Received: 10 March 2021 | Accepted: 22 May 2021

DOI: 10.1002/htj.22198

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Statistical analysis on the stratification effects

of bioconvective EMHD nanofluid flow past a
stretching sheet: Application in theranostics

Sujesh Areekara | Alappat Sunny Sabu |

Alphonsa Mathew | Balagangadharan Saravanan

Department of Mathematics, St. Thomas'

College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala,
India
Correspondence
Alphonsa Mathew, Department of
Mathematics, St. Thomas' College
(Autonomous), Thrissur 680001, Kerala,
India.
Email: alphonsa@stthomas.ac.in
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are highly recognized for
their diverse biomedical applications. The present
study aims to numerically and statistically study
the stratification effects of bioconvective electro-
magnetohydrodynamic flow past a stretching sheet
using water‐based CNT. The current study, with ap-
plications ranging from biomedical imaging, targeted
drug delivery, and cancer therapy, provides a theore-
tical perspective that is beneficial in biomedical en-
gineering. The mathematically modeled system of
partial differential equations is then transmuted into a
system of ordinary differential equations using apposite
transformations, which are then resolved numerically
using bvp5c (MATLAB built‐in function) algorithm.
The impacts of influential parameters on concentra-
tion, velocity, microbial concentration, temperature,
and physical quantities are illustrated with the aid of
graphs and tables. Descending electric field parameter
and ascending magnetic field parameter retard the
velocity profile, which helps in improving the effi-
ciency of targeted drug delivery and biomedical ima-
ging. Further, statistical techniques, like, correlation,
the slope of linear regression, probable error, and
multiple linear regression, are employed in scrutiniz-
ing the consequence of influential parameters on

Heat Transfer. 2021;1–23. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC | 1

2 | AREEKARA ET AL.

physical quantities and an excellent agreement is ob-

served between the numerical and statistical results. It
is noted that the heat transfer rate is positively corre-
lated with electric and magnetic field parameters.

KEYWORDS
bioconvection, carbon nanotubes, EMHD, regression analysis,
stratification, stretching sheet

1 | INTRODUCTION

A base fluid (water, oil, ethylene glycol, etc.) containing nanometer‐sized particles (metals,
carbides, oxides, or carbon nanotubes [CNTs]) is termed a nanofluid. The use of nanofluid in
place of base fluid by Choi and Eastman1 marked a significant advancement in the field of fluid
dynamics. Kameswaran et al.2 utilized water‐based copper and water‐based silver nanofluids to
investigate the impact of pertinent parameters on the hydromagnetic nanofluid flow over a
lengthening sheet considering chemical reaction and viscous dissipation effects. It is observed
that water‐based copper nanofluid exhibits better mass and heat transfer rates. Neethu et al.3
employed the perturbation technique to analytically explore the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
flow of water‐based nanofluid between two vertical porous plates moving in opposite directions
and noted that the nanoparticle volume fraction has a negative influence on Nusselt number.
A few studies dealing with nanofluids have been carried out in References [4–8].
A CNT is a graphene sheet rolled up into a tube having a nanoscale diameter. CNTs are
categorized into multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single‐walled carbon nano-
tubes (SWCNTs) based on the number of used graphene sheets. CNT finds its use in structural
reinforcement, automotive parts, device modeling, energy storage, electromagnetic shields, and
so forth. CNTs are also proved to be useful in the medical field. CNTs are administered in drug
delivery, cancer diagnosis and treatment, delivery of genetic material, and so forth. In this
study, SWCNTs are preferred over MWCNTs due to the amelioration it provides in the medical
field and also due to their lower toxicity level. Iqbal et al.9 explored the consequence of induced
magnetic field on the stagnation point flow of CNT over a lengthening sheet pertaining to
bioconvection nanoparticles and discerned that nanoparticle volume fraction has a positive
impact on the induced magnetic field. The mass and heat transfer quality of SWCNT/MWCNT
water‐based MHD Maxwell nanoliquid flow between rotating stretchable disks has been in-
vestigated by Sreedevi and Sudarsana Reddy.10 Eid et al.11 conducted a numerical study on the
MHD blood‐based SWCNT nanofluid flow through a circular cylinder considering linear heat
source/sink, nonlinear thermal radiation, and nanoparticle‐shape effect. They observed that
both velocity and temperature profiles increase for augmenting heat source/sink, thermal ra-
diation, and SWCNT volume fraction with respect to lamina and cylinder shapes. A few recent
studies concerning CNTs are given in References [12–14].
Electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) is the area that concerns the study of dynamics of
electrically conducting fluids under the influence of magnetic and electric fields. EMHD has
raised quite an interest over the years due to its versatile application in geophysics, engineering,
biomedical engineering, magnetic drug targeting, and many others. Shah et al.15 examined the
AREEKARA ET AL. | 3

significance of thermal radiation on the EMHD rotating flow of CNTs over a stretching sheet
and noticed that the electric parameters ascend the velocity profile whereas the magnetic
parameter descends the velocity profile. Daniel et al.16 analyzed the two‐dimensional unsteady
EMHD nanoliquid flow over a lengthening sheet involving multislip and dual stratification
effects and noticed that the electric field parameter has a constructive effect on velocity. The
effect of EMHD in the nanoliquid flow past a porous Riga plate pertaining to gyrotactic mi-
croorganism was numerically explored by Abbas et al.17 Zhang et al.18 investigated the EMHD
behavior of a third‐grade fluid flowing between a pair of parallel plates utilizing a
Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer model. They observed an enhancement in the temperature
profile for the augmenting magnetic field parameter. Some studies involving EMHD are cited
in References [19–21].
Stretching sheet (both linear and nonlinear) assists heat and mass transfer flow, which has
wide application in polymer industry, lamination, fiber spinning, and so forth. Khan and Pop22
were the first to study the laminar nanofluid flow problem on a lengthening sheet. Eid23
numerically investigated the heat transfer characteristics of the shape of gold nanoparticles on
the blood flow past an exponentially lengthening sheet using Sisko nanofluid and considering
the Biot number effect. The highest heat transfer rate was observed by the blade‐shaped na-
noparticle (blowing case) and the spherical nanoparticles (suction case). Mabood et al.24 nu-
merically explained the consequence of thermal radiation, velocity, and thermal slip on an
inclined MHD Casson nanofluid flow utilizing the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method and ob-
served growth in Nusselt number due to augmenting values of Prandtl number.
Incorporating microorganisms with the nanofluid flow is an advancing field that has in-
trigued researchers due to its relevance in antibiotics, biofuel, toxin removal, targeted drug
delivery, and food digestion. Bioconvection refers to the upward and downward movement of
microorganisms caused by the unstable density stratification of microorganisms at the upper
surface. Changes in heat, mass, and motile density profiles or the presence of different fluids
trigger a formation of layers known as stratification. Tlili et al.25 analyzed the impact of double
stratification and partial slip on the hydromagnetic micropolar nanoliquid flow along a stret-
ched surface containing gyrotactic microorganisms and observed a decline in temperature
profile due to augmenting thermal stratification values. The double stratification effects on
EMHD nanoliquid flow over a lengthening sheet involving Joule heating, viscous dissipation,
and radiation effects was numerically explored by Shagaiy et al.26 with the aid of an implicit
finite difference scheme. Bhatti and Michaelides27 studied the significance of Arrhenius acti-
vation energy on the thermobioconvection nanofluid flow over a Riga plate and noticed that an
augmentation in the bioconvection Rayleigh number weakened the velocity profile. Various
articles exploring bioconvection, microorganisms, and stratification effects are discussed
in References [28–32].
The inclusion of statistical techniques, like, regression analysis, response surface metho-
dology, and sensitivity analysis, for scrutinizing physical quantities, like, drag coefficients and
heat and mass transfer rates, has been amply exercised by the researchers recently. Statistical
tools, like, multiple linear regression, correlation, probable error, and slope of linear regression,
prove to be a better methodology in analyzing the relationship between the effectual para-
meters and the dependent variables. The pertinent flow parameters are taken as the in-
dependent variables and physical quantities (like, drag coefficient, mass transfer rate, or heat
transfer rate) are chosen as the dependent variable. Studies utilizing statistical approaches can
be found in References [33–36].
4 | AREEKARA ET AL.

Motivated by previous studies, it is noted that the stratification effects of EMHD bio-
convective CNT nanofluid flow past a lengthening sheet has not yet been studied. This paper
attempts to fill this gap. Theranostics (a novel concept that involves the integration of diagnosis
and therapy in a single platform) may be the specific application of this study (see References
[37–43]). The present work aims to:

• Construct the mathematical model to study the EMHD bioconvective CNT nanofluid flow
past a stretching sheet considering thermal, solutal, and motile density stratification effects.
• Provide theoretical knowledge of the consequence of pertinent parameters on flow profiles.
• Predict the formulae for drag coefficient and heat transfer rate using multiple linear
regression.

2 | FORMULATION OF T HE PROBLEM

Consider a two‐dimensional steady bioconvective flow over a lengthening sheet positioned

along the x‐axis (see Figure 1) stretching with a velocity UW(x) = cx. Water‐based SWCNT
nanofluid containing microorganisms occupies the region y > 0. A uniform electric field of
strength E0 and a uniform magnetic field of strength B0 is applied normally to the lengthening
sheet. Thermal, solutal, and motile density stratification effects are incorporated. Further,
viscous dissipation and chemical reaction effects are also considered.
Under these assumptions, the governing equations take the following forms (see References
[16,22,44]):
∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1)
∂x ∂y

u
∂u
+v
∂u ⎛ μ ⎞ ∂ 2u
= ⎜ nf ⎟ 2 +
(
σnf E0 B0 − B0 2u
,
) (2)
∂x ∂y ⎝ ρnf ⎠ ∂y ρnf

μ nf ⎛ ∂u ⎞
2
∂Τ ∂Τ ∂ 2Τ
u +v = α nf 2 + ⎜ ⎟ , (3)
∂x ∂y ∂y ( ρCp )nf ⎝ ∂y ⎠

FIGURE 1 Physical configuration [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

AREEKARA ET AL. | 5

∂C ∂C ∂ 2C
u +v = DB 2 − k r (C − C∞), (4)
∂x ∂y ∂y

∂Ν ∂Ν bWc ⎛ ∂ ⎛ ∂C ⎞ ⎞ ∂ 2Ν
u +v + ⎜ ⎜Ν ⎟ ⎟ = Dm 2 (5)
∂x ∂y CW − C0 ⎝ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎠ ∂y
subject to the boundary conditions

u = UW (x ) = cx , v = 0,⎫ ⎪
⎬ at y = 0,
Τ = ΤW = Τ0 + δ1 x , C = CW = C0 + ϵ1x , Ν = ΝW = Ν0 + ξ1 x ⎪
⎭

u → 0, Τ → Τ∞ = Τ0 + δ2 x ,⎫
⎬ as y → ∞.
C → C∞ = C0 + ϵ2 x , N → N∞ = N0 + ξ2 x ⎭

Introducing the following similarity transformations (see References [22,32])

c
u = cxf ′(η), v = − c ϑf f (η), η = y ,
ϑf
Τ − Τ∞ C − C∞ Ν − Ν∞
θ (η) = , ψ (η) = , χ (η) =
ΤW − Τ0 CW − C0 ΝW − Ν0

into (1)–(5), the governing equations reduce to

A5
f ′′′ − A1 A2 { ( f ′)2 − ff ′′ − (M (E − f ′)) } = 0, (6)
A2
A3 Pr EcPr
θ ′′ + fθ′ + ( f ′′)2 = 0, (7)
A4 A1 A 4
ψ ′′ + Lefψ′ − KrLeψ = 0, (8)

χ ′′ + Lbfχ ′ − Pe {(χ + Ω) ψ ′′ + χ ′ψ′} = 0 (9)

with
f (0) = 0, f ′(0) = 1, θ (0) = 1 − s1, ψ (0) = 1 − s2, χ (0) = 1 − s3,

f ′(∞) → 0, θ (∞) → 0, ψ (∞) → 0, χ (∞) → 0,

where the dimensionless parameters are

σf B0 2 E0 (μCp ) f ϑ k (cx )2
M= , E= , Pr = = f , Kr = r , Ec = ,
cρf B0 UW κf αf c (Cp ) f (TW − T0 )

ϑf ϑ bWc N∞ δ ϵ ξ
Le = , Lb = f , Pe = , Ω= , s1 = 2 , s2 = 2 , s3 = 2 .
DB Dm Dm NW − N0 δ1 ϵ1 ξ1

The nanofluid models incorporated are (see References [9,10])

μ nf 1 1
Effective dynamic viscosity: = = .
μf (1 − ϕ)2.5 A1
6 | AREEKARA ET AL.

ρnf ⎛ρ ⎞
Effective density : = (1 − ϕ) + ϕ ⎜ SWCNT ⎟ = A2 .
ρf ⎝ ρf ⎠

(ρCp)nf ⎛ (ρCp)SWCNT ⎞
Effective specific heat : = (1 − ϕ) + ϕ ⎜ ⎟ = A3 .
(ρCp) f ⎝ (ρCp) f ⎠

Effective thermal conductivity :

κ nf
=
(1 − ϕ) + 2ϕ κ SWCNT
SWCNT − κ f
ln
κ
( ) =A .
κSWCNT + κ f
2κ f
4
κf κ
(1 − ϕ) + 2ϕ κ f − κ ln
SWCNT
( f
) κSWCNT + κ f
2κ f

3( − 1) ϕ
σSWCNT
σ σf
Effective electrical conductivity: nf = 1 + =A . 5
σf
( σSWCNT
σf
+ 2) − ( − 1) ϕ
σSWCNT
σf

Physical quantities in the nondimensional form are given by (see References [10,22,32])

∂u
μ nf ∂y f ′′(0)
τω y =0
Local drag coefficient : Cfx = 2
= 2
⇒ CfxRe x1/2 = .
ρf (UW ) ρf (UW ) A1

∂T
−xκ nf
xqω ∂y y =0
Local Nusselt number : Nu x = = ⇒ Nu x Re x−1/2 = −A 4 θ′(0).
κ f (TW − T0 ) κ f (TW − T0 )

∂C
−xDB ∂y
xqm y =0
Local Sherwood number : Sh x = = ⇒ Sh xRe x−1/2 = −ψ′(0).
DB (CW − C0 ) DB (CW − C0 )

∂N
−xDm ∂y
xqn y =0
Local microorganism density number : Nn x = = ⇒ Nn x Re x−1/2
Dm (NW − N0 ) Dm (NW − N0 )
= −χ ′(0),

UW x
where Re x = ϑf
is the local Reynold's number.

3 | N UMERICAL SOL U TION AN D V A L I D A T I O N

Equations (6)–(9) along with the boundary conditions are resolved numerically maneuvering
bvp5c solver, a MATLAB built‐in function. For this, choose

f = y1 , f ′ = y2 , f ′′ = y3 , θ = y4 , θ′ = y5 ,

ψ = y6 , ψ′ = y7 , χ = y8 , χ ′ = y9 .
AREEKARA ET AL. | 7

−1
T A B L E 1 Comparison of Nu x (Re x ) 2 for differing Pr values when
M = E = Kr = Ec = Le = Lb = Pe = Ω = s1 = s2 = s3 = 0
1
Nu x (Re x )‐ 2

Pr Khan and Pop22 Wang45 Present

0.7 0.4539 0.4539 0.4539
2 0.9113 0.9114 0.9114
7 1.8954 1.8954 1.8954
20 3.3539 3.3539 3.3539
70 6.4621 6.4622 6.4622

Accordingly, the system of first‐order ordinary differential equations is given by

⎧ A ⎫
y′1 = y2 , y′2 = y3 , y′3 = A1 A2 ⎨ (y2 )2 − y1 y3 − 5 (M (E − y2 )) ⎬,
⎩ A2 ⎭
A3 Pr EcPr
y′4 = y5 , y′5 = − y1 y5 − (y3 )2 ,
A4 A1 A 4
y′6 = y7 , y′7 = KrLey6 − Ley1 y7 ,

y′8 = y9 , y′9 = Pe { (y8 + Ω) y′7 + y9 y7 } − Lby1 y9 .

Validation of the current problem and accuracy of the code have been accounted
for through a restrictive comparison of the present work with prior published works22,45
(see Table 1) and a commendable agreement is noted.

4 | RESULTS A ND DISCUSSION

The consequences of various influential parameters on microbial concentration (χ(η)), velocity

(f ′ (η)), concentration (ψ(η)), and temperature (θ(η)) profiles are illustrated in Figures 2–9 with
Prandtl number and infinity fixed at 6.2 and 3, respectively. The thermophysical properties of
SWCNT and water are showcased in Table 2.
Figure 2 describes the decreasing nature of f ′ (η) when the magnetic field parameter (M) is
increased meaning that the velocity drops when the magnetic field parameter is increased.
Physically, it is associated with the generation of Lorentz force (a frictional force), which
reduces the velocity. From Figure 3, it is observed that the velocity improves due to augmenting
electric field parameter (E). Biologically, magnetic field and electric field parameters play a
crucial role since these parameters are responsible for manipulating the transport of nanofluid
to the desired location and also for improved biomedical imaging (see Reference [46]).
Figure 4 indicates that nanoparticle volume fraction (ϕ) enhances the temperature profile.
This increase in temperature can be related to the improvement in the thermal conductivity of
the nanofluid caused by larger nanoparticle occupancy. The analysis on the effect of ϕ on the
temperature unveils that the nanofluid can be used for killing tumors or cancerous cells
(see Reference [47]). The impact of the Eckert number (Ec) is depicted in Figure 5. As Ec is
amplified, the temperature profile enlarges. Physically, it is associated with the generation of
8 | AREEKARA ET AL.

FIGURE 2 f ′ (η) for differing M values [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 3 f ′ (η) for differing E values [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

friction forces between the fluid particles, which increases the temperature profile. A decline in
temperature is noted when the thermal stratification parameter (s1) is increased (see Figure 6).
Physically, the decrease in temperature is due to the decrease in the temperature difference
between the surface and away from the surface caused by an increase in s1.
AREEKARA ET AL. | 9

FIGURE 4 θ(η) for differing ϕ values [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 5 θ(η) for differing Ec values [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

A decline in concentration is noted (Figure 7) when the chemical reaction parameter (Kr) is
increased. Physical reason being that an increase in Kr consumes more nanoparticles and
hence concentration decreases. Biologically, the consumption of more nanoparticles is directly
proportional to improved medication and biomedical imaging (see Reference [48]). A decline in
10 | AREEKARA ET AL.

FIGURE 6 θ(η) for differing s1 values [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 7 ψ(η) for differing Kr values [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

concentration is noted (due to the decrease in the volumetric fraction between the surface and
reference nanoparticles) when the solutal stratification parameter (s2) is increased (see
Figure 8). The variation of motile density stratification parameter (s3) is given in Figure 9.
A decline in microbial concentration is noted. Physically, an augmentation in s3 decreases the
AREEKARA ET AL. | 11

FIGURE 8 ψ(η) for differing s2 values [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 9 χ(η) for differing s3 values [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
12 | AREEKARA ET AL.

TABLE 2 Thermophysical properties9,10 of water and SWCNT

Property Water (base fluid) SWCNT (nanoparticle)
ρ 997 2600
Cp 4179 425
κ 0.613 6600
σ 0.05 106
Abbreviation: SWCNT, single‐walled carbon nanotube.

concentration difference of microorganisms between the surface and away from the surface,
and hence microbial concentration decreases.
Figures 10 and 11 explain the simultaneous impact of parameters on microorganism density
number. It can be summarized that microorganism density number intensifies with chemical
reaction parameter (Kr), Lewis number (Le), and bioconvection Lewis number (Lb). Also, it is
perceived that microorganism density number attenuates with motile density stratification
parameter (s3). Tables 3–5 elucidate the variation of pertinent parameters on drag coefficient,
heat transfer, and mass transfer rate, respectively. The slope of linear regression (or simply
slope) indicates the nature of variation of drag coefficient\heat transfer rate\mass transfer rate.
A negative slope implies that the varying parameter has a negative effect on the considered
physical quantity. The rate of increase/decrease of physical quantity per unit value of the
varying parameter is explained using the slope's magnitude.
The main outcomes drawn from Tables 3–5 are:

• The drag coefficient is a decreasing function of M and ϕ and an increasing function of E.

• Mass transfer rate is an increasing function of E, Kr, Le, and ϕ and a decreasing function of s2.
• Heat transfer rate is a decreasing function of Ec and s1 and an increasing function of E, M, and ϕ.

1
F I G U R E 10 Variation of Nn x Re x − 2 with Kr and Lb [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
AREEKARA ET AL. | 13

1
F I G U R E 11 Variation of Nn x Re x − 2 with s3 and Le [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

TABLE 3 Variation in CfxRe x1/2 when Kr = 1, Ec = Le = Lb = 0.3, Pe = Ω = 0.5, and s1 = s2 = s3 = 0.1

ϕ M E Cfx Re x1/2
0.1 1 0.2 −1.6045
0.1 1 0.4 −1.4112
0.1 1 0.6 −1.2231
0.1 1 0.8 −1.0393
0.1 1 1 −0.8595
Slope 0.93095
0.1 0.5 0.5 −1.2699
0.1 1 0.5 −1.3165
0.1 1.5 0.5 −1.3742
0.1 2 0.5 −1.4362
0.1 2.5 0.5 −1.4998
Slope −0.1159
0.02 1 0.5 −1.1016
0.04 1 0.5 −1.1513
0.06 1 0.5 −1.2035
0.08 1 0.5 −1.2585
0.1 1 0.5 −1.3165
Slope −2.6850
Note: The bold values represent the slope of linear regression.
14 | AREEKARA ET AL.

TABLE 4 Variation in Nu x Re x−1/2 when Kr = 1, Le = Lb = 0.3, Pe = Ω = 0.5, and s2 = s3 = 0.1

s1 ϕ Ec M E Nu x Re x−1/2
0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.2 1.2128
0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.4 1.5408
0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.6 1.8084
0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.8 2.0268
0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 2.2038
Slope 1.2340
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.5837
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.6416
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.5 1.6743
0.1 0.1 0.3 1.2 0.5 1.6914
0.1 0.1 0.3 1.5 0.5 1.6983
Slope 0.0930
0.1 0.1 0.1 1 0.5 2.1958
0.1 0.1 0.2 1 0.5 1.9386
0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.5 1.6814
0.1 0.1 0.4 1 0.5 1.4242
0.1 0.1 0.5 1 0.5 1.167
Slope −2.5720
0.1 0.02 0.3 1 0.5 1.2251
0.1 0.04 0.3 1 0.5 1.3626
0.1 0.06 0.3 1 0.5 1.4812
0.1 0.08 0.3 1 0.5 1.5861
0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.5 1.6814
Slope 5.6805
0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.5 1.6814
0.2 0.1 0.3 1 0.5 1.4088
0.3 0.1 0.3 1 0.5 1.1363
0.4 0.1 0.3 1 0.5 0.8637
0.5 0.1 0.3 1 0.5 0.5912
Slope −2.7255
Note: The bold values represent the slope of linear regression.
AREEKARA ET AL. | 15

TABLE 5 Variation in Sh xRe x−1/2 when M = 1, Ec = Lb = 0.3, Pe = Ω = 0.5, and s1 = s3 = 0.1

s2 ϕ Kr Le E Sh x Re x−1/2
0.1 0.1 1 0.3 0.2 0.5895
0.1 0.1 1 0.3 0.4 0.5946
0.1 0.1 1 0.3 0.6 0.5994
0.1 0.1 1 0.3 0.8 0.604
0.1 0.1 1 0.3 1 0.6084
Slope 0.0236
0.1 0.1 1 0.1 0.5 0.4098
0.1 0.1 1 0.2 0.5 0.508
0.1 0.1 1 0.3 0.5 0.597
0.1 0.1 1 0.4 0.5 0.6785
0.1 0.1 1 0.5 0.5 0.7539
Slope 0.8587
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4973
0.1 0.1 1 0.3 0.5 0.597
0.1 0.1 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.6858
0.1 0.1 2 0.3 0.5 0.7663
0.1 0.1 2.5 0.3 0.5 0.8402
Slope 0.17102
0.1 0.02 1 0.3 0.5 0.5961
0.1 0.04 1 0.3 0.5 0.5963
0.1 0.06 1 0.3 0.5 0.5965
0.1 0.08 1 0.3 0.5 0.5968
0.1 0.1 1 0.3 0.5 0.597
Slope 0.0115
0.1 0.1 1 0.3 0.5 0.597
0.2 0.1 1 0.3 0.5 0.5307
0.3 0.1 1 0.3 0.5 0.4643
0.4 0.1 1 0.3 0.5 0.398
0.5 0.1 1 0.3 0.5 0.3317
Slope −0.6633
Note: The bold values represent the slope of linear regression.
16 | AREEKARA ET AL.

5 | STATISTICAL A NALYSIS

Statistical techniques (like, correlation and regression) are largely used by researchers to dis-
cover the nature of the impact of independent variables (various parameters) on the dependent
variable (physical quantities, like, heat transfer rate\drag coefficient\mass transfer rate). Re-
gression analysis aids in quantifying the variation of dependent variables initiated by the
change in independent variables. Regression analysis rules out the need for resolving the
problem frequently and hence eases the calculation process. For a chosen range of independent
variables, an approximate value of the dependent variable can be faultlessly predicted utilizing
multiple linear regression.

5.1 | Correlation and probable error

The degree of relationship between two variables is determined with the help of correlation.
The sign of correlation coefficient (r) comments on the nature of the relationship while the
magnitude of r bespeaks on the dimension of the relationship. The positive value of r indicates
that an augmentation in the independent variable will beget an improvement in the dependent
variable and the negative value of the correlation coefficient implies that an augmentation in
the independent variable will lower the dependent variable. The reliability of the calculated
correlation coefficient values is guaranteed using probable error (PE). Correlation is said to be
r
significant if PE > 6; where PE =
(see Reference [49]).
n( )
1 − r2
0.6745 and n is the number of observations

From Tables 6 and 7, it is inferred that CfxRex1/2 is negatively correlated with M and ϕ and
positively correlated with E. Also, it is inferred that Nu x Re x−1/2 is negatively correlated with Ec
and s1 and positively correlated with E, M, and ϕ. Further, it is noted that the above results are
r
in good agreement with the numerical results observed in Tables 3 and 4. Using PE values, it
1/2 −1/2
can be deduced that all parameters of CfxRe x and Nu x Re x are significant.

5.2 | Multiple linear regression

Regression analysis is a statistical modeling technique used to establish a relationship between

a dependent (drag coefficient or heat transfer rate) and one or more independent (various
parameters considered) variables. Since all correlations are significant, multiple linear regres-
sion is employed in estimating the drag coefficient and heat transfer rates. The estimated
models are
Cfest = aϕ ϕ + aM M + aE E + b,

r
TABLE 6 Correlation coefficient (r), probable error (PE), and PE
of drag coefficient
Parameter r PE |r/PE|
ϕ −0.99953 0.000281 3554.453
M −0.99831 0.001021 977.8618
E 0.999899 6.1E − 05 16389.83
AREEKARA ET AL. | 17

r
TABLE 7 Correlation coefficient (r), probable error (PE), and PE
of heat transfer rate
Parameter r PE |r/PE|
ϕ 0.997314 0.001618 616.3864
Ec −1 −1.3E − 16 7.47E + 15
M 0.940793 0.034662 27.14199
E 0.992816 0.004318 229.9108
s1 −1 1.22E − 09 8.21E+08

Nuest = aϕ ϕ + aM M + aE E + aEc Ec + a s1 s1 + b,
where aϕ , aM , aE , aEc , a s1, and b are the estimated regression coefficients.
Jenkins and Quintana‐Ascencio50 elucidated that a sample size of 25 or above would be
considered optimal for research based on regressions or meta‐regressions. Accordingly, the
drag coefficient is estimated from 30 sets of values chosen in the range [0.02, 0.1] for ϕ, [0.5, 2.5]
for M, and [0.2, 1] for E, and the regression coefficients are calculated using Microsoft Excel.
Furthermore, the heat transfer rate is also estimated from 30 sets of values chosen in the range
[0.02, 0.1] for ϕ, [0.3, 1.5] for M, [0.2, 1] for E, [0.2, 0.4] for Ec, and [0.1, 0.5] for s1, and the
regression coefficients are calculated using Microsoft Excel. Since the p‐values for all physical
parameters are less than 0.05, the regression coefficients are significant. A negative regression
coefficient implies that the drag coefficient or heat transfer rate decreases for the corresponding
parameter, and a positive regression coefficient represents that the corresponding parameter
has an increasing effect on the drag coefficient or heat transfer rate. The estimated regression
models are given below:
Cfest = −2.765014142∗ϕ − 0.107916023∗M + 0.873312541∗E − 1.370390154,

Nuest = 5.276108658∗ϕ + 0.094619221∗M + 1.194981645∗E − 2.572∗Ec − 2.688355065∗s1

+ 1.490951117.
It is conclusive that E has a positive impact whereas M and ϕ have a negative impact on the
drag coefficient. It can also be deduced that E, M, and ϕ have a positive impact while
the reverse is observed in Ec and s1 with regard to heat transfer rate. This is in harmony with
the results seen in Tables 3 and 4.
( )
The original data CfxRe x1/2 and Nu x Re x−1/2 are numerically calculated considering 30 sets
of parameter values in the considered range and the estimated data are computed with the aid
of estimated regression models (Cfest and Nuest) for the same set of parameter values. Com-
parison of the estimated data with the original data has been illustrated in Figures 12 and 13. It
is observed that the estimated regression model is capable of predicting the values of drag
coefficient and heat transfer rate faultlessly.

6 | CONCLUSION

Due to its applications in targeted drug delivery, biomedical imaging, and cancer therapy, the
significance of electric and magnetic fields acting on the bioconvective flow considering stra-
tification effects has been examined. The effect of influential parameters on the water‐based
18 | AREEKARA ET AL.

F I G U R E 12 Actual versus estimated CfxRe x1/ [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 13 Actual versus estimated Nu x Re x−1/2 [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

SWCNT nanofluid flow profiles has been numerically investigated with the aid of the bvp5c
scheme. Further, the influence of pertinent parameters on the heat transfer rate and the drag
coefficient has been scrutinized utilizing multiple linear regression. In future, the present work
can be extended by conducting a detailed theoretical study with more advantageous effects or
by considering non‐Newtonian fluids. The key points of the present study are:
AREEKARA ET AL. | 19

• Augmenting nanoparticle volume intensifies the nanofluid temperature, which helps in

killing cancerous cells.
• Thermal, solutal, and motile density stratification parameters exhibit a negative impact on
temperature, concentration, and microbial concentration, respectively.
• Descending electric field parameter and ascending magnetic field parameter retard the ve-
locity profile, which helps in improving the efficiency of targeted drug delivery and bio-
medical imaging.
• Microorganism density number is a decreasing function of motile density stratification
parameter and an increasing function of chemical reaction parameter.
• The maximum drag coefficient is experienced for higher values of the electric field parameter
and lower values of the magnetic field parameter.
• Heat transfer rate ascends with augmenting values of nanoparticle volume fraction, magnetic
field parameter, and electric field parameter whereas the heat transfer rate descends with
augmenting thermal stratification parameter and Eckert number.
• For 30 sets of values chosen in the range [0.02, 0.1] for ϕ, [0.5, 2.5] for M, and [0.2, 1] for E,
the estimated regression model for drag coefficient is given by

Cfest = −2.765014142∗ϕ − 0.107916023∗M + 0.873312541∗E − 1.370390154

• For 30 sets of values chosen in the range [0.02, 0.1] for ϕ, [0.3, 1.5] for M, [0.2, 1] for E,
[0.2, 0.4] for Ec, and [0.1, 0.5] for s1, the estimated regression model for heat transfer rate is
given by

Nuest = 5.276108658∗ϕ + 0.094619221∗M + 1.194981645∗E − 2.572∗Ec − 2.688355065∗s1

+ 1.490951117.

• Mass transfer rate is a decreasing function of solutal stratification parameter and an in-
creasing function of chemical reaction parameter.

DATA A VAILABILITY S TATEMENT

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this
study.

NOMENCLATURE
b chemotaxis constant
B0 uniform magnetic field (A m−1)
c dimensional constant
C fluid concentration
Cfx local drag coefficient
Cp specific heat
CW nanoparticle concentration near the wall
C0 reference nanoparticle concentration
C∞ ambient nanoparticle concentration
DB chemical molecular diffusivity (m2 s−1)
Dm microorganism diffusion coefficient (m2 s−1)
E electric field parameter
Ec Eckert number
20 | AREEKARA ET AL.

E0 uniform electric field

kr reaction rate constant (s−1)
Kr chemical reaction parameter
Lb bioconvection Lewis number
Le Lewis number
M magnetic field parameter
N microorganism concentration
Nnx local motile density
Nux local Nusselt number
NW concentration of microorganism near the wall
Ν0 reference concentration of microorganism
N∞ ambient concentration of microorganism
Pe bioconvection Peclet number
Pr Prandtl number
s1, s2, s3 stratification parameters
Shx local Sherwood number
T fluid temperature (K)
ΤW wall fluid temperature
Τ0 reference temperature
Τ∞ ambient fluid temperature
u, v velocity components (m s−1)
Wc maximum cell swimming speed
x, y Cartesian coordinates (m)

GREEK SYMBOLS
α thermal diffusivity (m2 s−1)
η dimensionless variable
κ thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)
Ω microorganism concentration difference parameter
ϕ nanoparticle volume fraction
ρ density of the fluid (kg m−3)
σ electrical conductivity (kg−1 m−3 s3 A2)
ϑ kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1)

SUBSCRIPTS
f conventional fluid
nf nanofluid

ORCID
Sujesh Areekara http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7860-8268
Alphonsa Mathew http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-4484

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How to cite this article: Areekara S, Sabu AS, Mathew A, Saravanan B. Statistical
analysis on the stratification effects of bioconvective EMHD nanofluid flow past a
stretching sheet: Application in theranostics. Heat Transfer. 2021;1‐23.
https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.22198