Sampling and monitoring program

Applications:

Water treatment Pilot scale

Wastewater treatment

Water supply

Sewerage
Laboratory scale
 Sampling to collect:

• routine operating data on overall plant performance

• data that can be used to document the performance of a given
treatment operation or process
• data that can be used to implement proposed new programs
for sewerage and/or WWTP
• Data needed for reporting regulatory compliances

Data must be: Sample types:

• representative • Spot (grab, random, catch,
• reproducible individual, instantaneous, snap)
• defensible • Continuous
• useful • Composite
• Flow proportional
• Time dependent (quasi-continuous).
Sampling dilemmas
…to sample
Why?

What ?

Where ?

When ?

How often ?

How ?

By whom ?

Equipment ?
Steps in the design of a water quality monitoring system
Step 1
Evaluate existing information
· Water treatment and supply
Water treatment plants
Water supply system
Green field sites
· Wastewater collection and treatment
Domestic wastewater
Industrial effluents
Combined sewer overflows and pumping stations
Wastewater treatment plants
Green field sites
· Lab-scale and pilot plants investigations
Water and wastewater treatment plants
Water supply and wastewater collection networks

Step 2
Evaluate information expectations

· Water quality goals and objectives

· Water quality problems and issues
· Management goals and strategy
· Monitoring role in management
· Monitoring goals (as statistical hypotheses)
Step 3
Establish statistical design criteria by aim of statistical software
packages

· Statistically characterise population to be sampled

Variation in quality
Seasonal impacts
Correlation present (independence)
Applicable probability distributions
From many statistical tests select most appropriate (match test
requirements to population characteristics)

Step 4
Design monitoring network

· Where to sample (from monitoring role in management)

· What to measure (from water quality goals and problems)
· When to sample (from specific circumstances)
· How frequently to sample (from needs of statistical tests)
Step 5
Develop operating plans and procedures

· Sampling routes and points

· Field sampling and analysis procedure
· Sample preservation and transportation
· Laboratory analysis procedures
· Quality control procedures
· Data management and retrieval hardware and data base management
systems
· Data analysis software

Step 6
Develop reporting procedures

· Type of format of reports.

· Frequency of report publication.
· Distribution of reports (information).
· Evaluation of report ability to meet initial information expectations.
Steps in the design of a water sampling programme

Step 1
Definition of the purpose of sampling.

Step 2
Determination of the type, scope and required accuracy of the analyses to be
carried out.

Step 3
Definition of the character of the samples to be collected.

Step 4
Selection of the localities and sources to be sampled, and of the sampling
points at these localities.

Step 5
Determination of the hydraulic and other parameters relating to the subject of
the sampling programme.

Step 6
Consideration of the occupational safety and hygiene of those collecting the
samples
Step 7
Preparation of an optimal sampling programme.

Step 8
Selection of sampling and measuring equipment suited to the sources to be
sampled, and determination of its state.

Step 9
Selection of the most suitable sampling technique in line with a fixed
programme and selected equipment for the given source/site, including
preparations, subsidiary measurements and observations. When implementing
sampling programme the techniques used should comply with a number of
general requirements such as reliability, economy, repeatability and
conservation.

Step 10
Selection of appropriate procedures, sample handling equipment and tools,
transport from site to laboratory, storage after delivery.

Step 11
Consideration of the most suitable methods of analysis on site and in the
laboratory, the quickest possible interpretation of the analyses including
reliability checks, and possible repetition of the sampling, and other factors
likely to influence the accuracy or representativeness of the analyses.
Step 12
Use of feedback whenever possible to modify a programme to an optimal
sampling programme.

Step 13
Establishment of the conditions necessary for the immediate use of the results
and for their storage as primary sources of information in the future, whether
for short- or long-term use.

Step 14
Selection of the appropriate system for data management (ie. handling,
processing, transfer and manipulation)

Step 15
Selection of the method of documentation to be used throughout the
programme.

Specific sampling programmes should be prepared for larger projects. It is

necessary to define the sampling programme at early stage in any project and,
perhaps the most important thing to remember about any programme is that its
validity should be kept under continuous review, so that it can be changed to
meet changing circumstances.
Data limitations

• Missing values
• Sampling frequencies that change over a
period of record
• Multiple observations within the sampling
period
• Uncertainty in the sample preservation and
measurement procedures
• Censoring the measurement signals
• Small sample size
• Improper data handling
• Equipment inaccuracies
Sampling plan examples
Extension of a full-scale wastewater treatment Lab-scale batch tests at IHE/TUD, Delft, The
plant at Sandon Dock, Liverpool, England Netherlands

Full-scale wastewater treatment plant in Haarlem Pilot scale water treatment plant in
Waarderpolder, The Netherlands Adam Clark in Accra, Ghana.
Simplified Process Scheme
WWTP Haarlem Waarderpolder

COD t ot Activated Sludge

Unit (ASU2) SECONDARY
COD f ilt
BO D5,tot PO 4 CLARIFIER (SC1 )
PO 4 Internal recirculati on PHB
PC2 HAc Glycogen
PO 4 NH4 MLSS PO 4
HAc PRIMARY ANAEROBIC ANO XIC AERO BIC
NO3 MLVSS NH4
O 2+T CLARIFIER (P C1 ) TANK (AnT1) TANK (AxT1) TANK (AeT1) O2+pH+T NO 3

Influ ent Effl uent

SECONDARY
CLARIFIER (SC2 )

Sampling point
Retu rn slud ge
Primary
Sludge
Recircu lated sludge
Recircu lated sludg e

PO 4 Excess Sludge (E S1)

HAc COD t ot
COD f ilt ES2
BO D5,tot
PO 4 MIXING
PC2 HAc ES3
P - SELECTO R TANK
NH4
PO 4 PRIMARY NO 3 ES4 AxT2
Slud ge HAc THICKE NER (PT1) AxT3
AxT4
WWTP Sch alkwijk
FILTER PRESS 1
P - RELEASE TANK
External Sludge
PT2 Slud ge
PT2 FILTER PRESS 2

DIG ESTERS PO 4 Filtr at

HAc
HAc
PO 4 DIG ESTERS
PHB CHEMICAL
P - RE MOVAL
Glycogen
MLSS
MLVSS
O2+p H+T