Metode Penelitian

Pertemuan 1
Introduction to
Research

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Penelitian
• Penelitian proses ilmiah yang mencakup sifat formal dan intensif
• Penelitian adalah penyelidikan dari suatu bidang ilmu pengetahuan
yang dijalankan untuk memperoleh fakta-fakta/prinsip-prinsip dengan
sabar, hati-hati serta sistematis (J Suprapto MA)
• Penelitian adalah pemikiran yang sistematis mengenai berbagai jenis
masalah yang pemecahannya memerlukan pengumpulan dan
penafsiran fakta-fakta (David H. Penny)
• Penelitian (menurut Kerlinger, 1986) : proses penemuan yang
mempunyai karakteristik sistematis, terkontrol, empiris dan
mendasarkan pada teori dan hipotesis.
• Penelitian adalah usaha seseorang yg dilakukan secara sistematis
mengikuti aturan-aturan metodologi.
• Penelitian Art and science guna mencari jawaban terhadap suatu
permasalahan (Yoseph dan Yoseph, 1979)
• Penelitian: cara pengamatan/inkuiri dan mempunyai tujuan untuk
mencari jawaban permasalahan atau proses penemuan, baik discovery
maupun invention.
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Metode Penelitian
• Metode penelitian pada dasarnya merupakan cara ilmiah untuk
mendapatkan data dengan tujuan dan kegunaan tertentu.

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 Business Research

• Business research: an organized and systematic inquiry or

investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the purpose of
finding answers or solutions to it.

• The role of theory and information in research

• Research and manager

Research Methods for Business

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 5
 Applied versus Basic Research

• Generates a body of
knowledge by trying to
Basic research comprehend how certain
problems that occur in
organizations can be solved.

• Solves a current problem

Applied faced by the manager in the
research work setting, demanding a
timely solution.

Research Methods for Business

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 6
More Examples of Research Areas in Business

Absenteeism

Communication

Motivation

Consumer decision making

Customer satisfaction

Budget allocations

Accounting procedures

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Example – area of Research on Accounting
• Accounting Standard
Implementation
• Local Government
Financial Reporting
• E-Reporting
• Disclosure of FR
• Local Government Budgeting
• E-Budgeting
• Implementation of
Performance Budget
• Procurement
• Planning Process
• Tax Policy
– Tax Amnesty
– Tax Revaluation
– Tax Compliance
• Tax and Financial Reporting
• Tax and Good Governance
• Accounting System
• Internal Control
• Audit of financial statement
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Why managers should know about research

• Being knowledgeable about research and research

methods helps professional managers to:
– Identify and effectively solve minor problems in the work setting.
– Know how to discriminate good from bad research.
– Appreciate the multiple influences and effects of factors impinging
on a situation.
– Take calculated risks in decision making.
– Prevent possible vested interests from exercising their influence in
a situation.
– Relate to hired researchers and consultants more effectively.
– Combine experience with scientific knowledge while making
decisions.

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The Manager–Researcher Relationship

• Each should know his/her role

• Trust levels
• Value system
• Acceptance of findings and implementation
• Issues of inside versus outside researchers/consultants

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Internal Researchers

Advantages: Disadvantages

• Better acceptance from staff • Less fresh ideas

• Knowledge about organization
• Would be an integral part of
implementation and evaluation
of the research
recommendations.
• Power politics could prevail
• Possibly not valued as “expert”
by staff

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Eksternal Researchers

Advantages Disadvantages

• Divergent and • Takes time to know and

convergent thinking understand the
• Experience from several organization
situations in different • Rapport and cooperation
organizations from staff not easy
• Better technical training, • Not available for
usually evaluation and
implementation
• Costs

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Research Knowledge and Ethics

• Knowledge about research and managerial effectiveness:

– Manager responsible for final outcome by making the right decision.
– Research may use big data, sophisticated methodology, newly
theory.
– Consider changing turbulent environment

• Ethic and business research

– Code of conduct while conducted research – organization, process, sponsor
– Ethical on each step

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 Scientific
Investigation

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Objective

• The Hallmarks of Scientific Research

• Some obstacles to conducting scientific research in the management
area
• The building blocks of science in research
• The hypothetico deductive method
• Other types of research
Definition of Scientific Research

• Scientific Research focusing on solving problems and

pursues a step by step logical, organized and rigorous
method to identify the problems, gather data, analyze
them and draw valid conclusions there from.
Why Scientific Research?

• This research is not based on hunches, experience and intuition.

• It is purposive and rigorous.
• Enables all those who are interested in researching and knowing
about the same or similar issues to come up with comparable
findings when data are analyzed.
• Findings are accurate and confident.
• Apply solutions to similar problems – generalization.
• It is more objective.
• Highlights the most critical factors at the work place that need specific
attention to solve or minimize problems.
• Scientific Investigation and Managerial Decision Making are integral
part of effective problem solving.
• It can be applied to both basic and applied research.
Berpikir Ilmiah

Skeptik : selalu menanyakan bukti & fakta yg

mendukung pertanyaan

Analitik : selalu menganalisis setiap pertanyaan atau

persoalan

Kritik : selalu mendasarkan pikiran atau pendapat pada

logika & mampu menimbang berbagai hal secara
obyektif berdasarkan data, dan analisis akal sehat
Metode Ilmiah

berdasarkan
fakta

menggunakan
bebas dari
teknik
prasangka
kuantifikasi

menggunakan
menggunakan
ukuran
prinsip analisis
obyektif

menggunakan
hipotesis.
Hallmarks of scientific research:
Purposiveness

Parsimony Rigor

Generalizability Testability

Objectivity Replicability

Precision and
Confidence
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Hypothetico-Deductive Research
• The Seven-Step Process in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method

Identify a Define the

Develop
broad problem problem
hypotheses
area statement

Interpretation Data Data Determine

of data analysis collection measures

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Deduction and Induction
Erat dengan Penelitian Dedukto-Hipotetiko
Kuantittaif Verifikatif

Deductive reasoning: application of a general

theory to a specific case.

• Hypothesis testing

Inductive reasoning: a process where we

observe specific phenomena and on this basis
arrive at general conclusions.
• Counting white swans Erat dengan Penelitian
Kualitatif (tidak mereduksi
teori)

Both inductive and deductive processes are

often used in research.

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Alternative approaches to what makes good research

Positivism Constructionism

The middle ground:

• Critical realism
• Pragmatism

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Positivism

• Scientific research is the way to get to the truth

• Rigour (Kaku) and replicability, reliability, and

generalizability

• Key approach: experiment

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Critical realism

There is an external reality but we cannot

always objectively measure this external reality

The critical realist is critical of our ability to

understand the world with certainty

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Constructionism

The world as we know it is

fundamentally mental

Aim to understand the rules people

use to make sense of the world

Research methods are often

qualitative in nature

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Pragmatism

Do not take a particular position on what makes

good research

Research on both objective and subjective

phenomena can produce useful knowledge

Relationship between theory and practice

Purpose of theory is to inform practice

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