences are always growing, so must our knowledge of them.

Correspondingly, as the globe becomes more linked, it is crucial for us to have a

thorough awareness of the politics, societies, and cultures of many countries in order to

engage and communicate with one another in an efficient manner. Lastly, as our

environment grows increasingly complicated, it is crucial to be able to critically evaluate

the structures and systems that influence our lives. Understanding the world around us

may be improved by studying culture, society, and politics.