IGCSE HISTORY

CHANGES IN MEDICINE 1848-1948

1848
John Public
Snow is Health
and Act:
the byBroad Disease: why was medicine held back?
Very little done the street
governmentpump until
-- Edwin
Public Chadwick
Health: writes up
1854: Snow investigated anaarea
report in 1842,
in Soho where - Four Humours
1858 “The Sanitary
HeIndustrial
observed
conditions
cholera outbreaks occurred
- - population” where
that he points
most
Revolution
of
deaths
the
out in
time
Labouring
allBritain
the issues.
happened =
- Theory of opposites
Specifically stating that ill health = lesssharing
work - Miasma(bad air= disease)
around the same pump
overcrowding, poorly and thathouses,
built people
done
the same “air” did not always - Spontaneous Generation
spread of disease, lack offall sick. (bar)
sanitation,
-- Public Health
Henoclaimed Act:
that people using the same - Limited doctors knowledge(few
The Great Stink!!
-
-
-
-
sick.
Based
sewage
General Board
contaminated
Government
Local board
Thisonidea
pump of Healthmade them
is what
hasoflaissez-faire
health set upapproach
was proveniswhen
miasma(which wrong)
with a
the pump
dissections allowed)
- Lack of funding (govt. Don’t want
There was a medical
heatwave officer
in London by the River
handle
-
was removed
Sewage system
and then noof
and removal
one fell to help, laissez-faire)
Thames nearby where parliament sits. Aswaste
they
- sick.the act was only temporary, did not make
BUT
believed in miasma, the govt start looking into
- itThis then proved that did cholera was linked
changing
to
compulsory,
the sewagepeople
infected
raised
system.
water and
not want
The
made
MPstaxes
water
to be
pass an 1848-1859
act which gives Bazalgette money to create it.
companies change.
- BUT microbes were not discovered yet
Surgery:
BUT problems withsolved:
chloroform:
Surgery problems Men did not
Florence like Florence and her changes
Nightingale
-- 3Nomain problems: pain, blood loss and infection.
- Pain:knowledge of dosage = deaths because they in
- Trained Germanywomen
believed as theredid
wasnot
no formal
know
-- In the 1840s pain was
Chloroform inhaler ina1848
problem
by which
Dr John led Snow
to most
solves
- Anaesthetics: nursing school in UK
of such things. However, she gained
surgeries
this being amputations and surgeons would be
- Nitrous Oxide(Laughing gas): but not effective - Went to help at Scutari:
- known
Christian to beagainst
church fast. Robert Liston
it aspatient
they seeispain
known to be one the
as asleep
natural popularity in the UK and became the lady
- Ether: more effective, would be through - Terrible conditions = Flo believed in
fastest surgeons. with the lamp. Latertrained
on she opens
(especially childbirth)
op BUT it caused vomiting, irritated the lungs, no way of miasma- nurses tofemale run
clean and
- - Tourniquets
Possible effects onwere
baby used to control blood loss.(not solved) hospitals and writes books and
which
knowing when patients would wake and it was highly wash all surfaces bandages,
- - Ops were
Longerflammable! unhygienic
and more complicated andsurgery
many ops were
which at home.
results in more revolutionises hospital
prepare care
healthy andallow
food, changes
more the
Doctors
infection would
and deaths keep their bloodstained clothes and not
- Chloroform: Dr= James
BLACKSimpson
PERIODtested
OF SURGERY.
it at a sniffing role of women.light and fresh air, gain funding
wash hands and only wipe down equipment = infection=
party. Highly effective and could be used for childbirth.
death. Also MANY people would watch the ops and there
Queen Victoria used it= more people trusting it.
would be NO MASKS
Joseph Lister and surgery:
OPPOSITION:
-- Read Pasteur’s
Surgeons work
did not onusing
like the Germ Theory.
it as it made
- Believed in an emphasis on hygiene.
their hands slippery= more mistakes Louis Pasteur and the Germ Theory
-- Idea for using
Cracked carbolic
the skin acid to hands
of surgeons prevent - 1861 Germ Theory proves that
- infection was from sewage
Surgeons did not believe in Germ treatment. microorganisms in the air cause decay.
- Experimented
Theory on an 11 year old boy who - Disproves spontaneous generation
- would
Somehave had did
doctors his not
leg amputated but
follow the proper - When heated - microorganisms will
instead it was reset and Lister
ways and then it was ineffective. soaked the disappear.
- bandages in carbolic with
Nurses disgruntled acid to
howavoid
long it - 1878 Pasteur published “Germ Theory
infection.
takes to dress wounds and its Applications to Medicine’ which
-- USED
Some carbolic
doctors acid as an
already antiseptic:
using soap andclean links germs to disease.
wounds,
water equipment and bandages and then - BUT MANY people did not believe in
- developed a spray. changed ideas, this
Lister constantly the theory.
- Death ratelook
made him decreased
like he from 45.7%(in
was unsure of his - His theory had an impact on surgery
1864-66)
ideas. to 15% (1867-70) and public health changes.

FlorenceHospitals
Female doctors: Nightingale: before:
Women in medicine:
Government
Joseph
1875 and Public
Bazalgette
Public Health Health:
Act and public health 1860-75
Becoming
-
- The
a doctor:
Garrett: -
-
- medical
1859
Women
act
publishes
-of 1858
Most
were
“notes on
people
believed
stated
hospitals”
cared
to not for
tobe
which
at
as home
smart
details
as
opened St Mary’s Dispensaryofthat all
in London doctors had
provide tobeberun
medical
- Laissez-Faire
- - Local
1858
wanted
authorities
as it
approach
meant
given which
money isresponsible
less taxes.
people
for for:
new 1876 act of
registered
not allow
recommendations
men.
with
treatment
such
women
Renamed:
-the
They
for
as
to
The
not cope
Nurse
women were
General
training
join.
Elizabeth
andwould
ventilation, also
Medical
how
staffed
hygiene,
and
Garrett
with “notes
the blood
hospitals
have
thought little
Council.
entirely
listen
that
should
by to
These
cleanliness
Andersonto
and gore
no
they
andwould
councils
women.
physician.
Hospital in
did
space.
1918.
of adetails
-
sewage Clean water (after the Great
system - 1859 publishes on nursing” which
- BUT
-
Stink)
and
- the
then the moresewage
Dealing with
morepublic
Create
peoplesafely
theretoilets
could vote
was a need for
-
she
-
parliament allows
Learnt
Elizabeth
- inspires:
-
french and
Blackwell(USA)
- Small
surgeon/doctor
Lower
-
languages class
gained

Larger
became
women
a medical
cottage the
were
hospitals
degree
first
hospitals
how nurses should do their job. Translated
in France.
female
Joined the British Medical Association- only woman on it.
considered
called
doctor
for
infirmaries
intoand
11
- clean
Large and made
Oval the
tunnels created - 1908Garrett(UK):
first female mayor in England
-
- action.
Wash
New safe housinggovt. Take
water
out sewage into the sea.
-
- women to become
Elizabeth- nursing
1860
INSPIRES,
medicine BUT wasthey
as First
were
EDUCATES
would
it was
Nightingale became
created
not
usually
school
license
a anurse
for
in
her the
to
then role
women’s
the training
main
practice.
studied
ofto
cities.
Her
nurses
-
-- 1866:
Employing
The
health
Sanitary
inspectors
Act(clean
and
water
-
father then
take
Sophia Jex-Blake, -created
forced
care
Edith
the
ofatthe
Pechey St Thomas’s
Disorganized
society
sick. and Hospital
of very little
apothecaries to
in London.
hygiene
sign her up
4 pumping
- for
1875
-
stations
sanitary conditions
all)it is complete.
Street lighting
built. -
doctors.
--
Faced
as theygiven
1861
did not
to
set
harassment
Suffragist
have
the man
College
more.
up
and
a
training
at
lawhealthcare
hospital stopping
school
university.
movement it.
for
Edith’s
inspires
taken
In
midwives
award
1865
women
into
they
in at
then
who came second. The universities started to
King’s
chemistry
to want
accept
her andkick
change
them the
out. laws to not
consideration allow other women in future.
- Checking quality of food But- numbers
She INSPIRESremain low
women due to society
- They attained their degrees abroad.
 Types of questions which include chapter 1&2
6 marker Q’s
Explain two ways in which ideas about the
Explain TWO ways in which the Public Health
cause of disease were different in 1850 from
Act of 1848 wasThe first way
different that
from thex Public
changed is…
The (6
second way that x changed is… ideas in 1870. (8 marks)
Health Act of 1875. marks)
Explain TWO causes of improvements
8 marker Q’s in care How far were the problems in surgery solved
in hospitals in the years
The first1848–75. (8 marks) is…
cause/effect/way in the years 1848-75?(16)
The second cause/effect/way is…
Explain two causes of improvement How far was the government responsible for
Overall the causes…in surgery
in Britain from 1848-1860. (8 marks) changes in public health in the years
1848-70? (16)
Explain two ways16inmarker Q’s situation
which the - How far… in
Intro: The x had
Scutari in 1856 was different to thevery little/some/full/most effect/change
How far - depends
did the role of women inonmedicine
query.
Then statearrived.
situation when Nightingale your points.
(8 marks) change in the years 1848-75?(16)
Body of essay: minimum THREE paragraphs with 3 different points. You need to
Explain two causes
haveofcontrasting
the black period
views.inUse PEEL. Explain two ways in which nursing in the years
surgery. (8 marks)
Conclusion: repeat how much of an effect/change
1860-75 wasand then sum
different up what
from youin the
nursing
have written. years 1848-60? (6 marks)
Surgery:
Vaccines:
Other scientific discoveries:
- 1870s still resistance to Lister’s antiseptics
-- Robert
1890: KochEmil used
von Pasteur’s Germ Theory.
Behring identified theHe
- 1878: Koch develops the steam sterilizer
studied germs and developed a
antitoxins to fight diptheria. He then way to
- Aseptic surgery:
photograph and stain the microorganisms.
- Prevent microorganisms getting injected these into the patient’s body to
- 1878 Pasteur published The Germ Theory of
anywhere near the wound. cure it!
Infection which linked disease to
- Operations carried out in clean - microorganisms.
1909: Paul Ehrlich (worked with Koch
operating theatres and Behring) created
- Chicken cholera: Pasteuraand“magic
teambullet”
were
- No spectators which would kill only the disease and By
not
looking into cultures of chicken cholera.
- Surgeons wear clean clothes, masks and
harm anything
CHANCE they leftelse. He found
a petri dish outSalvarson
that had
rubber gloves
606 which cured syphilis. This is known
the disease in it, when they came back after
- Bloodloss:
the holiday
as the firstthey
magicinfected
bulletthe
andchicken with
the first
- Lister experimenting on reducing
but it did NOT die. They
chemical cure for a disease. then put a new
bloodloss
strain in the chicken - still no death. = first
- Used cauterization
vaccinations.
- 1881 used catgut ligatures Marie Curie:
More - 1875: Koch
discoveries discovers
and use which microorganism
of technology:
- 1901: Landsteiner discovers blood types - Discovers
caused
radium
anthrax
with her husband and
A,B,O - 1895:
BecqueralWilhelm Rontgen discovers X-rays. He
- Prob: donor has to be present 1875-1905 - did
-
Winnot
1881:
the
create
Pasteur
patent
Nobel
a
his used
work
Prize
vaccine for
Koch’s
forso
work
that
physics
anthrax.
and his own
everyone
(women
He does
to
could
the
and blood can clot use it!
empowerment)
experiment on a farm for all to see.
- Pain relief: - - radiotherapy
Used 1896: Many hospitals have already place
- 1882: Koch findstothe reduce tumours.
microorganism for TB
-
1875 Public Cocaine
Healthused
Act then in 1905 novocaine in an x-ray machine.
- Did
- not 1883:patent
Koch her work cholera
identifies
used which was safer
- 1875 Artisans Dwellings Act: local authorities can buy and - - - 1885:
1911 Can another
wins be usedtest
Pasteur to set
Nobel bones
rabies
Prize properly
vaccine
for on 9 year
chemistry
demolish housing - War:
old boy. can
(women inspiration) see where a bullet/shrapnel
- Food and Drugs Act 1875: check on food quality - Duringis(reduced infection)
WW1(1914-1918) Curie funded mobile
- 1876 River pollution prevention act: illegal to dump waste -
x-ray Diagnosing
units calledTB, tumours
“the and other
little curies”. She
- 1889 Infectious disease act: report diseases = isolation organs.
trained doctors on how to use them and
hospitals trained ambulance drivers too.
FACTOR PUBLIC HEALTH SURGERY PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT

Science Improve living conditions Antiseptics and aseptic Understanding of cause

- Germ Theory 1875 Public Health Act surgery of disease - vaccinations
- Koch & Pasteur work and treatments

Science Blood transfusions Could help with some

- Blood groups illnesses

Technology Locate foreign objects. Helps diagnose diseases

- X-rays Makes extraction faster such as TB
- Developed = less infection More research
microscopes Needle helped to control Measuring amounts of
- Hypodermic amount of blood during blood during
needle transfusions transfusions

Government Parliament passed laws Government providing

forcing local authorities funding for research
to improve public health

Attitudes People are more willing Doctors more willing to People more willing to
to accept government’s accept antiseptics accept vaccines
role
 Types of questions which include chapter 3
6 marker Q’s
How far did the How far was Lister responsible for
The first way thatunderstanding
x changed is… of
improvements in surgery in the years
theThe
cause
secondofway
disease changeis…
that x changed in the
1860-1905? (16)
years 1848–1905? (16 mark)
8 marker Q’s
How far did public health provision change in
The first cause/effect/way is…
How far did science and the years 1848-1905?(16)
The second cause/effect/way is…
technology
Overall thechange
causes… medicine in the
Explain two causes of improvements in
years 1848–1905? (16 mark) surgery in the years 1848-1905. (8 marks)
16 marker Q’s - How far…
HowIntro:
farThedidxscientific
had very little/some/full/most
knowledge effect/change - depends on query. Then state
How far did understanding of disease change
your points.
lead to of
Body changes in medicine
essay: minimum in the with 3 indifferent
THREE paragraphs the years 1848-90?
points. (16) to have
You need
years 1860-1905?
contrasting (16)
views. Use PEEL.
Conclusion: repeat how much of an effect/change and then sum up what you have written.
Also include what has stayed the same.
Public Health: Women
WW1: in WW1:in surgery:
Improvements
--- Queen
New Alexandra’s
trench warfareImperial
andand Military
weapons Nursing Service(QAIMNS)set
brought new diseases Theseandup in
- General health between 1891-1903 was poor, X-rays: base stations mobile X-ray units created(Curie).
1902, numbers
were vital rose from 300 (1914) to
for war time to identify shrapnel etc.over 10000(1918) trained nurses.
large numbers of people below the poverty -
mass
First
losses
- AidBUT
Nursing
they Yeomanry(FANY)to be first aid specialists and be near
line. - Infections
the -front. fromcould not detect clothing
shrapnel/bullets: in wound
gangrene
Patients could not stay still when in pain
- High death rates in childhood - Poison
Women’s
- gas: chlorine
Auxiliary
The machines Corps &set
phosgene with- overuse
up in 1917.
overheated masks
Women and neededtooxygen;
volunteered be
Government involvement: ambulance
mustard
- drivers
gas -
Radiation burnsetc.
bathed with hot water and soap to get rid of the
-- Voluntary
chemical. Aid Detachments(VAD’s): middle class women volunteers who
● Boer War made the government see that Blood transfusions: difficult for donors to be on the front line, needed
drove ambulances
to develop or helped with basic tasks(if untrained)
this amputations/ new methods of control with whale
many men were unfit for service due to -- Trench
There
foot:
- was sometimes
1915: Richard issues
Lewisohnbetween trained
discovers nurses
adding and citrate
sodium volunteers as
stops
malnutrition. Realised in order to keep hold oil
many and cleannurses
trained socksfelt their qualifications would not be respected.
blood clotting
of the empire they needed a strong - Trench
Female fever:
- doctors
1915: half Weil
wishing
Richard atomillion
serve men,
on
discovers the from was
front
storage lice-
of notdelousing
blood usually stations
welcomed.
in fridges made
army/navy. Dr Elsie it
created Inglis offered
last longer to take women’s medical units but was told
- “hysterical
Shell- shock: women” should
psychological not be there.
treatment Dr Louisa
still Garrett
being and Dr
developed, Flora
● Liberal Party won the election in 1906 1916: Rous and Turner added glucose citrate increased time
Murray founded
stored Women’s
to 4 hospital corps but could only open hospitals in
○ 1906 Free school meals for children some
Paris.
men
Mabel
seen
Stobart
asweeks.
deserters
founded a
and shot.
hospital run by women in Belgium.
- 1917: Blood banks created for Battle of Cambrai
and hygiene booklet sent -- Dysentry:
Many rich andsickness and dehydration
powerful families such as Duchess fromofdirty water.were
Sutherland
- Techniques:
○ 1907 School Medical service & health Soldiers
involved
- in put
Difficult chloride
setting inupthe of lime
hospitals
front and
to useto clean transportation
providing
aseptic, water.
so back to for soldiers
visitors: to check on children - in France.
Casualty clearing stations: seen in picture.
antiseptics(regress).: debridement, carrel-dakin method - work of theor RAMC
○ 1908 The children and young person 1905-1920
- ‘Angel ofamputation(240
Pervyse’: Mairi 000
set -up a Thomas
first aidsplint:
Chishold and Elsie
men lost limbs) Knocker went
post created to keep the leg still when moving to
to Belgium and
act: illegal for children to buy - Dr Frances Ivens
next zone.ran the largest voluntary hospitals during WW1 in
alcohol/cigarettes France
- Prosthetic limbs: due to demand, they were created out of
○ 1908 Old Age Pensions Act - At the start
lighterof alloys
WW1 but less many
then needed
1% of doctors
them and were hadfemale.
to wait.Most female
○ 1909 Labour Exchanges set up doctors
- were GPs and had no surgery experience.
Brain surgery: USA neurosurgeon, Harvey Cushing, used They were encouraged
to stay home
magnets to draw out metal shrapnel from the brain. Hefemale
and fill the gaps left by men. Howver by 1916, 80
○ 1911 National Insurance Act: if sick also
doctors used
were aasked
local to help in Malta
anesthetic insteadBUT ofwomen
general. still not considered part
or dismissed (unemployment benefits) of the
- army unlike
Plastic male doctors.
surgery: many gaping holes in faces were left. NZ
they would still get paid. BUT the act - Homefront: Many women
doctor, Harold Gillies replaced men but when
experimented withmenusingreturned
bone or women
cartilage
only applied to workers and not found it to
difficult
replace the holes. He also improved skin grafts bywere
to find jobs and became GPs again. Women using a
families allowed to studytube.
pedicle medicine during the war but then this changed again
afterwards but numbers did grow- 610 qualified in 1911 to 1500 in 1921.
 Types of questions which include chapter 4
6 marker Q’s

How significant wasthat

The first way thex First
changed is… How far was the First World War responsible
The second way that x changed is… for changes in the role of women in medicine
World War for developments in
in the years 1875-1920? (16)
surgery in the years
8 marker Q’s 1914–48? (16)
The first cause/effect/way is… Explain two causes of improvements in
The second cause/effect/way is… surgery from 1905-20? (8)
Overall the causes…
How significant was the Public Explain two ways in which the role of women
Health Act (1875)Q’s
16 marker in- improving
How far… in medicine was similar in 1876 and the First
Intro: The x had very
public health provision in the little/some/full/most effect/change
World - depends
War(1914-18). (6) on
query. Then(16)
years 1875–1920? state your points.
Body of essay: minimum THREE paragraphs with 3 different points. You
needways
Explain TWO to have
incontrasting views. Use PEEL.
which surgery
Conclusion: repeat how much of an effect/change and then sum up what you
during the First World War was
have written. Also include what has stayed the same.
different from surgery during the
Second World War. (6)
Impact ofWW2
Impact
WW2 on surgery:
on hospitals:
Impactimpacts
Other of WW2of on women:
WW2 on medicine: Penicillin:
Impact
--
- Bombing of
Penecillin
1920-1948: of WW2
used
cities
female
- Neurosurgery developed
for
meant on
infection
doctorsthatwomen:
more
still
by civilians
tended
McKissock to beare affected and there is
GPs. The- second
Penicillin magic bullet:
development:
1928 Alexander Fleming left out
-- a1920s:
Archibald McIndoe(Gillies relative) worked as with plastic surgery - 1932:
1939: Gerhard
Howard
petridish DomagkErnst
Florey,
with staphylococcustested Chain
on it. and
-- Dwight
Many
need for women
hospital
thought
Harken of were
stations
training
developed women nurses
aintechnique
cities. to during
as aEmergency
waste Medical
they
remove WW2
Service
would
bullets and was
resign to
prontosil(chemical)
and
set
get upjoined
in 1939.
married Gillies
andthe and
become headed the Blond McIndoe Research
mothers(no proof in this but many still After his holiday he returned and cure
Norman Heatley to
looked be used
into to
Flemings
shrapnel from heart.
- (same
Center.
Areas
dismissed). as
like london
Some WW1)
were
men sawsplitmedical
- By 1940 Blood banks are more developed
up intotraining
different sections the
destroyed and‘delicate
and 8 regional
each
centers -
streptococcus.
work
noticedagain.
petridish
1935:
the mould
a mould
and
Domagk’s had
(mice
H found
had
cheaply.
atesting)
grownwayonofthe
destroyed
purifying
part
6 year old daughter of the
-
section
nature’ hada awomen.
of casualty clearing
Male studentsstation whereby
did not want patients would
to train with be
women.
-- set
FANY,
helped
up in
- Pilots
Female and
the VAD,
UK.
suffered
transported
doctors at firstTANS
burns:
to
were and
McIndoe
different
paid areas
less, QAIMNS
placed
this then patients
depending still
in saline
on need.
put fear into male - disease.
developed
1940: enough a fever
mouldfrommade infection.
to test it Iton
- manyOver 700 000 donors gavealso blood during the war. - wasFleming grew
mice,recommended the
this proved to mould
tobe and found
amputate
successful it
her
- used.
But
doctors
-
have
men
asofwomen
Doctors
been
these
baths(salt) hospitals
could
started
ingrafts:
danger.
takewere
using
their
blood
jobshit and
and
plasma
staff
a decision
as a
and patients
was
substitute.
would
made for couldbut
arm
trial kill she
BUT various
thestillmicroorganisms.
team might not make
needed it.
to produce
- andSkinwomen to bewere
paid developed
equally. and pedicles used. - Similar to the magic bullet but it was not
-
- WW2 Some
- Rhesus
- provides members
blood
Eye transplants
group
opportunities of QAIMNS
discovered
to helpforregain to train were
womenvision. as doctors given
and
Domagk
500 litres decided
of theto use protosil
mould to test on
a chemical and instead it was bacteria
cure
humans.her and it worked.
to
- Tetanus
medical vaccine
students developed
rose from and
2000 successful
in 1938 to 2900 in 1946 BUT unlike which killed bacteria making it an
military
- Guinea pig
- PTSD(Post-traumatic
WW1, rehabilitation
training
no men had to go
club: Started
stress
to the
such
disorder)
front
as
by McIndoe
so also
there
which focused on
previously
were male known
doctors
the
as - Domagk
1941:
antibiotic.published
Albert his results
Alexander and
was treated
of injured soldiers back into society. It
- prontosil
after wasan
he got used to cure
infected puerperal
scratchandfrom
self-defence(different
shell shock,
available is starting
focused on theFemale
in the cities. to become
doctors
psychological to WW1)
accepted
mostly
impact
disease
worked andthe
with
these wounds
18
had as
Penecillin
fever,
had
rosebypneumonia,
aused bush.
been
He
found
scarlet
began to
before
fever
recover
the ancient egyptians, mouldy andwith
psychiatric
emergency hospitals
medical wereand
service setwere
up to help
sent to patient’s
smaller recovery.
hospitals during
many WW1 patients had committed suicide. meningitis
the treatment buton then they ran out
- Recruitment was extremely successful
the war.
bread
of
would be put
penecillin
used it to treatanda nurse.
infections,
he died.
Lister

- Lack of funding from

- Fleming published findings
theinUK‘British
due to
1920-1948 war, USA funds Florey to mass but
Journal of Experimental Pathology’
Struggles with the NHS: because it was so difficult to produce
Impact
NHS: ofof the
Development
The NHS:
the NHS: produce
there neededpenecillin
to be for
a lotsoldiers.
of funding
- Many doctors opposed it as they got more money from private
-- After
1911WW2
GovernmentNational
thinking Insurance
of how to rebuild
Labour Parliament Act
is voted afterdidthe not
in power cover Attlee
war. Clement
with involved which Fleming failed to find.
patients and all doctors would be getting paid equally regardless of
- women
1942
as
how many and
PM.Beveridge
He children,
promises
patients they saw. now this does.
Report:
a William
‘welfare Beveridge
state’ and to create
everyone a
will report
be based on
protected
issues
‘from inexpectancy
the to
cradle UK.grave’. increased:
-- This
Life changed to allow doctors to have private patients still and also be
- - 5 key problems
1946 National Health Serviceknown asAct
theset
‘giant
up evils’
- per
paid 1901:
patient men -
they saw
Want, disease,
51 years,
rather
ignorance,
then anwomen
average.- 55 years
- Included: pregnancy, birth,squalor, idleness
GP, surgery and specialists, dentist,
- -
- 1930:
3 separate part:men
This was a popular
opthamologist, - 58,
1. hospitals runwomen
emergency -
by regional
report and
care95%
and of 62
boards. 2. Doctors,
oldthe
agepopulation agreed
dentists,
- with optometrists
1950: men -and pharmacists were
66, 70employed through
- Aneuran it. set
Bevan up the NHS women
as he was-the minister of health at the
individual contracts, the GP would refer patients and write
time.
 Types of questions which include chapter 5
6 marker Q’s

The first way that x changed is…

The second way that x changed is…
You can also split your paragraphs into years: P1 based on healthcare in 1905, P2:
How significant was the First World War for Explain two ways in which health care in 1905
based in
developments onsurgery
how that differs
in the yearsto healthcare by 1948
1914–48?
was different to healthcare in 1948. (6)
(16)
8 marker Q’s
Explain The
TWOfirst
wayscause/effect/way
in which surgery during How far were developments in science and
is… the
First World War wascause/effect/way
The second different from surgery
is… technology responsible for changes in
during the Second World War. (6) medicine from 1905-48? (16)
Overall the causes…
Explain Remember
TWO ways in with causes
which - this
the role of could
womenbe
in people, science, technology anything that makes
medicalacare
change!
during the First World War was Explain two causes of improvement in
similar to the role of women in medical care treatment from 1905-48. (8)
during the Second World War.
16 marker Q’s - How far… (6)
Intro: The
How significant wasxthe
hadwork
very
oflittle/some/full/most
Alexander effect/change - depends on query. Then
Flemingstate your points.
in improvements in medical treatment in
Body
the years of essay:
1920–48? (16)minimum THREE paragraphs with 3 different points. You need to have
contrasting views. Use PEEL.
Conclusion: repeat how much of an effect/change and then sum up what you have
written. Also include what has stayed the same.
Plenary Complete the following table
Medicine Strengths Medicine Weaknesses