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Effects of dust-charge gradient and polarization forces on the waves and Jeans
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DOI: 10.1016/j.physleta.2020.126462

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Physics Letters A ••• (••••) ••••••

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Physics Letters A
www.elsevier.com/locate/pla

Effects of dust-charge gradient and polarization forces on the waves

and Jeans instability in strongly coupled dusty plasma
Bivash Dolai, R.P. Prajapati ∗
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur-495009 (C.G.), India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The effects of dust charge gradient (DCG) force and polarization force have been investigated on the
Received 7 February 2020 properties of dust acoustic wave (DAW) and linear Jeans instability in strongly coupled dusty plasma. In
Received in revised form 31 March 2020 the kinetic regime, DCG and polarization forces modify the DAW mode and couple with compressional
Accepted 5 April 2020
viscoelastic wave mode. The Jeans instability criterion and critical wavenumber have been modified due
Available online xxxx
Communicated by F. Porcelli
to DCG force, polarization force and strong coupling effects. The results have been discussed in the warm
photodisassociation region and in the laboratory complex plasmas. The strong correlation effect and the
Keywords: charge variation parameter stabilize the growth rate of Jeans instability. But, the polarization parameter
Strongly coupled dusty plasma stabilize the growth rate for positively charged dust grains and destabilize for negatively charged dust
Polarization force grains. The implications of charge gradient and polarization parameters are discussed for lower and
Charge gradient force higher charges in the laboratory complex plasma which decreases the growth of the propagating DAW.
Jeans instability © 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Dust acoustic wave

1. Introduction state when, 1 ≤  ≤ c , (c is the critical value of Coulomb cou-

Nowadays, the role of dusty (complex) plasma can be com-
monly observed in various phenomena of laboratory plasma, in-
dustrial plasma, space and astrophysical plasmas. The presence of
charged dust grains in the complex plasma manifests a number
of interesting features of collective modes, waves, structures and
fluid instabilities [1]. The presence of dust particles is also ob-
served in the magnetic fusion device such as ITER, which plays
vital role in the dust-plasma wall interactions [2]. The strongly
coupled dusty plasma (SCDP) is the most fascinating and exciting
research field of complex plasma, which has attracted considerably
interests in theoretical, simulation and experimental researches
[3,4]. In many astrophysical objects (e.g. interior of heavy plan-
ets, white dwarf matter, neutron star, non-ideal plasma etc.), the
plasma exists in the strongly coupled state [5]. The Coulomb cou-
pling parameter  = Z d2 e 2 /aK B T d , (where Z d , T d and a being the
dust charge state, dust temperature and mean interparticle dis-
tance of the dust particles respectively) is one of the fundamental
characteristic parameter in complex plasma, which is defined as
the ratio of the potential energy of interactions between neigh-
boring particles to their kinetic energies. The plasma remains in
weakly coupled state, when   1, and in the strongly coupled
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: bivash.sree@gmail.com (B. Dolai), prajapati.iter@gmail.com
(R.P. Prajapati).
pling parameter beyond which the dust crystalline occurs) [6]. The
dust driven waves, structures and instabilities in SCDP have been
analyzed by a number of researchers, which reports exciting fea-
tures of transverse shear wave, compressional wave, solitary wave
and Coulomb crystallization of dusty plasmas [7–10].
In addition to this, various experiments in dusty plasma re-
ported the notable results of linear waves, instabilities, nonlin-
ear dust acoustic wave (DAW), shocks and structures [11,12]. In
the astrophysical plasmas, the Jeans gravitational instability is the
main cause of gravitational collapse and fragmentation of matter in
cosmological environments, which occurs for perturbation length
√
larger than the critical Jeans length λ J = V s π /G ρ0 , (where V s
is the sound speed and ρ0 is the density of the medium) [13].
The background gas molecules are ionized due to the interstellar
radiation and other similar processes, and thus the dust particles
acquire non-negligible charge (usually negative). Thus, the study
of the gravitational instability of the charged dust cloud becomes
important [14–17]. The combined effects of gravitational and elec-
tromagnetic forces and their relative importance is expressed by
the ratio Gmd2 / Q 2 [18]. It has been analyzed to study the structure
formations in various plasma environments e.g. gaseous plasma,
dusty plasma, dense quantum plasma and SCDP. The theory of
gravitational collapse of dust cloud is well established and used in
many cosmological models. In recent years, many researchers have
carried out the problems of Jeans instability in dusty plasma tak-
ing influence of dust polarization force [19,20], ion drag force [21],
dust charge variations [22], strong coupling effects [23] and quan-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2020.126462
0375-9601/© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
JID:PLA AID:126462 /SCO Doctopic: Plasma and fluid physics
2 B. Dolai, R.P. Prajapati / Physics Letters A ••• (••••) ••••••
tum effects at low temperature [24]. Also, Kratter and Lodato [25]
have investigated the gravitational instability in the circumstellar
disks and performed numerical simulation. The effect of quantized
anisotropic pressure is studied on the growth rate of Jeans insta-
bility by Tsintsadze [26]. Thus, the problem of Jeans instability is
of recent interest owing to its large astrophysical applications.
In the nonuniform complex plasma, if the charge is constant
and there is inhomogeneity in the electron and ion number den-
sities, then in addition to the Coulomb electrostatic force an addi-
tional force works on the dust dynamics namely dust polarization
force. Hamaguchi and Farouki [27] have given the detailed de-
scription of polarization force produced in inhomogeneous dusty
plasma. The total force on the dust grain is sum of the elec-
trostatic and the polarization force, which is expressed as F =
Q E − Q 2 ∇λd /2λd2 . In the past years, many authors have incor-
porated the influence of polarization force to investigate waves
and instabilities in the inhomogeneous dusty plasmas. The DAW
modified due to the presence of polarization force is theoretically
observed by Khrapak et al. [28] considering no dust charge varia-
tions. In addition to this, Zobaer and Mamun [29] have investigated
the influence of polarization force in SCDP with superthermal elec-
trons. They have studied the modified dispersion properties of
inhomogeneous dusty plasma with negligible importance of po-
larization force in astrophysical system. In the present work, the
effective role of polarization force on the DAW and Jeans instability
is discussed in real astrophysical system such as dusty molecular
cloud in various parametric limits. Furthermore, when any complex
plasma is subjected to a significant spatial dust charge variation,
then a new kind of dust charge gradient (DCG) force exerts on
the dust grains along with the electrostatic force. The DCG force
appears when dust charge are allowed to vary spatially in the com-
plex plasma. The energy of an individual point-like dust charge
Q is given by U = − Q 2 /2λ D , hence the charge gradient force
in addition to polarization
 force becomes F C G = Q ∇ Q /λ D [30].
Here λ D = λ Di / 1 + (λ Di /λ De )2 , is the linearized Debye radius,
which measures the shielding distance or thickness of the sheath.
λ Di (e) = ( T i (e) /4π e 2 ni (e) )1/2 is the ion (electron) Debye length. In
Ref. [30], the modified dispersion characteristic is analyzed in the
long wavelength limit. It has been shown that for lower charges
DCG force dominates, while at higher charges polarization effect
becomes important. Therefore, one has to consider these effects
while on investigating the low frequency DAW and instability in
unmagnetized weakly coupled dusty plasma (WCDP). In this di-
rection, He et al. [31] have studied the combined influence of
polarization and DCG forces on the Sagdeev potential and critical
Mach number in the dust sheath formation.
From the above studies, we find that none of the authors have
so far considered the combined effects of DCG force and polar-
ization force on the modified DAW and linear Jeans instability
in SCDP. In this paper, we have included these different types of
forces which are significant in the dust dynamics, waves and in-
stability in unmagnetized SCDP. The remaining part of the paper is
organized as follows. In section 2, the mathematical formulations
of the problem is discussed. In section 3, the general dispersion re-
lation is derived using the normal mode analysis with the help of
perturbed equations. In section 4, the results have been discussed
in the warm photodisassociation region at the boundary between
the dense molecular cloud and the H-II region and in laboratory
complex plasmas. Finally, the work has been summarized in sec-
tion 5.
2. Governing equations of the problem
Let us now consider an inhomogeneous, unmagnetized, multi-
component SCDP comprising of electrons, ions and charged dust
[m5G; v1.284; Prn:10/04/2020; 15:52] P.2 (1-7)
grains with mass m j ( j = e, i, d), number density n j and temper-
ature T j . The plasma is subjected to electric field and we consider
that, the dust thermal motion is very low or in our considered
frame the dust particulates are in rest in the unperturbed state.
The velocity of the dust particle is considered to be small such
that v d  ω/k  v i  v e , where ω/k, is the phase velocity of
the DAW and v j is the velocity of the species j. The average
drift velocities of the ions and electrons due to the electric field
are much less than their thermal velocities. The charge of dust
particle is Q = Z d e (where Z d be the particle charge number
which is negative for negatively charged particle). The constituents
of the complex plasma satisfy the charge neutrality condition,
ni − ne + Z d nd = 0. The combination of thermal, gravitational, elec-
trostatic, polarization and DCG forces determine the dynamics of
the various charged species in the complex plasma. The electron
and ion fluids are in thermal equilibrium and their number densi-
ties can be represented through the Boltzmann relations,
 
eφ
ne = ne0 exp , (1)
Te
 
eφ
ni = ni0 exp − , (2)
Ti
where φ is the electrostatic potential.
The self-gravitation of the dust particles in the interstellar
clouds may be balanced by the electrostatic pressure of the dust
particles [32]. This electrostatic pressure arises due to the inho-
mogeneous distribution of the dust particles in the presence of
the background plasma. In the present work, we focus on the
combined effects of polarization force and DCG force, hence for
simplicity the dust grain distribution is assumed to be homoge-
neous. In order to investigate the modified DAW and gravitational
instability, we have taken into account the combined influence of
electrostatic force, DCG force, polarization force and force due to
gravitational potential in the dynamics of the dust particles. Thus,
the modified one dimensional dust fluid equation for strongly cou-
pled system can be written using the generalized hydrodynamic
model as,
 
∂
1 + τm
∂t
  
∂ vd ∂ vd Q ∂φ Q 2 ∇λd Q ∇Q ∂ψ g
× + vd + + − +
∂t ∂x md ∂ x 2md λd2 md λ D ∂x
 η   
η ∂ 2 vd ξ + 3 ∂ ∂ vd
= 2
+ . (3)
md nd ∂ x md nd ∂ x ∂ x
The viscoelastic properties of the dusty fluid are charac-
terized by the Frenkel [33] term (1 + τm ∂/∂ t ), where τm =
[(ξ + 4η/3) /nd T d ] / [1 − μd + 4u /15], is the memory parameter or
relaxation time and ξ and η be the shear and bulk viscosity coeffi-
cients respectively [6]. μd = T −1 (∂ P /∂ nd ) is the compressibility of
the strongly coupled system and u is a measure of the excess inter-
nal energy of the system. The excess internal energy u depends on
 and κ (= a/λd , is the screening parameter) i.e., u = u (, κ ). The
internal excess energy consists of static and thermal contributions
(u = u st + uth ), which are due to particle -particle correlations of
the dust grains. There is another contribution due to particle-
background interactions (um ). These contributions for the lower
value of κ are expressed as [34],
κ (κ + 1) 
u st = , (4)
(κ + 1) + (κ − 1) exp 2κ
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B. Dolai, R.P. Prajapati / Physics Letters A ••• (••••) •••••• 3

 2 1 + z e2
 5
ch  I 0 , (12)
uth = δ + , (5) z rd T e
m
3 κ where rd is the grain radius and z = (| Q 0 |e ) / (rd T e ) be the re-
um = − − . (6) duced charge. The charging frequency for non-isolated dust grains
2κ 2 2
is given by,
Here m (κ ), is the coupling parameter for fluid-solid phase tran-
sition and can be expressed as, m (κ )  172 exp(ακ )/1 + ακ + 1 + z(1 + P ) e 2
0.5α 2 κ 2 , with the constant α = (4π /3)1/3  1.612 (ratio of the ch  I 0 , (13)
z(1 + P ) rd T e
mean intergrain separation to the Wigner-Seitz radius) [35]. The
| Z |n
constant parameters in the thermal contribution are taken as δ = where the parameter P = nd d0 is the ion Havnes parameter. The
i0
3.2 and  = -0.1. For the large values of κ (→ ∞), the internal value of reduced charge z depends upon the charge on the dust
energy is expressed as [36], grains, grain radius and electron to ion temperature ratio. It also
depends upon the electron to ion mass ratio if the plasma forming
Ec gas is changed. The value of z may range from some fraction to 4
u (, κ ) = , (7)
nd K B T d for the plasma in the laboratory situations, but it may be large in
the astrophysical plasma.
where E c is the correlation energy and defined as − 23κ2 . The
isothermal compressibility is expressed as [34], 3. Dispersion characteristics
 ∂Z κ ∂Z
μd = Z + − , (8) Equations (1)-(3) and (9)-(11) constitute the governing equa-
3 ∂ 3 ∂κ
tions of the considered configuration. The linear dispersion charac-
where Z is the compessibility factor (reduced pressure) and can be
teristics are analyzed by linearizing these equations and employ-
expressed in terms of reduced excess free energy of Yukawa fluids
ing Fourier transform to all the perturbed variables. Let us con-
( f ex ) as Z (, κ ) = 1 + (/3) (∂ f ex /∂ ) − (κ /3) (∂ f ex /∂ κ ).
sider one dimensional space-time dependent perturbations in each
In the limit when τm → 0, Eq. (3) reduces to the Navier-
physical qualities which is characterized by f (x, t ) = f 0 + f̃ (x, t ).
Stokes hydrodynamic fluid equation for dissipative dusty fluid.
Here f 0 be the equilibrium part and f̃ be the perturbed part with
When τm → ∞, it shows the solid like behavior and in the regime
f̃  | f 0 |. To get the dispersion relations, let us consider the one
0 < τm < ∞, it exhibits both viscous liquid and solid like behavior.
dimensional perturbation of the form of f̃ (x, t ) ∼ f̃ exp i (kx − ωt ),
Here the DCG force and polarization force are included along with
where ω is the perturbation frequency and k is the perturbation
the electrostatic force term. The right hand side of Eq. (3) shows
wavenumber. Substitution of derivatives ∂/∂ x = ik and ∂/∂ t = −i ω ,
the influence of the viscoelastic coefficients along with the strong
in Eqs. (1)-(3) and (9)-(11) gives the following equations in terms
coupling effects in the dynamics of strongly coupled dusty fluid. It
of amplitude of perturbed quantities,
must be noted that, the strong coupling effects are also involved in
the memory parameter through Coulomb coupling constant, inter- ene0
n˜e = φ̃, (14)
nal energy, compressibility and viscoelastic coefficients. Addition- Te
ally, the continuity equation and Poisson equation for gravitational eni0
n˜i = − φ̃, (15)
potential are respectively given by, Ti

∂ nd ∂ Q0 Q 02 k n˜i Q 0 ke 2 J 0
+ (nd v d ) = 0, (9) (1 − i ωτm ) ω Ṽ d − kφ̃ + − φ̃ − kψ̃ g
∂t ∂x md 4λd md ni0 λd md T i ch
∂ 2ψg  
1 4
= 4π Gmd nd . (10) = ξ + η ik2 Ṽ d , (16)
∂ x2 md nd0 3
In the non-static condition, the dust charge does not remain con- ωn˜d = nd0k Ṽ d , (17)
stant and hence effect of the dust charge variations can not be
2
ignored in the system. The charge on the dust grain is considered −k ψ̃ g = 4π Gmd ñd . (18)
to vary as occurred in the real system. Thus, one should close the The perturbed dust number density is obtained using Eqs. (16) -
system with the dust charging equation. The dust charge variations (18) as,
is given by [30],
  1 Q 0 nd0 k2  
∂ Z˜d n˜i n˜e ñd = 1 + R P + R Q φ̃, (19)
+ Z˜d ch = I 0 − . (11)  md
∂t ni0 ne0  
where R Q = J 0 e 2 / (λ D T i ωch ), is the dust charge variation pa-
Further, we consider the similar assumption which has been taken rameter. R P = Q 0 e /4λd T i , is the polarization interaction parame-
in Ref. [30], that the electron temperature is much higher than ξ + 43 η i ωk2 √
the ion temperature, which means λ De
λ Di , and |ni1 /ni0 |
ter.  = ω2 + m n (1−i ωτ ) + ω2J d , with ω J d = 4π Gmd nd0 , be the
d d0 m

|ne1 /ne0 |, so that Z˜d = I 0 n˜i /ch ni0 . Here I 0 is the electron/ion flux dust Jeans frequency.
and ch is the dust charging frequency. The charging of the dust Now substituting the values of ñe , ñi , and ñd from Eqs. (14),
grains are considered to be collisional here so that the orbit mo- (15) and (19) into the perturbed quasi-neutrality condition ñi −
tion limited (OML) theory holds good. Depending on the density, ñe + Z d0 ñd + Z̃ d nd0 = 0, we get the following dispersion relation,
the dust grains may be isolated or non-isolated. The dust grains ⎡   ⎤
ξ + 43 η i ωk2  
can be considered isolated when the other dust particles do not nd0 J 0
⎣ω2 + + ω2J d ⎦ 1 +
affect the dynamics of ions and electrons in its vicinity. For iso- md nd0 (1 − i ωτm ) ni0 ch
lated dust grains, the charging frequency is expressed in the OML  
theory (with the approximation T e
T i ) [37], = ω2pd λ2D k2 1 + R P + R Q , (20)
JID:PLA AID:126462 /SCO Doctopic: Plasma and fluid physics [m5G; v1.284; Prn:10/04/2020; 15:52] P.4 (1-7)
4 B. Dolai, R.P. Prajapati / Physics Letters A ••• (••••) ••••••

 1/2
where ω pd = 4π nd0 Z d2 e 2 /md , is the dust plasma frequency.
This represents general dispersion relation of the modified DAW
and Jeans instability in SCDP due to the presence of DCG force, po-
larization force and strong coupling effects. It is clear that, the DCG
and polarization forces modified DAW is independent of strong
coupling effects. The viscoelastic coefficients give rise to the com-
pressional viscoelastic wave mode which is coupled with the Jeans
term. It is worthwhile to mention that, in the long wavelength
limit, the phase velocity of the DAW in non-gravitating dusty
plasma is modified due to the presence  of polarization and DCG
forces and characterized by C D A = ω pd λ D (1 + R Q + R P ) [30]. In
the non-gravitating WCDP neglecting shear and bulk viscosity coef-
ficients (ξ = 0, η = 0) and putting ω J d = 0, we recover the disper-
sion relation (10) of Ref. [30]. The dust charging frequency retains
in the dispersion
 relation even  if DCG force and polarization force
are neglected R Q = R P = 0 in the dispersion relation (20).

4. Results and discussions

For investigating the modified Jeans instability in self-gravitating Fig. 1. Normalized growth rate ω̂2 /|ω| versus the normalized wavenumber k̂ for
different values of R P and R Q for positively charged dust grains. The constant nor-
strongly coupled system, let us write the dispersion relation (20)
malized parameters are taken to be V̂ c w = 0.7, Q z = 1.2 and ω̂ J d = 2.7.
in the kinetic regime (ωτm
1),
⎡  ⎤
C 2Da 1 + R P + R Q of the unstable gravitational modes have been significantly mod-
ω2 = ⎣ V c2w +   ⎦ k2 − ω2 ,
Jd (21)
1+
nd0 J 0 ified. Thus, these effects must be taken into account while on
ni0 ch
calculating the growth rate of instability.
where V c2w = (ξ + 4η/3) /md nd0 τm , be the squared velocity of vis- Now we write Eq. (21) in the normalized form in terms of ω pd
coelastic compressional waves and C Da = ω pd λ D , is the dust acous- to visualize the effects of polarization and charge gradient parame-
tic speed. ters R P and R Q respectively. The dimensionless form of dispersion
This represents the modified dispersion relation of Jeans insta- relation (21) can be written as,
bility due to the combined effects of polarization force, DCG force  
and strong coupling effects. The usual DAW mode is modified due   1
to the DCG and polarization effects and it has been coupled with
ω̂2 = V̂ c2w + 1 + R P + R Q k̂2 − ω̂2J d (23)
Qz
the compressional viscoelastic wave modes. In the self-gravitating
media, the DAW mode turns into the growing unstable mode sat- where ω̂ = ω/ω pd , V̂ c w = V c w /C Da , Q z = 1 + (nd0 /ni0 ) ( J 0 /ch ),
isfying the necessary instability criterion. It is well known that, in k̂ = kλ D and ω̂ J d = ω J d /ω pd are the normalized parameters. The
the hydrodynamic limit (ωτm  1), the viscoelastic coefficients ξ normalized growth rate ω̂ in a SCDP environment of dense dust
and η give rise to damping effect in the unstable growing modes molecular cloud is plotted as ω̂2 /|ω̂| against the normalized
in weakly coupled plasma.
wavenumber k̂ for different values of R P and R Q .
The roots of Eq. (21) will be imaginary and growing instability
In Fig. 1, we have depicted the unstable and stable regions of
will be observed for all the perturbation wavenumbers, the normalized growth rate of Jeans instability considering posi-
  tively charged dust grains in the complex plasma. The instability
2π ω Jd
k<kJ = = 1 (22) criteria k < k J , is satisfied in the unstable region and for k ≥ k J ,
λJ   2
C 2Da 1+ R P + R Q the stability is observed in the system. It is clear that, as the val-
V c2w + 
n J

1+ n d0 0
i0 ch
This shows the modified Jeans instability criterion for the con-
sidered unmagnetized, collisionless SCDP medium. It must be
noted here that in the hydrodynamic limit, the viscoelastic effects
modify the growth rate of Jeans instability and they do not have
any role in the Jeans instability criterion. But in the kinetic limit,
the instability criterion is affected by strong correlation effect as
well as polarization and DCG forces. The presence of charge gra-
dient and polarization effects along with strong coupling effects
decrease the critical Jeans wavenumber hence, they altogether sup-
press the growth rate of the Jeans instability.
The results of gravitating and non-gravitating systems have
been discussed in the dusty molecular cloud and laboratory com-
plex plasmas respectively. The gravitational collapse and structure
formations in the dusty molecular cloud can be significantly dis-
cussed with the help of present results. Here it must be mentioned
that, the effects of polarization force and DCG force are very small
at the astrophysical length scale. But, the dispersion relation (21)
and Ref. [30] clearly mentioned that the dispersion characteristics
ues of R p and R Q increase the unstable region of the growth rate
slides towards the lower values of the perturbation wavenumber.
The unstable region is larger for R p + R Q = 0.35, and it is shorter
for R p + R Q = 0.5. Thus, for the positively charged dust grains the
polarization parameter ( R P ) and charge gradient parameter R Q
both have stabilizing influence on the unstable Jeans mode. They
enhance the amplitude of the stable propagating DAW mode be-
yond k > k J .
In the case of negatively charged dust grains, the polarization
parameter R P has destabilizing effect (since R P ∝ Q 0 ) on the un-
stable Jeans mode and it decreases the amplitude of the stable
DAW mode. The charge gradient parameter R Q pertains similar ef-
fect on both stable DAW and unstable Jeans mode as observed in
Fig. 1 for positively charged dust grains. The points where curves
intersect on x-axis give the critical Jeans wavenumber (kcr ). The
region of the curve with k < kcr , represents the unstable modes
while the region with k > kcr , represents the stable DAW propaga-
tion. Thus, one can conclude that the presence of DCG force along
with polarization force significantly affect the gravitational collapse
and growth rate of the Jeans instability in SCDP.
JID:PLA AID:126462 /SCO Doctopic: Plasma and fluid physics
B. Dolai, R.P. Prajapati / Physics Letters A ••• (••••) ••••••
Fig. 2. Effect of Coulomb coupling parameter () on the growth rate of Jeans insta-
bility in the warm photodisassociation region at the boundary between the dense
molecular cloud and the H-II region. The constant parameters are taken to be
md = 10−14 kg, nd = 5 × 10−1 m−3 , Z d = −2000, T e = 30 K, T i = 10 K, T d = 1
K, mi = 12m p , ni = 2 × 103 m−3 , rd = 1.5 × 10−6 m.
4.1. Applications in gravitational collapse of warm photodisassociation
region
Now we discuss the results in the real physical situations of
laboratory and space complex plasmas. In this sub-section, we con-
sider the space plasma in the warm photodisassociation region at
the boundary between the dense molecular cloud and the H-II
region. For our analysis the typical real parameters for this sit-
uation are taken as follows [38]: md = 10−14 kg, nd = 5 × 10−1
m−3 , Z d = −2000, T e = 30 K, T i = 10 K, T d = 1 K, mi = 12m p ,
ni = 2 × 103 m−3 . The dust grain radius is taken rd = 1.5 × 10−6 m.
The estimated Coulomb coupling parameter  85, which shows
the considered system is in the strongly coupled state. The dust
Jeans frequency is calculated to be ω J d  2.05 × 10−12 s−1 . For
this set of parameters, the Jeans wavenumber is numerically cal-
culated to discuss the instability of the system.
The critical Jeans wavenumber for the unstable Jeans mode is
calculated which is of the order of few m−1 . In Fig. 2, we have
shown the influence of Coulomb coupling parameter on the growth
rate of Jeans instability in the warm photodisassociation region.
From the curves, we find that the strong correlations between the
dust particles have stabilizing influence on the growth rate of the
Jeans instability in the warm photodisassociation region. It is be-
[m5G; v1.284; Prn:10/04/2020; 15:52] P.5 (1-7)
5
Fig. 3. Effects of polarization and charge variation parameters on the growth of the
Jeans instability in the warm photodisassociation region at the boundary between
the dense molecular cloud and the H-II region for  = 85. The black dashed curve
is for R P = −1.21 × 10−4 and R Q = 6.5 × 10−7 . The blue curve is for R P = −1.71 ×
10−4 and R Q = 9.2 × 10−7 . The red curve is for R P = −2.09 × 10−4 and R Q =
11.3 × 10−7 . (For interpretation of the colors in the figure(s), the reader is referred
to the web version of this article.)
unstable Jeans mode and DAW propagation in the considered sys-
tem, while the previous works report the negligible importance of
polarization parameter. These parameters show the destabilizing
influence on the growth rate of gravitational Jeans instability and
causes damping in the propagation of DAW. Khrapak et al. [28],
have stated that “there should exist a critical grain size such that
for larger grains DAW cannot be sustained, but aperiodic growing
perturbations are excited.” In our work, we conclude that not only
for grain size but also depending upon a critical value of polar-
ization interaction and charge variation parameters (and hence ion
density), there should be a situation for which only unstable grow-
ing modes will exist in the system. In the viscoelastic region, the
propagation of transverse shear or compressional waves suppress
the effects of polarization and DCG forces.
4.2. Applications in laboratory complex plasmas
Let us now discuss the dispersion relation and propagation of
DAW for laboratory dusty plasma. The dispersion
 relation (21), is
then written in the non-gravitating limit ω J d = 0 as,
⎡  ⎤
C 2Da 1 + R P + R Q
cause of the excess potential energy over the kinetic energy, which
enhances the gravitational collapse and suppress the Jeans instabil-
ity. For the above parameters, the dust charge variation parameter
dominates over the effect of polarization parameter. The curves
with k < kcr , represents the unstable region of the growth rate of
Jeans instability, and the curves with k > kcr , represents the stable
DAW propagation.
In Fig. 3, the growth rate of the unstable gravitational Jeans
mode and the dust acostic mode are plotted against wavenumber
taking dust charge number Z d = −2000, for which the coupling
parameter  = 85, to be fixed. The polarization interaction and
charge gradient parameters are calculated for various ion num-
ber densities. For ni = 1.0 × 10−4 m−3 , R P = −1.21 × 10−4 and
R Q = 6.5 × 10−7 , for ni = 2.0 × 10−4 m−3 , R P = −1.71 × 10−4 and
R Q = 9.2 × 10−7 , and for ni = 3.0 × 10−4 m−3 , R P = −2.1 × 10−4
and R Q = 11.3 × 10−7 . For this set of the parameters, in the warm
photodisassociation region, the reduced charge is estimated to be
z = 741, and the screening parameter κ  0.20. From the graphical
illustration, we observe that the polarization and charge gradi-
ent parameters have significant importance on the growth rate of
ω2 = ⎣ V c2w +   ⎦ k2 . (24)
nd0 J 0
1+ ni0 ch
This shows the stable DAW mode modified due to the ef-
fects of DCG force, polarization force, viscoelastic coefficients and
Coulomb coupling parameter. In our analysis, we chose typical lab-
oratory dusty plasma parameters as; md = 1.3875 × 10−12 kg, rd =
1.5 × 10−6 m, T e = 23200 K, T i = 2320 K and T d = 300 K. Here, we
discuss three situations depending upon different dust particulates
number density and charge on the dust grains. In the first config-
uration, we consider the dusty plasma to be highly ionized with
ni = 1015 m−3 , Q 0 = −2500e to −3500e and nd = 3.6 × 106 m−3 .
For this configuration, the strong coupling parameter () ranges
from 86 -168, and the parameter z ranges from 1.20 -1.68. The
parameters show that rd < λd < a, thus the dust particles can be
taken as isolated (dust in plasma). The charge gradient parame-
ter R Q is of the order of 10−2 , while the polarization parameter
( R P ) is of the order of 10−2 . Hence, the charge gradient force is
comparable with the polarization force and they can be consid-
ered simultaneously in the present system. At the same time, the
JID:PLA AID:126462 /SCO Doctopic: Plasma and fluid physics
6 B. Dolai, R.P. Prajapati / Physics Letters A ••• (••••) ••••••
Fig. 4. Effect of charge gradient parameter on the phase speed of the DAW mode in
the laboratory complex plasma for negatively charged dust grains. The considered
parameters are, md = 1.3875 × 10−12 kg, nd = 3.6 × 108 m−3 , Z d = −1500, rd =
1.0 × 10−6 m, T e = 11600 K, T i = 1160 K, T d = 300 K, mi = 12m p , ni = 1.04 × 1014 -
1015 m−3 .
viscoelastic effect suppress these effects in determining the growth
rate of stable DAW.
Now to show the effect of polarization and charge gradient
force on the growth of the DAW, the coupling parameter is fixed
keeping the dust density and dust charge to be constant. The ef-
fects of polarization and charge gradient parameters are graphically
studied in Fig. 4 by varying the ion number density. All the pa-
rameters lie in the viscoelastic region and the dust particles can
be considered isolated showing the relation rd < λ D < a (dust-in-
plasma regime). The considered parameters are, md = 1.3875 ×
10−12 kg, nd = 3.6 × 108 m−3 , Z d = −1500, rd = 1.0 × 10−6 m,
T e = 11600 K, T i = 1160 K, T d = 300 K, mi = 12m p , ni = 1.04 ×
1014 - 1015 m−3 . For this configuration the reduced charge z is
given by 2.16. The black dotted line on the growth rate versus
wavenumber curve represents the case when the polarization and
charge gradient interaction parameter exactly cancel to each other.
The difference of this dotted line from the rest two lines clearly
show the importance of the combined polarization and charge gra-
dient parameters. These parameters show damping effect on the
growth of the DAW. The relative importance of them is discussed
numerically throughout this sub-section.
In the second configuration, we consider the plasma is partially
ionized and the neutral density is quite high. In these circum-
stances, the ion number density ni = 1012 m−3 , dust particulates
number density nd = 3.6 × 1011 m−3 , and the charge on the dust
grains is in the range of Q 0 = −400e to −500e. For this configu-
ration,  ranges from 102 - 159, and the parameter z ranges from
0.19 - 0.24. The parameters show that rd < a < λ D , thus the dust
particles take part in the collective
 behavior
 of the dusty plasma.
The charge gradient parameter R Q is observed to be the order
of 10−7 , while the polarization parameter ( R P ) is of the order of
10−4 . In this case, the polarization force dominates over charge
gradient force, but the viscoelasticity suppress these effects in de-
termining the growth rate of stable DAW. Also, both the parame-
ters are observed to be further smaller than the earlier situations.
It is found that, for both the configurations the strong correlation
effect enhances the growth rate of the DAW in the medium.
In the last configuration, the dusty plasma is considered to be
partially ionized and charges on the dust grains are very low. We
chose the parameters ni = 1012 m−3 , nd = 109 m−3 and Q 0 =
−70e to −100e. For these considered parameters, the coupling
parameter ranges from 0.44 – 0.90, and the parameter z ranges
from 0.034 - 0.048. In this configuration, the dust particles re-
[m5G; v1.284; Prn:10/04/2020; 15:52] P.6 (1-7)
main in weakly coupled state. Thus, we neglect the shear and bulk
viscoelastic coefficients (η = ξ = 0) and put V c w = 0 in Eq. (24),
to get the dispersion relation in the weakly coupled plasma. The
parameters show that rd < a < λ D , thus, the dust particles show
collective behavior
 in the dusty plasma. The charge gradient pa-
rameter R Q is of the order of 10−4 , while the polarization pa-
rameter ( R P ) is of the order of 10−5 . Thus, in this configuration
charge gradient force dominates over the polarization force. There-
fore, we ratify the conclusion as stated in Ref. [30], that for lower
charges the DCG force dominates over the polarization force.
5. Summary
In this work, the force dynamics due to the DCG and polar-
ization forces have been investigated on the low frequency DAW
and gravitational instability in unmagnetized SCDP. The modified
dispersion properties of DAW and unstable Jeans mode have been
analyzed in the astrophysical and laboratory complex plasmas. The
results have been discussed to understand the gravitational col-
lapse of dusty molecular cloud and DAW propagation in laboratory
dusty plasmas. In the kinetic limit, the charge gradient and polar-
ization forces along with strong coupling effects decrease the crit-
ical Jeans wavenumber hence, they altogether stabilize the growth
rate of the Jeans instability. The various limiting cases of charge
gradient and polarization parameters show that the Jeans insta-
bility is always stabilized for positively charged dust grain but it
is destabilized for negatively charged dust grains. The relative im-
portance of polarization and charge gradient forces on the DAW
propagation in laboratory situations have been examined for iso-
lated as well as non-isolated dust grains. The strong correlations
between the dust particles have stabilizing influence on the growth
rate of the Jeans instability. They play significant role in the grav-
itational collapse in the warm photodisassociation region at the
boundary between the dense molecular cloud and the H-II region.
It is also observed that, for certain critical value of polarization
force there is growing Jeans instability but, less than this there is
propagation of DAW modes. The implications of higher and lower
charges are discussed on the growth of DAW and it is shown that
for lower charges the DCG force dominates over the polarization
force in the laboratory complex plasmas. This work can be further
extended in future considering various other force dynamics such
as ion drag force, dust-neutral and ion-neutral collisions which are
also responsible for providing instability beyond critical ion drag
coefficient and damping in the DAW respectively.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to S. A. Khrapak for giving his insight-
ful and helpful suggestions to improve the manuscript. The authors
are also thankful to the anonymous referee for providing construc-
tive comments.
This work is financial supported by Indian Space Research Or-
ganization (ISRO), India under the ISRO-RESPOND research project
No. ISRO/RES/2/427/19-20. Author RPP is thankful for providing fi-
nancial assistance in this project.
The author RPP would like to acknowledge Inter University Cen-
tre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), India for awarding
him Visiting Associateship.
JID:PLA AID:126462 /SCO Doctopic: Plasma and fluid physics [m5G; v1.284; Prn:10/04/2020; 15:52] P.7 (1-7)
B. Dolai, R.P. Prajapati / Physics Letters A ••• (••••) •••••• 7

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