Ch 1 MEASUREMENTS

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is a correct representation of the units of spring constant?
(A) Newton / Meter (B) Newton / meter (C) newton / meter (D) None of these

2. Which of the following is correct representation of a number in scientific notation?

(A) 2134.7 (B) 213.47  101 (C) 21.347  102 (D) 2.1347  103

3. What are the number of significant figures in the following figure 8.000 × 103
(A) One (B) Three (C) Four (D) Seven

4. Light year is the unit of

(A) Time (B) Distance (C) Velocity of light (D) None of these

5. Dimension of viscosity are

(A) M-1LT-1 (B) ML-1T-1 (C) MLT-1 (D) ML-1T

6. Reduce the following digit up to three significant digits 64.6546

(A) 64.6 (B) 64.7 (C) 64.5 (D) none of these

7. One light year is equal to.

(A) 3.1536107sec (B) 3.0108m/sec (C) 9.51015 m (D) none of these

8. Time taken by light to reach from Sun to Earth is

(A) 8min (B) 8min and 10 sec
(C) 8 min 20 sec (D) 7 min and 20 sec

9. Under same environment the measurement of a physical quantity gives different values then
error is called
(A) Random error (B) Systematic error (C) Personal error (D) Zero error

10. Three students A, B and C are asked to measure the time period of a simple pendulum. A noted time
for 10 vibrations B noted time for 15 vibrations. And C noted time for 20 vibrations. Which students
has less timing uncertainty
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) All has same time

11. To assess the total uncertainty in case of power factor

(A) Add the percentage uncertainty in that power.
(B) Multiply the percentage uncertainty by that power
(C) Multiply the absolute uncertainty by that power
(D) None of these

12. The maximum possible uncertainty in the radius of a sphere is 0.4 %. The percentage uncertainty in
the volume of sphere is
(A) 3% (B) 1.2% (C) 2.2% (D) 3.4%

13. Fractional uncertainty in a measured quantity can be determined by

(A) Adding absolute uncertainty and measured value
(B) Subtracting absolute uncertainty from measured value
(C) Dividing L.C by the measured value (D) None of these

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14. Error in any measurement occurs due to
(A) Negligence of a person (B) Faulty apparatus
(C) Inappropriate method (D) All of these

15. To measure a small quantity, we should use an instrument which is

(A) More precise and having greater precision (B) More precise and having less precision
(C) Less precise and having less precision (D) Less precise and having greater precise

16. Three student s measured the length of a needle with a scale on which minimum division is l mm.
Which of the following is correct?
(A) 0.2145m (B) 0.21m (C) 0.214m (D) 0.2145m

17. Plane angle and solid angle are

(A) Supplementary units (B) Geometrical angles
(C) Derived quantities (D) Geometrical quantities

18. The symbol used for unit of pressure is

(A) Pa (B) pa (C) P (D) p

19. 1 dm3 is equal

(A) 10–3 m3 (B) 10–1 m3 (C) 10–6 m3 (D) 10–9 m3

20. Which error affect all measurements equally

(A) Personal error (B) Systematic error (C) Random error (D) All of these

21. For which error, correction factor is applied

(A) Random error (B) Systematic error (C) Personal error (D) Natural error

22. If π has three significant figures then the number of significant figures in 4π2 would be
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

23. The addition of 123.62 and 8.9 in appropriate significant figures gives
(A) 132.5 (B) 132.52 (C) 13.3 (D) 132

24. The age of earth is approximately

(A) 1.4  1015 s (B) 1.4  1016 s (C) 1.4  1017 s (D) 1.4 1018 s

25. Significant figures have doubtful digits

(A) None (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

26. The number 64.750 is rounded up to one decimal position as

(A) 64.7 (B) 64.8
(C) 64.7 only if dropped decimal digit is zero (D) 64.7 if the

27. Dimensional analysis does not give any information about

(A) Constant of proportionality (B) Unit of constant of proportionality
(C) Numerical value of constant of proportionality (D) All of these

28. The length of a side of cubic volume is 10mm, its volume is

(A) 1 cm3 (B) 1 mm3 (C) 1 m3 (D) dm3

29. Volume of a sphere is given by V = 4/3 π r3. The % uncertainty in V is equal to

(A) 3  absolute uncertainty in r (B) 3  % uncertainty in r
(C) 1/3  % age uncertainly in r (D) 1/3  absolute uncertainly in r
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30. Correction factor can be applied for error named
(A) Random error (B) Systematic error (C) Personal error (D) Average error

31. One nanometer is equal to

(A) 10–7 m (B) 10–9cm (C) 10–7 cm (D) 10–9m

32. Nuclear physics deals with.

(A) Atom structure (B) Nucleus (C) Elementary particles (D) All of these

33. The main frontiers of fundamental sciences are

(A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four

34. Physical sciences deals with

(A) Living thing (B) Non living thing
(C) Both living and non living (D) None of these

35. SI system is built up from kind of units

(A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four

36. Using method of dimension, we can

(A) Check correctives of equation (B) Derive a formula
(C) Find constant (D) Both a and b

37. Dimensions of G are

(A) [M–1L3T–2] (B) [ML3T2] (C) [M–1L–3T2] (D) None of these

38. The total base quantities are

(A) 9 (B) 7 (C) 3 (D) None

39. The branch of physics which deals with ultimate particles of which the matter is composed is
(A) Plasma physics (B) Atomic physics (C) Nuclear physics (D) Particle physics

40. Dimensions of pressure are

 LT 2 
(A) 
 M 
2
(B)  
 ML 
(C)  2  
(D) MLT 2 
 LT   M  T 

(E) ML2T 2 
41. Supplementary units are
(A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five

42. The unit of intensity level is

(A) watt (B) joule (C) erg (D) bel (E) sabin

43. 73.650 rounded off upto one decimal place is

(A) 73.6 (B) 73.7 (C) 74.00 (D) 73.65
(E) None of these
44. The S.I. Unit for temperature is
(A) Ampere (B) Kelvin (C) Celsius (D) All of these
45. Light year gives measurement about
(A) Space and time (B) Speed of light (C) Distance (D) Age of universe
46. A student added three figures 72.1 , 3.32, and 0.003. The correct answer regarding the rules of the
addition of the significant figures will be
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 (A) 75. 423 (B) 75.42 (C) 75.4 (D) 75
47. Which is not a base unit in SI units?
(A) Kilogram (B) Joule (C) Ampere (D) Kelvin
48. The dimensions of work are
(A) [MLT-2] (B) [ML2T-2] (C) [ML2T-3] (D) None of these
49. If x1 = 10.5 + 0.1 cm and x2 = 26.8 + 0.1 cm then x = x2 – x1 is given as
(A) 16.3 + 0.1 cm (B) 16.3 + 0.2 cm (C) 16.1 + 0 cm (D) 16.3 + 0.05 cm
50. The S.I unit of solid angle is
(A) Steradian (B) Degree (C) Revolution (D) Radian
51. Force in terms of base units is
(A) kgms-1 (B) kgms-2 (C) kgm-1s-1 (D) kgm-2s-2
52. The error in the value of speed of sound calculated by Newton at STP is about
(A) 14 % (B) 15 % (C) 16 % (D) 17%
53. The S.I unit of “pressure” in terms of base units are:
(A) Kgm-1S-2 (B) Kgm-1S-3 (C) KgmS-2 (D) Kgm2S-2
54. Which of the following is least multiple
(A) Pico (B) Femto (C) Nano (D) Atto
ANSWER KEY Ch 1(B1)
1 11 21 31 41 51
2 12 22 32 42 52

3 13 23 33 43 53

4 14 24 34 44 54

5 15 25 35 45 55
6 16 26 36 46 56

7 17 27 37 47 57
8 18 28 38 48 58

9 19 29 39 49 59

10 20 30 40 50 60

Short Questions Answers

1.1 Name several repetitive phenomena occurring in nature which could serve as reasonable time
standards.

Ans: Following are the repetitive phenomena occurring in nature which could serve as reasonable time
standards.

i) Rotation of Earth around the Sun.

ii) Half life of radioactive elements.
iii) Characteristics vibrations of crystals.
iv) Dropping of sand particles through a small hole (Sand Clock).
v) Orbital motion of Moon around Earth.

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1.2 Give the drawbacks to use the period of a pendulum as a time standard.

Ans: Following are the drawbacks to use the period of pendulum as time standard.

i) As value of „g‟ changes from place to place and is not a universal constant so, the time period
of simple pendulum could not be taken as a standard.
ii) Length of simple pendulum changes due to temperature variations.
iii) Friction is inevitable and is responsible for damped oscillations.

1.3 Why do we find it useful to have two units for the amount of substance, the kilogram and the
mole?

Ans: It is useful to have two units for the amount of substance because when we have to measure the quantity
of substance we use the unit kilogram. Whereas, in analytical work we have a concern with number of
molecules, atoms or ions, so we prefer to measure the substance in moles or kilo moles.

1.4 Three students measured the length of a needle with a scale on which minimum division is 1 mm
and recorded as (i) 0.2145 m (ii) 0.21 m (iii) 0.214 m which record is correct and why?

Ans: The least count of measuring scale is 1 mm = 0.001 m so, there should be three significant figures
after the decimal in the measurement. The significant figures contain all accurately known digits and
first doubtful digit, therefore the correct answer is 0.214 m because it contains the proper number of
significant figures i.e. it has two accurately known digits and one doubtful digit.

The measurement 0.2145 m contains two doubtful digits and the measurement 0.21 m does not contain
any doubtful digit so, these are considered to be incorrect.

1.5 An old saying is that “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”. What analogous statement
can you make regarding experimental data used in a computation?

Ans: The analogous statement would be

“The result of an experiment obtained after computation is as much accurate as its least accurate
factor”

1.6 The period of simple pendulum is measured by a stop watch. What types of errors are possible in
the time period?

Ans: Following are the possible errors in the time period.

i) System error due to least count of stopwatch.

ii) Random error due to temperature variations.
iii) Personal error due to inexperience or casual and careless behaviour of person while measuring
time of 20 or 30 vibrations.

1.7 Does a dimensional analysis give any information on constant of proportionality that may appear
in an algebraic expression? Explain.

Ans: No, dimensional analysis does not give any information about the numerical value of constant of
proportionality. But it does give information about the units and dimensions of constant of
proportionality.
For example,
m1m2
F = G r2

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 Fr2
G=mm
1 2

[ Fr2 ]
[G]=
[ m1m2 ]
[ MLT-2 ][ L2 ]
[G]= [ M ][ M ]

[ G ] = [ M-1L3T-2 ]
The above dimensions of „G‟ are being determined by dimensional analysis.

1.8 Write dimensions of (i) Pressure (ii) Density

Ans:
[F]
(i) [P] =
[A]
[MLT 2 ]
=
[L2 ]

[P] = [ML-1T-2]
(ii) Density []
[m]
[] = [V]

[ρ]  [ML3 ]

1.9 The wavelength „‟ of a wave depends on speed „v‟ and its frequency „f‟. Knowing that
[  ] = [ L ], [ v ] = [ LT–1 ] and [ f ] = [ T–1 ]
v
Decide which of following is correct, f=v or f=


Ans: f = v
Appling dimensions on both sides
[f]=[v]
[T –1 ] = [ LT–1 ] [ L ]
[ T–1 ] = [ L2 T–1 ]
So, formula is not correct because dimensions on both sides are not equal i.e. [ T–1 ] ≠ [ L2T–1 ]
Now for,
v
f=

Appling dimensions on both sides
[v]
[f]=
[]
[LT 1 ]
[ T–1 ] =
[L]
[ T–1 ] = [ T–1 ]
v
So, f = is dimensionally correct because dimensions of both sides are equal.


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 Numericals
1.1 A light year is the distance light travels in one year. How many metres are there in one light year?
(Speed of light = 3.0  108 ms–1)
Given data
t = 1 year = 365 days
t = (365  24  60  60) s = 31536000 s
Speed of light = v = c = 3.0  108 ms–1
S =?
S = ct
S = 3.0  108 ms–1  31536000 s
S = 9.5  1015 m

1.2 (a) How many seconds are there in 1 year?

(b) How many nanoseconds in 1 year?
(c) How many years in 1 second?

Solution:
(a) For seconds in 1 year
t = 1 year = 365 days
t = (365  24  60  60) s = 31536000 s
or
t = 3.1536  107 s

(b) For nanoseconds in 1 year

1 year = 3.1536  107 s

Multiplying and dividing with 10–9 on the left side of the equation
109
1 year = 3.1536  107 × s
109
1
1 year = 3.1536  107 × ns
109
1 year = 3.1536  107 × 109 ns
1 year = 3.1536  1016 ns
(c) For years in 1 second

1 year = 3.1536  107 s

1
1s= year
3.1536  107
1 s = 3.1  10–8 year

1.3 The length and width of a rectangular plate are measured to be 15.3 cm and 12.80 cm,
respectively. Find the area of the plate.

Solution:

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 L = 15.3 cm
w = 12.80 cm
A =?
A=Lw
A = 15.3 cm  12.80 cm
A = 195.84 cm2
As the least accurate factor 15.3 cm has three significant figures, so the answer should be written to
three significant figures only.
On rounding off
A = 196 cm2

1.4 Add the following masses given in kg upto appropriate precision; 2.189, 0.089, 11.8 and 5.32.

Solution:
m1 = 2.189 kg
m2 = 0.089 kg
m3 = 11.8 kg
m4 = 5.32 kg
Total mass = m = m1 + m2+ m3+m4
m = (2.189 + 0.089 + 11.8 + 5.32) kg
m = 19.398 kg
In appropriate precision total mass will be
m = 19.4 kg

1.5 Find the value of „g‟ and its uncertainty using T = 2π from the following measurements made
g
during an experiment. Length of simple pendulum = 100 cm

Time for 20 vibrations = 40.2 s. Length was measured by a metre scale of according upto 1 mm
and time by stop watch of accuracy up to 0.1 s.

Solution:
Length of simple pendulum  100.0  0.1 cm
Absolute uncertainty in length = + 0.1 cm
For the uncertainty in the time period of simple pendulum
Least count of stop watch = 0.1 s
Time for 20 vibrations = t = 40.2 s
t L.C
Time period with its uncertainty T = 
20 20
40.2 0.1
T=  s
20 20
T = 2.01  0.005 s  (i)

For the % uncertainty in the value of „g‟

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 T = 2π
g

T 2 = 4π 2 
g

2
g = 4π  (ii)
T2

% uncertainty in the value of g = (% uncertainty of length) + 2(% uncertainty of time period)

 0.1 cm 100   0.005 s 100 
% uncertainty in the value of g =    + 2  
 100.0 cm 100   2.01 s 100 
% uncertainty in the value of g =  0.1 %  + 2  0.249%  = 0.1 % + 0.5 % = 0.6 %

% uncertainty in the value of g = 0.6 %  (iii)

Now for the value of „g‟

2
g = 4π
T2
2
g = 4(3.142) (100) cms2 with 0.6 % uncertainty
(2.01)2
g = 977.164 cms–2 with 0.6 % uncertainty
g = 9.77 ms–2 with 0.6 % uncertainty (iv)
For the % uncertainty in absolute uncertainty
Absolute uncertainty of g = +(Measured value of g  % uncertainty)
Absolute uncertainty of g = +(9.77 ms–2  0.6%)
0.6
Absolute uncertainty of g = +(9.77 ms–2  )
100
Absolute uncertainty of g = + 0.06 ms–2
So value of g with its uncertainty will be
g = 9.77 + 0.06 ms–2  (v)
m 1m 2
1.6 What are the dimensions and units of gravitational constant G in the formula; F = G .
r2

Solution:
For the dimensions of G

m1m2
F=G r2
Fr2
G=
m1m2
[ Fr2 ]
[G]=[mm ]
1 2

[G]=
[ G ] = [ M–1L3T–2 ]  (i)

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 For the dimensions of G
F × r2 N × m2
Units of G = =
m1 × m2 kg × kg

N m2
Units of G = = Nm2 kg–2  (ii)
kg 2

1.7 Show that the expression vf = vi + at is dimensionally correct, where vi is the velocity at
t = 0, „a‟ is acceleration and vf is the velocity at time t.

Solution:
The equation is;
vf = vi +at

For the dimensions of L.H.S;

S
[vf] =    [LT–1]  (i)
t

For the dimensions of R.H.S;

[vi + at ] = [vi] + [a][t]
= [LT–1] + [LT–2] [T]
= [LT–1] + [LT–1]
[vi + at ] = 2 [LT–1]
As 2 is a number and is dimensionless so,
[vi + at ] = [LT–1]  (ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii) it is clear that the equations is dimensionally correct i.e;

[vf] = [vi + at] = [LT–1]  (iii)

1.8. The speed v of sound waves through a medium may be assumed to depend on (a) the density  of
the medium and (b) its modulus of elasticity E which is the ratio of stress to strain. Deduce by
the method of dimensions, the formula for the speed of sound.

Solution:
v  a × Eb

v = constant a × Eb  (i)

Applying dimensions on both sides

[v] = constant [a] [Eb]

As „constant‟ is dimensionless so,

[v] = [a] [Eb]

a b
 Mass   F 
[v] =    
 Volume   A 
10 | P a g e
 a b
 L   M   MLT 
2

 T   L3   
     L 
2

a b
[LT–1] =  ML3   ML1T 2 

[LT–1] =  M 
ab a b b
 L3   L1   T 2 

3 a b
[LT–1] =  M   L T 
ab 2 b

Equating the powers on both sides

[M]0  [M] a  b

0=a+b
a=–b  (ii)
For length;
[L]1  [L] 3a b

1 = –3a – b
–3a – b = 1  (iii)
Now for T;
[T] 1  [T]2b

– 1 = – 2b
1
b=  (iv)
2
By putting the value in equation (ii)
1
a=   (v)
2
Putting the values of „a‟ and „b‟ in equation (i)
1 1

v  constant ρ 2  E2

1
E2
v = constant 1
ρ2

E
v  constant  (vi)
ρ

1.9. Show that the famous „Einstein equation‟ E= mc2 is dimensionally consistent.

Solution:

The equation is;

E = mc2
For the dimensions R.H.S
[E] = [Fd]

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 [E] = [MLT–2] [L]
[E] = [ML2T–2]  (i)
For the dimensions L.H.S
[mc2] = [M] [LT–1]2
[mc2] = [ML2T–2]  (ii)
By comparing (i) and (ii)
[E] = [mc2]
So the equation is dimensionally correct.

1.10. Suppose we are told that the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle of radius „r‟ with
uniform speed „v‟ is proportional to some power of „r‟, say „rn‟ and some power of „v‟, say vm
determine the powers of „r‟ and „v‟?

Solution:
a  r n × vm
a = constant rn × vm  (i)
Applying dimensions on both sides
[a] = constant [rn × vm]
As „constant‟ is dimensionless so;
[a] = [rn × vm]
By putting the dimensions in the above equation
[LT–2] = [L]n × [LT–1]m
[L][T–2] = [L]n+m [T]–m
Equating the powers on both sides
For length,
[L] = [L]n+m
1=n+m
n=1–m  (ii)
Now for T;
[T]–2 = [T]–m
–2 = – m
m = 2 (iii)
By putting the value of „m‟ in (ii)
n = 1 – (2)
n = –1 (iv)
The value of m = 2 and n = –1  (v)
By putting the value of „m‟ and „n‟ in (i) the formula would become
a = constant r–1 × v2
v2
a  constant
r
This is the formula of centripetal acceleration.

Examples

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1.5 Draw a relation for the time period of a simple pendulum using dimensional analysis. The various
possible factors on which the time period „r‟ may depend are;

(i) Length of pendulum (l)

(ii) Mass of the bob (m)

(iii) Angle  which the thread makes with vertical.

(iv) Acceleration due to gravity (g).

So the relation of time period will be;

T  la × mb × c × gd

T = constant la × mb × c × gd  (i)

By applying dimensions on both sides

[T] = constant [la × mb × c × gd]

As constant has no dimensions

[T] = [la × mb × c × gd]

[T] = [la] × [mb] × [LL–1]c × [LT–2]d

[T] = [L]a × [M]b × [L]c [L]–c × [L]d [T]–2d

[T] = [L]a + c = c + d [M]b [T]–2d

[T] = [L]a + d + c – c [M]b [T]–2d

By comparing power on both sides

[M] = [M]b

B=0

For T;

[T] ] = [T]–2d

1 = –2d

1
d
2

For ;

 = [LL–1]c

 = [Lo]c

=1
For L;
[L]o = [L]a + d + c – c
0=a+a
a = –a
Putting the value of „d‟
13 | P a g e
  1
a   
 2
1
a
2
By putting all the values in (i)
1 1

T = constant 2
 m o  1 g 2

1 1

T = constant 2
 L  1 g 2

14 | P a g e
Ch 2 VECTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Reverse process of vector addition is
(A) Subtraction of vectors (B) Resolution of vectors
(C) Multiplication of vectors (D) No such process exist
2. If the point P has its co-ordinates (-5,-4) from the origin in meters, then its distance from the origin
would be
(A) (5,4) m (B) (-5,-4) m (C) 6.4 m (D) 3.4 m
3. A vector can be resolved into components
(A) Two (B) Three (C) Infinite (D) Four
4. The magnitude of sum of two vectors is 9 N. If we change the order, the resultant magnitude would
(A) Change (B) Not change (C) Become half (D) Become double
5. Two vectors having x-components of equal magnitude i.e. F, then magnitude of x-component of resultant
would be
(A) F (B) F/2 (C) 2F (D) 2F
6. All the parallel vectors are
(A) Equal (B) Not equal (C) Unit vectors (D) Null vectors
o
7. A force of 5N is making an angle of 0 with x-axis, its x-component would be
(A) zero (B) 5N (C) 2.5 N (D) 5 N
8. A force having x and y-components of equal magnitude would have orientation if it lies in the 1st quadrant
(A) 90o (B) 60o (C) 30o (D) 45o
9. The resultant of two vectors each of x- components & y-components of equal magnitudes i.e. F would
have magnitude
(A) F (B) 8F (C) 2 2 F (D) 2F
10. For the co-ordinate axes in space the necessary condition is that they should be
(A) At right angle to each other (B) In a plane
(C) Along x-axis , y-axis & z-axis (D) Both a & c
11. The magnitudes of cross-product and dot product of two vectors are equal, the angle between the
vector is
(A) 45o (B) 180o (C) 90o (D) 270o
12. If both the rectangular components of a vector in a plane are equal and negative then direction of
vector would be
(A) 45o (B) 270o (C) 315o (D) 225o
 
13. The sum of square of dot & cross products of two vectors A and B is
(A) AB (B) (AB cos) (AB sin)
(C) A2B2 (D) A2B2 cos+A2B2sin
14. A force of 20N is acting along y-axis. Its x component would be
(A) 20N (B) 20 (C) 10N (D) None of these
15. A force of 5 N is acting along y-axis. Its component along x-axis is
(A) 5 N (B) zero (C) 10 N (D) 2.5N
16. The resultant of two forces 6 N and 8 N acting at right angle to each other is

15 | P a g e
 (A) 4 N (B) 6 N (C) 8 N (D) 10 N
17. A single vector which has same effect as all the original vectors taken together is called
(A) Unit vector (B) Equal vector (C) Resultant vector (D) Null vector
18. Position vector of a point in XZ-plane is given by
        
(A) r = y i + z k (B) r = x i + y k (C) r = x i + z k (D) r = x i + y j + z k
19. The resultant of two forces 3N and 4N making an angle 90o with each other is
(A) 1.0 N (B) 7 N (C) 5 N (D) 3.5 N
20. If x-component of a vector is 3N and Y-component is – 3N, then angle of the resultant vector with x-axis
will be
(A) 45o (B) 315o (C) 135o (D) 225o
 
21. Vector A = – Ax i – Ay j lies in
(A) First quadrant (B) Second quadrant (C) Third quadrant (D) Fourth quadrant
o
22. Two forces of same magnitude F act on a body inclined at an angle of 90 , then the magnitude of
their resultant is
(A) 2F (B) 2F (C) 2F (D) F/2
  
23. The unit vector in the direction of vector A = 2 i – 2 j + k is
     
     
2 i  2 j k 2 i  2 j k
(A) (B) 2 i  2 j  k (C) (D) 2 i – 2 j + k
3 9 5
   
24. If A = 3 i + 6 j , B = x i + k and A . B = 12 then x will be equal to
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 12 (D) 3

25. The magnitude of a vector A is
A
(A) A (B) A.A (C) A  A (D)
|A|
  
26. If | F1 | = 3 N and | F2 | = 4 N, F1 is making an angle of 30o & F2 is making an angle of 120o with the
x-axis, then their scalar product will be
(A) 0 cm2 (B) 6cm2 (C) 10.39cm2 (D) 12cm2
     
27. The angle b/w the vectors A = 2 i + 3 j – k & B = 4 i + 6 j – 2 k is
(A) 0o (B) 30o (C) 60o (D) 90o
28. The cross-product of two vectors is a negative vector when
(A) They are parallel vectors (B) They are anti parallel vectors
(C) They are perpendicular (D) They are rotated through 270o
  
29. The magnitude of i . ( i . k ) is

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) j
30. Conventionally, clock wise torque is taken as
(A) Negative (B) Positive (C) Zero (D) Constant
31. In rotational motion, torque is equal to
(A) Rate of change of velocity (B) Rate of change of angular momentum

16 | P a g e
 (C) Rate of change of linear momentum (D) Change of angular momentum

32. The product of magnitude of A.A and AA will be

(A) Zero (B) Infinite (C) A2 (D) Impossible to predict
33. In which quadrant, only value of „tan‟ will be positive?
(A) First (B) Second (C) Third (D) Both „a‟ and „c‟
o
34. If a force of 10N makes an angle of 30 with x-axis, its x-component is given by
(A) 0.866 N (B) 8.66 N (C) 0.89 N (D) Both a and b
35. The magnitude of vector product of two non zero vectors A and B making an angle  with each
other, is
(A) AB sin n̂ (B) AB sin (C) AB cos  (D) AB
36. Scalar product of two vectors is 2 and magnitude of their vector product is 2√3. The angle between them
will be
(A) 30o (B) 45o (C) 60o (D) 90o
^
37. A vector r = - 12 i Its magnitude is
(A) – 12 (B) 12 (C) 6 (D) 24
38. The direction of torque is
(A) Along position vector r (B) Parallel to the plane containing r and F
(C) Along the force F (D) Perpendicular to the plane containing r and F
39. A vector has x and y components such that Ax2= 3Ay2 the angle which vector makes with x-axis is
(A) 30o (B) 60o (C) 45o (D) 76o
40. Three equal vectors are arranged in a triangle to produce zero resultant. The angle between any of
the two vectors is.
(A) 30o (B) 60o (C) 120o (D) 180o
 ^ ^ ^  ^ ^
41. Two vectors are A = 2 i + j -2 k and B = i + j ,the projection of B on A will be
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 1/√3 (D) √3
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
42. i . ( j  k ) + k. ( j  i ) is equal to
^
(A) 1 (B) Zero (C) 2 (D) 2 i
43. Two vectors have magnitude 6 N and 8 N. The range of their resultant vector is
(A) 6 N to 8 N (B) 2 N to 10 N (C) 2N to 14 N (D) 10 N to 14 N
44. The magnitude of the resultant of two vectors is 6 if the vectors have magnitude 3 and 5 then angle
between the vectors is
(A) sin–1 (1/15) (B) tan–1 (1/15) (C) cos–1 (1/15) (D) sec–1 (1/15)
45. Which of the following group represent vectors?
(A) Velocity, electrical potential, electric field
(B) Angular momentum, electric intensity, magnetic induction
(C) Velocity, displacement, time
(D) Torque, momentum, inertia
46. If a vector is multiplied by a-ve number then its
(A) Magnitude and direction changes

17 | P a g e
 (B) Magnitude changes but direction remains same
(C) Magnitude changes and direction becomes opposite
(D) None of these
47. Two vectors are equal if they have
(A) Equal magnitude and opposite direction (B) Equal magnitude and same direction
(C) Same direction only (D) Same magnitude only
48. If Rx is positive and Ry is negative then resultant vector lies in
(A) First quadrant (B) Second quadrant (C) Third quadrant (D) Fourth quadrant
49. The direction of vector in plane is denoted by the angle which the vector makes with
(A) Negative x-axis in clockwise direction (B) Positive x-axis in clockwise direction
(C) Positive y-axis in anticlockwise direction (D) Positive x-axis in anticlockwise direction
50. The direction of a vector in space is specified by
(A) one angle (B) two angles (C) three angles (D) can not be specified
51. If the line of action of force passes through axis of rotation, then the torque acting one the body will be
(A) Maximum (B) Constant (C) Zero (D) None of these
52. The magnitude of the vector 2 ˆj  1 ˆj  2 kˆ is
3 3 3
(A) zero (B) one (C) three (D) 1/9
0
53. The resultant of two force 3N and 4N making an angle 90 with each other is:
(A) 1N (B) 7N (C) 5N (D) 3.5N

54. The dot product iˆ . i  ˆj . ˆj  kˆ . kˆ is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) i2
55.Two vectors to be combined have magnitudes 60 N and 35 N. The correct answer will be
(A) 15 N (B) 20 N (C) 70 N (D) 100 N
56. i.( ˆj  kˆ) is equal to

(A) k̂ (B) 2 (C)1 (D) 0

57. The minimum number of unequal forces whose resultant will be zero
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 1
    
58. If A  2 i  j  2 k then | A | is
(A) zero (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 9 (E) 4
 
59. A  A is
(A) A (B) A2 (C) zero (D) null vector
60. Which of the following is correct?
       
(A) F 12 = F 21 (B) F 12 = F 21 /2 (C) F 12 = -F 21 (D) F 12 = 1/ F 12

(E) All of these

61. Two forces are acting on a body. The magnitude of their resultant is least when the angle between
them is:
(A) 180º (B) 90º (C) 45º (D) 0º
62. Which pair of the following forces can give a resultant force equal to zero?
(A) 2N and 2N (B) 1 N and 4 N (C) 2 N and 5 N (D) 1 N and 2 N

18 | P a g e
63. Which of the following is a vector quality?
(A) Power (B) Inertia (C) Entropy (D) Tension
o
64. The resultant of two forces 30 N and 40 N acting at an angle of 90 with each other.
(A) 30 N (B) 40 N (C) 50 N (D) 70 N
65. The scalar product of two vectors is maximum when they are
(A) Parallel (B) Perpendicular (C) Anti- parallel (D) Null
66. When two vectors are anti-parallel, the angle between them is
(A) Zero (B) 180o (C) 90o (D) 270o
67. Position vector of a point P (a, b, c) in YZ-plane is given by
(A) r  aiˆ  bjˆ (B) r  aiˆ  ckˆ (C) r  bjˆ  ckˆ (D) r  aiˆ  bjˆ + ckˆ
68. Mathematically unit vector is given by
A A
(A) Â  AA (B) Â  (C) Â  (D) Â  A.A
A A
69. Self product of a vector A is equal to
(A) A2 (B) Zero (C) One (D) ˆi.jˆ
70. Which pair of following forces can give a resultant equal to zero?
(A) 2 N and 2N (B) 1 N and 4 N (C) 2 N and 5 N (D) 1 N and 2 N
71. A single vector having the same effect as all the original vectors taken together is called
(A) Resultant vector (B) Equal vector (C) Position vector (D) Unit vector
72. The vector A has the components A x and A y . The magnitude of Ax is given by
1 1 1 1
(A) A – Ay (B) (A  A y ) 2 (C) (A) 2  (A y ) 2 (D) (A 2  A y 2 ) 2
 
73. iˆ. ˆj×kˆ is equal to

(A) k̂ (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0

74. The magnitudes of rectangular components of a vector are equal, if its angle with x-axis is:
(A) 0o (B) 30o (C) 45o (D) 90o
75. The magnitudes of cross product and dot product of two vectors are equal. The angle between the
vectors is:
(A) zero (B) 90o (C) 180o (D) 45o
ANSWER KEY Ch 2 (B1)
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71

2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72
3 13 23 33 43 53 63 73

4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75

6 16 26 36 46 56 66 76
7 17 27 37 47 57 67 77

8 18 28 38 48 58 68 78

9 19 29 39 49 59 69 79

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

19 | P a g e
 Short Questions Answers
2.1 Define the terms (i) Unit vector (ii) Position vector (iii) Components of a vector.

Ans: Unit Vector:

Unit vector is a vector having magnitude one and it is used to represent the direction of
a given vector. It has no units.

A unit vector in the direction of A is written as  . It is obtained by dividing a vector
by its magnitude.

A = Â A

A
 = A

The most frequently used unit vectors are vector iˆ , ĵ and k̂

which represents the direction of x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively.

Position Vector:
A vector that describes the location of a point with respect to origin is known as

position vector ( r ).
Position vector in „plane‟ is written as


r = a iˆ + b ĵ

Position vector in „space‟ is given by


r = a iˆ + b ĵ + c k̂

Components of a Vector:
Component of a vector is a vector having its own magnitude
and direction and has its effect in the resultant.

For example, vector A has its rectangular components

which are given by, A = Ax iˆ + Ay ĵ

2.2 The vector sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be the orientation of the vectors?

Ans: If three vectors are added in such a way that they represent the three sides of an equilateral
triangle, then their resultant will be zero as shown in figure because there is no room between
    
the tail of first and head of last i.e. R  A  B  C  0 . In this case the angle between any

20 | P a g e
 two vectors is 120o.

  
Three vectors A , B , and C are added by head to tail rule.

2.3 Vector A lies in the xy plane. For what orientation will both of its rectangular components be
negative? For what orientation will its components have opposite signs?

Ans: (a) If the vector A lies in the 3rd quadrant then both of its rectangular components will
be negative.

In the 3rd quadrant

Ax = A cos
Ax = A cos (180o + )
where  is from 0o to 90o
because cos (180o + ) = –ve
so, Ax = A cos (180o + ) = –ve  (1)
Now,
Ay = A sin
Ay = A sin (180o + )
where  is from 0o to 90o
because sin (180o + ) = –ve
so, Ay = A sin (180o + ) = –ve  (2)


(b) If the vector A lies in the 2nd and 4th quadrant, then both of its rectangular components will
have opposite signs.

In the 2nd quadrant

Ax = A cos
Ax = A cos (180o – )
where  is from 0o to 90o
because cos (180o – ) = –ve
so, Ax = A cos (180o – ) = –ve  (3)
Now,
Ay = A sin
Ay = A sin (180o – )

21 | P a g e
 where  is from 0o to 90o
because sin (180o – ) = +ve
so, Ay = A sin (180o – ) = +ve  (4)

In the 4th quadrant

Ax = A cos
Ax = A cos (360o – )
where  is from 0o to 90o
because, cos (360o – ) = +ve
so, Ax = A cos(360o - ) = +ve  (5)

Now, Ay = A sin
Ay = A sin (360o – )
because sin (360o – ) = –ve
so, Ay = A sin (360o – ) = –ve  (6)
From equation (5) and (6) it is clear that in the 4th quadrant x-component is positive and y-
component is negative.
2.4 If one of rectangular components of a vector is not zero, can its magnitude be zero? Explain.

Ans: No, the magnitude of vector is not zero because the magnitude of a vector is the sum of square root of
 
the squared values of its rectangular components. If a vector R has its rectangular components R x and

R y , then the magnitude of resultant is given by
R = Rx2 + Ry2
Let Ry = 0
then, R = Rx2 + (0)2
R = Rx
So, the magnitude of the resultant vector will be equal to the magnitude of the other component if one
of the components is zero.

2.5 Can the magnitude of a vector have a negative value?

Ans: No the magnitude of a vector can never be negative quantity because the magnitude is obtained by
taking the square root of the sum of squared values of its components i.e.

R = Rx2 + Ry2

If one of the components or both are negative, even then the magnitude of resultant vector is not
negative because the square of negative term is positive. Secondly negative magnitude is a meaningless
idea.
Note: Negative sign with vectors is used only to represent the opposite direction of a vector w.r.t a
given vector.

22 | P a g e
2.6 Can a vector have a component greater than the vector‟s magnitude?

Ans: The answer of this question has two possibilities.

Possibility I
In case of rectangular components, the magnitude of components can never be greater than resultant
vector magnitude because resultant itself is obtained by taking the square root of the sum of squared
values of its rectangular component i.e.
R = Rx2 + Ry2  (1)
The resultant magnitude is equal to the magnitude of the other component if one of the component is
zero. For example if Rx = 0 then R = Ry but it cannot be less than component‟s magnitude.

Possibility II
In case of components other than rectangular components, the magnitude of component or components
may or may not be greater than resultant, depending upon the angle between the component vectors.
 
For example, figure shows two vectors A and B added by head to tail rule. Their resultant
  
vector is R  A  B . From the figure it is clear that.
 
|R | < |A |
 
|R | < |B |
  
2.7 If A + B = 0 , what can you say about the components of the two vectors?

Ans: According to the given condition,

  
If A +B =0
 
then A = –B
 
The above equation shows vector A and B are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. In the
components form
Ax iˆ + Ay ĵ = – (Bx iˆ + By ĵ )

Ax iˆ + Ay ĵ = – Bx iˆ – By ĵ  (i)
Equation the co-efficient on both sides
Ax iˆ = – Bx iˆ  (ii)
Ay ĵ = – By ĵ  (iii)
 
From equations (ii) and (iii) it is clear that vectors A and B have their components also equal in
magnitudes but opposite in their directions.

2.8 Under what circumstances would a vector have components that are equal in magnitude?

Ans: According to the given condition

Ax = Ay
A cos = A sin
A cos
=1
A sin
tan  = 1
 = tan-1 (1)
23 | P a g e
  = 45o
From the above calculation, it is clear that if a vector makes an angle of 45o with x-axis then both of its
rectangular components will have equal magnitude.

2.9 Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity?

Ans: No, it is not possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity, because vectors have direction but
scalars have no direction. So, it is out of rule to add a vector in a scalar. Only like quantities are added
i.e. forces are added in forces, velocities are added in velocities and so on.

2.10 Can you add zero to a null vector?

Ans: No, we can not add zero to a null vector because zero is a scalar but null vector is a vector and it is out
of rule to add a vector into a scalar.

2.11 Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero?

Ans: No, for two vectors having unequal magnitudes cannot have their sum equal to zero, because for the
sum of two vectors to be zero the following two conditions must be fulfilled.

i) The two vectors should have equal magnitudes.

ii) The two vectors should have opposite a direction that is angle between them should be 180o.

2.12 Show that the sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal length are also
perpendicular and of the same length.

Ans: Give that

 
AB
And
 
|A| = |B|
    
If the sum and difference of A and B is R1 = A + B
  
and R 2 = A - B respectively, then we have to
   
Prove that | R1 |  | R 2 | and | R1 | = | R 2 |

We have

| R1 | = A 2  B2
Putting B = A

| R1 | = A2  A2

| R1 | = 2A 2

| R1 | = 2A  (i)
For

| R2 | = A 2  (B) 2

| R2 | = A 2  B2
Putting B = A

24 | P a g e
 
| R2 | = A2  A2

| R2 | = 2A 2

| R2 | = 2A  (ii)
 
From equations (i) and (ii) it is clear that magnitude of R1 and R 2 are equal.

Firstly for 1
B
1 = tan-1  
A
Putting B = A
A
1 = tan-1  
A
1 = tan-1 (1)
1 = 45o
Now for 2
B
2 = tan-1  
A
Putting B = A
A
2 = tan-1  
A
2 = tan-1 (1)
2 = 45o
 
The angle between R1 and R 2 is 
 = 1 + 2
 = 45o + 45o
 = 90o  (iii)
   
From (i), (ii) and (iii) it is clear that | R 1 | = | R 2 | and | R 1 |  | R 2 |

2.13 How would the two vectors of same magnitude have to be oriented, if they were to be combined to
give a resultant equal to the vector of the same magnitude.
 
Ans: If two vectors A and B of equal magnitude are combined
at an angle of 120o with each other then their resultant
 
would have the same magnitude as that of A or B
as shown in the fig

Proof
  
Given | R | = | A | = | B |
According to the formula for magnitude of resultant
R= A 2  B2  2ABcosθ
Taking square on both sides

25 | P a g e
 2
R2 =  A 2  B 2  2ABcosθ 
 
R = A  B  2ABcosθ
2 2 2

 
Putting | R | = | B | = A in above equation
A2 = A2 + A2 + 2 AA cos
0 = A2 + 2A2 cos
-2A2 cos = A2
A2
cos =
 2A 2
1
cos =
2
 = cos-1 (  1 )
2
 = 120 o

2.14 The two vectors to be combined have magnitudes 60 N and 35 N. Pick the correct answer from
those given below and tell why it is only one of the three that is correct.
(i) 100 N (ii) 70 N (iii) 20 N

Ans: When two vectors are added, the magnitude of their resultant has the minimum value equal to the
simple difference of their magnitudes and maximum value equal to the simple sum i.e. the range of
magnitude of resultant of two vectors is from simple difference of magnitudes to the simple sum of the
magnitudes.

The range of 60 N and 35 N is from 25 N to 95 N so; their resultant can never be 100 N and 20 N,
because both of these are out of range. The correct answer will be between 25 N to 95 N which is 70 N.
The correct answer is (i)

Proof
The resultant of two forces is maximum when they acting in the same direction.
For magnitude,
R  F12  F2 2  2F1F2 cosθ

Putting F1 = 60 N and F2 = 35 N and  = 0o

R  (60) 2  (35) 2  2(60)(35)cos0o

R = 95 N
Which is the maximum value of magnitude.
The resultant of two forces is minimum if they are in opposite direction. The magnitude of the
minimum resultant will be equal to the difference of magnitudes of two forces. In this case,
R  F12  F2 2  2F1F2 cosθ

Putting F1 = 60 N and F2 = 35 N and  = 180o

R  (60) 2  (35) 2  2(60)(35)cos180o

R = 25 N
Which is the minimum value of magnitude.

26 | P a g e
 Hence, the sum cannot be less than 25 N and more than 95 N. Therefore, the only possible value for
correct answer is 70 N.

2.15 Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged head to tail. What is the sum of
these vectors?

Ans: The resultant vector would be zero when the vectors are arranged in the form
of closed polygon, because there would be no room between the tail of 1st to
the head of last.
Hence,
     
A + B + C +D +E = O

2.16 Identify the correct answer.

i. Two ships X and Y are traveling in different direction at equal speeds. The actual direction of
motion of X is due north but to an observer on Y, the apparent direction of motion of X is north-
east. The actual direction of motion of Y as observed from the shore will be
(a) East (b) West (c) South-east (d) South-west
 
Ans: i) The relative velocity of ship X w.r.t ship Y is v x  vx
Mathematically,
  
vx  v x  v y
  
v y  v x  vx
  
v y  v x  (  vx )

From the fig it is clear that correct option is B (west).

ii. A horizontal force F is applied to a small object P of mass m at rest on a smooth plane inclined at
an angle  to the horizontal as shown in figure. The magnitude of the resultant force acting up
and along the surface of the plane, on the object is
(a) F cos – mg sin (b) F sin – mg cos
(c) F cos + mg cos (d) F sin + mg sin (e) mg tan

Ans: ii) The correct option is Fcos - mgsin.


In order to find the correct option, resolve weight mg and force F into their rectangular components.
Components of mg are mgsin which is along the length of plan and mgcos which is perpendicular to

27 | P a g e
 the plane of inclined plane. The component mgsing is balanced by the component of force Fcos and
normal reaction force is balanced by the vector sum of Fsin and mgcos as shown in the fig.
Mathematically
Fcos = mgsin
Or Fcos - mgsin = 0
And
Fn = Fsin + mgcos
 
2.17 If all the components of the vectors A1 and A 2 were reversed, how would this alter
 
A1  A 2
 
Ans: Firstly for the magnitude of A1  A 2
 
| A1  A 2 | = A1 A2 sin   (i)
 
The direction of A1  A 2 is perpendicular to the plane of
paper as shown in the fig.
Fig (i)

 
If all the components of A1 and A 2 are reversed then
   
A1 and A 2 would become – A1 and – A 2 respectively.

 
The magnitude of – A1  – A 2 is
 
| A1  A 2 | = A1 A2 sin   (ii)
 
The direction of – A1  – A 2 is also perpendicular
to the plane of paper as shown in the fig.

Fig (ii)
 
From equation (i) , (ii) and fig (i) , (ii) it is clear that if all the components of A1 and A 2 were reversed
 
then it would not effect A1  A 2 .

2.18 Name the three different conditions that could make A1  A2 = 0

 
Ans: Conditions under which A1  A 2  0 are

28 | P a g e
 i) When two vectors are parallel ( = 0o)
Mathematically,
 
A1  A 2 = A1 A2 sin n̂
 
If A1 and A 2 are parallel
 
A1  A 2 = A1 A2 (sin 0 ) n̂
o

 
A1  A 2 = A1 A2 (0) n̂
 
A1  A 2 = 0
ii) When two vectors are antiparallel ( = 180o)
Mathematically,
 
A1  A 2 = A1 A2 (sin180 ) n̂
o

 
A1  A 2 = A1 A2 (0) n̂
 
A1  A 2 = 0

iii) When one of the vectors is a null vector, say A 2 is a null vector
Mathematically,
 
A1  A 2 = A1 (0)sin n̂
 
A1  A 2 = 0

2.19 Identify true or false statements and explain the reason.

(a) Statement (a) is false.

Because a body in equilibrium may be moving uniformly or rotating with uniform angular velocity i.e it
may be in the state of dynamic equilibrium.

(b) Statement (b) is true

When the forces acting on a body form a closed polygon then vector sum of these coplanar forces
becomes zero because there is no room between the tail of the first and head of the last.
Secondly,  is also zero because coplanar forces in a closed path cannot produce any rotation.

2.20 A picture is suspended from a wall by two strings. Show by diagram the configuration of the
strings for which the tension in the string will be minimum.

Ans: For the configuration in which tension will be minimum,

 Fy = 0
T1 Sin 1 + T2 Sin 2 – W = 0
Where, T1 = T2 = T because angles of two strings with x-axis should be same so,
T sin  + T sin  = W
2 T sin  = W
W
T=
2sinθ
For minimum tension, the value of sin  should be maximum which is
sin  = maximum
sin  = 1
 = sin-1 (1)
29 | P a g e
  = 90o
The configuration is shown in the figure
Value of minimum tension
W W
T= =
2sin90o 2

2.21 Can a body rotate about its centre of gravity under the action of its weight?

Ans: No, a body can not rotate about its center of gravity under the action of its weight because the line of
action of force (weight) is passing through the pivot and moment arm is zero hence no torque is
produced.

Numericals
2.1 Suppose in a rectangular system, a vector A has its tail at the point a (-2, -3) and its tip at b (3, 9).
Express A in terms of a and b. is this the same as the vector P (5, 12)? Determine the distance
between these two points.

Solution:

Position vector of a = r1 =  2iˆ  3 ˆj


Position vector of b = r2 = 3iˆ  9 ˆj

oa + ab = oa
or
ab = ob - oa

 
A = r2 - r1

A = (3iˆ  9 ˆj ) - (2iˆ  3 ˆj )

A = 3iˆ  9 ˆj  2iˆ  3 ˆj

A = 5iˆ  12 ˆj

P = (5iˆ  12 ˆj )

Yes, vector A and P are the same

Distance between points „a‟ and „b‟ is
A  (5) 2  (12) 2

 25  144
30 | P a g e
  169

A = 13 units

2.2 A certain corner of a room is selected as the origin of a rectangular coordinate system. If an
insect is crawling on an adjacent wall at a point having coordinates (2, 1) where the units
are in meters, what is distance of the insect from this corner of the room?

Solution:

The position vector of an insect is given by,

OP  r  2iˆ  ˆj

Distance = | r | =?
x=2
y=1
r  x2  y2

r  (2) 2  (1) 2

r  4 1

r 5

r = 2.24 m

2.3 What is the unit vector in the direction of the vector, A  4iˆ  3 ˆj ?

Solution:

A  4iˆ  3 ˆj

Unit vector  = ?
A
Aˆ 
| A|

Magnitude of A is

|A| = (4) 2  (3) 2

 16  9

 25

|A| =5
Using equation (1) and (3) in equation (2)

4iˆ  3 ˆj
Aˆ 
5

31 | P a g e
  
2.4 Two particles are located at r1  3iˆ  7 ˆj and r2  2iˆ  3 ˆj respectively. Find both the magnitude of the
vectors and its orientation with respect to the x-axis

Solution:

r1  3iˆ  7 ˆj


r2  2iˆ  3 ˆj

OA + AB = O.B

AB = O.B - OA
 
r  r2  r1

r  (2iˆ  3 ˆj )  (3iˆ  7 ˆj )

r  2iˆ  3 ˆj  3iˆ  7 ˆj

r  5iˆ  4 ˆj
x = -5, y = -4
 
Magnitude of r is = |r | = x2  y2

= (5) 2  (4) 2

= 25  16

= 14

|r | = 6.4
Orientation = (x,y) = (-5, -4)

   
2.5 If a vector B is added to vector A , the result is 6iˆ  ˆj . If B is subtracted from A , the result is

 4iˆ  7 ˆj . What is magnitude of vector A ?

Solution:
 
A  B  6iˆ  ˆj
 
A  B  4iˆ  7 ˆj

Adding equation (1) and (2)


2 A  2iˆ  8 ˆj


or A  iˆ  4 ˆj

Ax = 1, Ay = 4
 
Magnitude of A = | A | = Ax2  Ay 2

32 | P a g e
 
| A |= (1) 2  (4) 2


| A | = 1 16


| A | = 17


| A | = 4.1
 
2.6 Given that A  2iˆ  3 ˆj and B  3iˆ  4 ˆj , find the magnitude and direction of
     
(a) C  A  B (b) D  3 A  2 B

Solution:

A  2iˆ  3 ˆj

B  3iˆ  4 ˆj
Find the magnitude and direction of
  
(a) C  A  B
  
(b) D  3 A  2 B
  
(a) C  A  B

C  (2iˆ  3 ˆj )  (3iˆ  4 ˆj )

C  5iˆ  ˆj
Cx = 5 , Cy = 1
 
Magnitude of C is = | C |= C2x  C2 y


| C |= (5) 2  (1) 2


| C |= 25  1


| C |= 26


| C |= 5.09  5.1

The direction of C is given by

ˆ C
C 
|C |
5i  j
Cˆ 
5.09

33 | P a g e
   
(b) D  3 A  2 B

  
D  3 A  2 B putting the values
 
of A B

D  3(2iˆ  3 ˆj )  2(3iˆ  4 ˆj )

D  6iˆ  9 ˆj  6iˆ  8 ˆj

D  9 ˆj  8 ˆj

D  17 ˆj
or

D  0iˆ  17 ˆj
Dx = 0 , Dy = 17
 
Magnitude of D is = |D|= D2 x  D2 y

|D|= (0) 2  (17) 2

| D | = 17

The direction D is given by

ˆ D
D 
| D|
17 ˆj
Dˆ 
17
ˆ
D  ˆj
 
2.7 Find the angle between the two vectors, A  5iˆ  ˆj and B  2iˆ  4 ˆj

Solution:

A  5iˆ  ˆj

B  2iˆ  4 ˆj
 
Angle between A , B =  = ?
 
Tabbing the dot product of A and B
 
A . B = AB cos
 
A.B
cos  =
AB
 
A . B = AxBx + AyBy


A.B  (5iˆ  ˆj ).(2iˆ  4 ˆj )
 
A.B  10  4  14
 
Magnitude of A = | A | = x 2  y 2
Ay = 1, Ax = 5

|A|= (5) 2  (1) 2

34 | P a g e
 = 25  1

= 26

| A | = 5.1
 
Magnitude of B = | B | = Bx 2  By 2
Bx = 2, By = 4

|B|= (2) 2  (4) 2

|B|= 4  16

| B | = 20

| B |= 4.47  4.5
Using equation (2), (3) and (4) in (1)
14
Cos  =
5.1  4.5
14
Cos  =
22.95
Cos  = 0.61
 = cos-1 (0.16)
 = 52o

2.8 Find the work done when the point of application of the force 3iˆ  2 ˆj moves in a straight line
from the point (2, -1) to the point (6,4)

Solution:
  
F =3 i  2 j  (1)


r1  2iˆ  ˆj

r2  6iˆ  4 ˆj

  
d  r2  r1

= (6iˆ  4 ˆj )  (2iˆ  ˆj )
= 6iˆ  4 ˆj  2iˆ  ˆj

d = 4iˆ  5 ˆj
 
Work done = W = F .d
W  (3iˆ  2 ˆj ).(4iˆ  5 ˆj )

W  12(iˆ.iˆ)  15(iˆ. ˆj )  8( ˆj.iˆ)  10( ˆj. ˆj )

W = 12 (1) + 15(0) + 8(0) + 10(1)
W = 12 + 10
W = 22 units

2.9 Show that the three vector iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , 2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ & 4iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ are mutually perpendicular.

35 | P a g e
Solution:

A = iˆ  ˆj  kˆ

B = 2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ

C = 4iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ

A.B   
= iˆ  ˆj  kˆ . 2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ 
 2( iˆ.iˆ)  3( ˆj. ˆj )  1(kˆ.kˆ)
= 2(1) – 3(1) + 1(1)
=0

So A and B are perpendicular to each other.

B.C = 2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ 4iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ
B.C = 8( iˆ.iˆ)  3( ˆj. ˆj )  5(kˆ.kˆ)
= 8 (1) – 3 (1() – 5 (1)
=8–3–5
=0
 
So B and C are perpendicular to each other.
 
 
C . A = 4iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 
= 4( iˆ.iˆ)  1( ˆj. ˆj )  5(kˆ.kˆ)
= 4(1) + 1(1) -5 = 5 – 5 = 0
    
C and A are perpendicular This shows that A , B and C are perpendicular.
   
2.10 Given that A  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ and B  3iˆ  4kˆ find the length of projection of A on B .

Solution:

A  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ

B  3iˆ  4kˆ
 
Length of projection of A on B . Is
A cos  = L = ox = ?
 
B . A = B (Acos)
 
B. A
Acos =
B

= iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ . 3iˆ  4kˆ 

 
A.B

= 3( iˆ.iˆ)  61(0)  12(kˆ.kˆ)

= 3 – 12
 
A . B = –9

36 | P a g e
  
Magnitude of B = | B | = B2 x  B2 y
Bx = 3 , By = - 4

|B| = (3) 2  (4) 2
= 9  16 = 25

|B| =5
Using equation no 2 and 3 in 1
9
Acos = = -18
5
  
2.11 Vectors A . B and C are 4 units north, 3 units west and 8 units east, respectively. Describe
     
carefully (a) A B (b) A C (c) B C

Solution:

A = 4 units north

B = 3 units west

C = 8 units east
 
(a) A B = AB sin n̂
 
Magnitude = | A B |
 
| A B | = ABsin
4  3  sin 90o
= 12  1 = 12 units.
 
By right hand rule, the direction of A B is vertically up.
(b)
 
A C = AC sin n̂
 
Magnitude = | A C | = AC sin
 
| A C | = 4  8  sin 90o
= 32  1
= 32 units.
 
By right hand rule, the direction of | A C | is vertically down.
(c)
B  C = BC sin n̂
In this case, the vectors are making an angle of 180o with each other because they are in opposite
direction as shown in fig.
Magnitude = | B  C | = BC sin
| B  C | = 3  8  sin 180o
37 | P a g e
 = 24  0
=0
  
2.12 The torque or turning effect of force about point is given by r  F where r is the vector from
 
given point to the point of application of F . Consider a force F =  3iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ (Newton) acting on
the point 7iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ (m). What is the torque in N m about the origin?

Solution:
  
T r F ?

F =  3iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ (Newton)

r = 7iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ (m)

iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
rF  7 3 1
3 1 5

  3 1 ˆ  1 ˆ  3
r  F  iˆ j k
1 5 3 5 3 1
  ˆ
r  F  i (15  1)  ˆj (35  3)  kˆ( 9)
 
r  F  14iˆ  38 ˆj  16kˆ

2.13 The line of action of force F  iˆ  2 ˆj passes through the point whose position vector is
 
(- ˆj  kˆ ). Find (a) moment of F about the origin (b) the moment of force F about the point of
which the position vector is iˆ  kˆ .

Solution:

F  iˆ  2 ˆj

r1 =  ˆj  kˆ

r2 = iˆ  kˆ
 

(a) Torque or moment of F about the origin O = r1  F
 
=  ˆj  kˆ  iˆ  2 ˆj 
=  ˆj  kˆ   2( ˆj  ˆj )  (kˆ. ˆj )  2(kˆ  ˆj )
= (kˆ)  2(0)  ( ˆj )  2(iˆ)
= 2iˆ  ˆj  2 ˆj
  
(b) r = r1 - r2

   
r =  ˆj  kˆ  iˆ  kˆ

r =  ˆj  kˆ  iˆ  kˆ

38 | P a g e
 
r =  ˆj  iˆ
  
T r F
  
=  ˆj  iˆ  iˆ  2 ˆj 
=  ˆj  iˆ  2 ˆj  ˆj  iˆ  iˆ  2iˆ  ˆj
=  (kˆ)  0  0  2kˆ

T = kˆ  2kˆ

T = 3k̂

2.14 The magnitude of dot and cross products of two vectors are 6 3 and 6 respectively.
Find the angle between the vectors.

Solution:

Magnitude of dot product is

ABcos = 6 3
Magnitude of cross products is
ABsin = 6
The angel between the vectors =  = ?
Dividing equation no (2) by equation (1)
AB sin  6

AB cos  6 3
sin  1

cos  3
1
Tan 
3
1
  Tan 1 ( )
3
 = 30o

2.15 A load of 10.0 N is suspended from a clothes line. This distorts the line so that it makes an angle
of 150 with the horizontal at each end. Find the tension in the clothes line.

Solution:

Load= W
 
F  W  10 N
 = 15o
Tension in the clothes line = T =?
Applying first condition of equilibrium
Fx = 0

i.e. Tcos = Tcos = 0

 Fy = 0

39 | P a g e
 Tsin 15o + Tsin15o – W = 0

2Tsin15o = W
or
W
T=
2 sin 15o

10
T=
2  0.26

T = 19.3

2.16 A tractor of weight 15,000 N crosses a single span bridge of weight 8000 N and of length 21.0 m.
1
The bridge span is supported half a metre from either end. The tractor‟s front wheels take of
3
the total weight of the tractor, and the rear wheels are 3 m behind the front wheels. Calculate the
force on the bridge supports when the rear wheels are at the middle of the bridge span.

Solution:
Weight of tractor = W = 15000 N
Weight of Bridge = WB = 8000 N
1
Weight of front wheels = Wf = W
3
1
WF =  15000 = 5000 N
3
Weight of rear wheels = WR = W – WF
WR = 15000 – 5000 = 10000 N
W/ = WB + WR = 8000 +10000 = 18000 N
Length of bridge = 00/ = L = 21 m
Length of bridge span = L1 = 20 m
Moment arm = AD = 7 m
Moment arm = AC = 10 m
Moment arm = AB = 20 m
Applying first condition of equilibrium
Fx = o
Fy = 0
F1 + F2 – WF – WB = WR = 0
F1 + F2 = WF + WB+ WR
F1 + F2 = 5000 +8000+10000
F1 + F2 = 23000 N
Tabe the point A as the axis of rotation.
Applying second condition of equilibrium  = 0
Moment arm of F1 is zero.
F2  AB – W/  AC – WF  AD = 0
40 | P a g e
 F2  20 – 18000  10 – 5000  7 = 0
20 F2 – 180000 – 35000 = 0
20 F2 – 215000 = 0
215000
F2   10750 N
20
Or
F2 = 10.75  103 N
Or
F2 = 10.75 kN
Putting the value of F2 in equation (1)
F1 + 10750 = 23000
F1 = 23000 – 10750
F1 = 12250 N
Or
F1 = 12.25  103 N
Or
F1 = 12.25 kN

2.17 A spherical ball of weight 50 N is to be lifted over the step as shown in fig.
(a) Calculate the minimum force needed just to lift it above the floor.
(b) Determine the force acting on the ball at that instant.

Solution:
W = 50 N
F=?
H = 5 cm =
Radius of the ball = r = 20 cm
AB = ?
OA = 20 cm
OB = 15 cm
CA = ?
In Figure, (OA)2 = (AB)2 + (OB)2
Or
(AB)2 = (OA)2 – (OB)2
or
AB = (OA) 2 - (OB) 2

AB = (20) 2 - (15) 2

AB = 400 - 225

AB = 175

41 | P a g e
 AB = 13.2 cm
CA = EO + OB
CA = 10+15
CA = 25 cm
Tabe the point A as an axis of rotation. Applying second condition of equilibrium.
 = o
F CA – W  AB = 0
F  25 – 50  13.2 = 0
F = 25 – 660 = 0
F  25 = 660
Or
660
F=  26.4 N  26 N
25
(b) Force on the ball
(Net Force) = F/
F/ = F 2 W 2

= (26.4) 2  (50) 2

= 696 2500

= 3176
/
F = 56 N

2.18 A uniform sphere of weight 10.0N is held by a string attached to a frictionlen wall so that the
string makes an angle of 300 with the wall show in the fig 2.24. Find the tension in the string and
force exerted on the sphere by the wall.

Solution:
W= 10 N
 = 300
T=?
Force of wall on the sptiere = Fw = ?
Resolving T into two rectangular components
Tcos30o
T
TSin30o
Appling first condition of equilibrium about 0.
 Fy = 0
Tcos30o – W = 0
Tcos30o = W
W
T=
cos 30 o
42 | P a g e
 10
T=
0.866

T = 11.5 N
Fx = 0
Fw – Tsin30o = 0
Fw = Tsin30o
Fw = 11.5  0.5
Fw = 5.8 N

43 | P a g e
Ch 3 MOTION AND FORCE
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In case of instantaneous velocity when ∆t is made to decrease, ∆d/∆t approaches a
(A) Definite value
(B) Definite limiting value
(C) Definite limiting value and ∆ d approaches a limiting direction
(D) All are correct

2. A body is moving with a uniform velocity of 13 ms-1 towards east. After 5 sec its acceleration
would be
(A) 13/5 ms-2 (B) 1.3 msec-2 (C) 1.5 ms-2 (D) Zero

3. The limiting value of average velocity as time interval approaches zero is

(A) Instantaneous acceleration (B) Instantaneous displacement
(C) Instantaneous velocity (D) Average acceleration

4. A particle with instantaneous velocity vx = 25 msec-1 and a second particle with

vx = -25 msec-1 have instantaneous speeds
(A) 25 ms-1 & -25 ms-1 (B) 25 ms-1 each (C) zero (D) 25 ms-1 & 50 ms-1

5. In 1994 Alexander Popov set a world record by swimming 100.0 m in 46.74 sec. He swam two
lengths in a 50m pool, his average speed & average velocity are
(A) 3 ms-1 and 2.139 ms-1 (B) 2.139 ms-1 and 3 ms-1
(C) zero and 2.139 ms-1 (D) 2.139 ms-1 and zero

6. The velocity of a body is 5 ms-1 at instant t1 = 0 & becomes 10 ms-1 at instant t2 = 5 s, the
acceleration produced during this interval of time would be
(A) Zero (B) 5 ms-2 (C) 2 ms-2 (D) 1 ms-2.

7. In case of constant acceleration velocity versus time graph has

(A) Increasing slope (B) Decreasing slope
(C) Constant slope (D) Both a and b are possible

8. vf = vi + at is valid when
(A) Acceleration is constant (B) Motion is in a straight line
(C) Velocity changes uniformly (D) All of these

9. Velocity time graph for a moving body is a straight line inclined to time axis. If velocity
increases upto 20 ms-1 in 5 s The distance covered by the body will be
(A) 5 m (B) 500 m (C) 100 m (D) 50 m

10. The displacement time graph of a vertically thrown ball is

(A) A straight (B) A curve
(C) Like a parabola (D) A straight line which cross the time axis

11 . According to third law of motion, action and reaction forces

(A) Are equal in magnitude (B) Are opposite in direction
(C) Act for same length of time (D) Both a and b (E) All A , B and C

44 | P a g e
12. A 1500 kg car has its velocity reduced from 20 ms-1 to 15 ms-1 in 3.0. The average retarding
force would be
(A) 250 N (B) 2500 N (C) 25000 N (D) 25 N

13. A body is moving with a velocity of 2.5 ms-1. A force 5 N is applied on it for 3 sec, the change in
momentum would be if its mass is 3 kg
(A) 7.5 Ns (B) 15 Ns (C) 9 Ns (D) 5 Ns

14. A stone is thrown vertically upward, it takes 5 sec to reach maximum height. Its initial velocity would be
(A) 19.6 ms-1 (B) 9.8 ms-1 (C) 29.4 ms-1 (D) 49.2 ms-1

15 . A body is dropped from a certain height it takes 4 sec to reach the ground. Its initial velocity would be
(A) 49.2 ms-1 (B) 29.4 ms-1 (C) 19.6 ms-1 (D) zero

16. The distance S has same dimension as that of

(A) vit (B) 1/2 at2 (C) vf2 - vi2/ a (D) all of the given
(E) Both A and B

17. A stone of mass 2 kg and a one rupee coin are dropped from leaning tower of Pisa. Which will reach
the ground first if friction is neglected
(A) Stone (B) One rupee coin
(C) May be stone or coin (D) Simultaneously

18. A projectile is projected in the space with velocity of 10 ms-1 making an angle of 15o with the
horizontal, its range would be
(A) 5.5 m (B) 5.1m (C) 2.5m (D) 2.6 m

19. A helicopter is ascending vertically upward with a velocity of 9.8 ms-1.A person drops a packet from
its window, the initial velocity of packet while dropping would be
(A) zero (B) –98ms-1 (C) 9.8ms-1 (D) 7ms-1

20. Two balls of same mass i.e.2 kg are moving towards each other with velocities 5 ms -1 and 6 ms-1
respectively. If the velocity of first ball after collision is 6ms-1, the velocity of second ball would be
(A) 10ms-1 (B) 5ms-1 (C) 4 ms-1 (D) 6ms-1

21. A100 g golf ball is moving to the right with velocity of 20 ms-1. It makes head on collision with 8kg
steel ball initially at rest. The velocity of golf ball after collision would be
(A) 19ms-1 (B) 19.5ms-1 (C) –19ms-1 (D) –19.5ms-1

22. The formula for time of flight in terms of height of projectile

(A) 2 h / vi sin θ (B) 4 h / vi sin θ (C) 4 h / vi2 sin2θ (D) 2 h / vi2 sin2θ

23. During projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity

(A) Changes (B) Remains constant (C) Zero at the top (D) None of these

24. The direction of velocity is

(A) Along the direction of motion (B) Along the tangent to the direction of motion
(C) Along the direction of displacement (D) Both b and c.

25. Approximate efficiency of liquid fuel rocket is

(A) 60% (B) 72 % (C) 47 % (D) 30 %
nd
26. 2 law of motion defines the SI unit of force. It also define a physical quantity named
45 | P a g e
 (A) Force (B) Acceleration (C) Momentum (D) Inertia

27. For an elastic collision between two bodies their relative velocity are
(A) Equal in magnitude (B) Opposite in direction
(C) Both a and b (D) Equal in magnitude and have same direction

28. Propulsion of rocket is an example of

(A) Law of conservation of mass (B) Third law of motion
(C) Law of conservation of momentum (D) Both b and c

29. Which of the following associated with projectile remain constant during its trajectory
(A) Velocity (B) Acceleration
(C) Speed (D) Direction of motion

30. The maximum range of a projectile is 90m. The initial velocity of the projectile is
(A) 900 m/s (B) 90 m/s (C) 60 m/s (D) 30 m/s

31. Ballistic missiles are used for

(A) Long ranges (B) Short ranges (C) Rocket propulsion (D) Both a and b

32. The acceleration in the projectile at its maximum height is

(A) Zero (B) Maximum
(C) Minimum (D) Equal to acceleration of gravity

33. Which of the following is a projectile?

(A) Rocket
(B) A stone dropped from a helicopter moving vertically upward
(C) Football kicked by the player (D) All of these

34. Which one of the following always remains conserve during collision
(A) K.E (B) P.E (C) momentum (D) Motion of the bodies

35. The area between the velocity – time graph and the time axis is numerically equal to
(A) Velocity (B) Distance (C) Time (D) Acceleration

36. A body can have constant velocity when it follows a (an)

(A) Elliptical path (B) Circular path (C) Parabolic path (D) Rectilinear path

37. When an object moves in a circle with uniform speed, its acceleration is
(A) Directed towards the centre of circle (B) Directed away from the centre of circle
(C) In a direction tangent to the point at the circle (D) Along the chord

38. The relation b/w maximum range and range of projectile is

sin 
(A) R = Rmax sin θ (B) R = Rmax sin2 θ (C) R = Rmax sin 2 θ (D) R = Rmax
2
39. For a projectile vi=30 m sec-1, θ =30o its height would be
(A) 12m (B) 12.5 m (C) 11m (D) 11.5m

40. In projectile motion and free fall motion, the factors which are same
(A) Vertical displacements (B) Horizontal displacements
(C) Value of g (D) Both a and c

46 | P a g e
41. If m is the mass of gases ejected per second with velocity v relative to the rocket, the thrust produced
by the engine on the body of rocket would be
m mv
(A) ( )v (B) mv (C) (D) m ∆ v
t t
42. If m1=m2=m , the velocity of m1 is 9msec-1.Both m1 and m2 are moving in the same direction along the
same line, the velocity of m2 after elastic collision in one dimension would become,
(A) 6m sec-1 (B) 9m sec-1 (C) 12m sec-1 (D) 16m sec-1

43. Laws of motion are not valid in a system which is:

(A) Moving with uniform velocity (B) At rest
(C) Isolated (D) Non-inertial

44. The slope of velocity time graph gives

(A) Distance (B) Area (C) Acceleration (D) Speed

45. The area between velocity time graph and the time axis is numerically equal to
(A) Speed of object (B) Distance covered by the object
(C) Average velocity of the object (D) Acceleration of the object

46. Ballistic missiles are of

(A) Short range (B) Long range (C) No range (D) Fixed range
(E) Infinite range

47. Inertia of body is measured in terms of

(A) Its mass (B) Its weight (C) Force (D) dynes

48. Horizontal range of a projectile is at 76o

(A) Equal to height (B) One fourth of height
(C) One half of height (D) Four times of height
(E) Four times of height

49. LT-² is dimensional formula for:

(A) Velocity (B) Force (C) Speed (D) Momentum
(E) Acceleration

50. The area under force and displacement curve is equal to:
(A) Power (B) Force (C) Displacement (D) Work (E) Torque

51. Dimensions of force are

(A) [MLT] (B) [MLT-1] (C) [ML-1T-1] (D) [MLT-2]

52. If no kinetic energy is lost in collision, then collision is:

(A) Oblique (B) Elastic (C) Inelastic (D) All of the above

53. Range of projectile is same for the following pair of angles:

(A) 30º and 60º (B) 0º and 45º (C) 15º and 60º (D) 30º and 75º

54. Dimension for acceleration due to gravity is

(A) [MLT-2] (B) [MLT] (C) [LT+2] (D) [MoLT-2]

55. As the rocket moves upward doing its job, its acceleration goes on

47 | P a g e
 (A) Increasing (B) Decreasing
(C) Remains same (D) Its moves with uniform velocity

56. The horizontal range of a projectile at 30o with horizontal is same at an angle.
(A) 40o (B) 45o (C) 60o (D) 90o

57. The horizontal component of velocity of projectile

(A) Remains constant (B) Increases (C) Decreases (D) None of these

58. When velocity time graph is a straight line parallel to time axis, then
(A) Acceleration is constant (B) Acceleration is variable
(C) velocity is zero (D) Acceleration is zero

59. The area under the force-displacement graph represents.

(A) Work done (B) Power (C) Torque (D) None of these

60. The area between the velocity time graph and the time axis is numerically equal to
(A) The distance covered (B) Speed of the object
(C) Acceleration of the object (D) Momentum of the object

61. The motion of a rocket is in accordance with law of conservation of

(A) Linear momentum (B) Energy
(C) Mass (D) Angular momentum

62. A projectile is thrown upward with initial velocity “Vi” making an angle “” with the horizontal. The
maximum horizontal rang is given by
vi2 vi2 vi2 vi2
(A) (B) (C) (D) sin2θ
g 2g g 2g

ANSWER KEY Ch 3 (B1)

1 11 21 31 41 51 61
2 12 22 32 42 52 62

3 13 23 33 43 53 63

4 14 24 34 44 54 64

5 15 25 35 45 55 65
6 16 26 36 46 56 66
7 17 27 37 47 57 67

8 18 28 38 48 58 68

9 19 29 39 49 59 69

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Short Questions Answers

48 | P a g e
3.1 What is the difference between uniform and variable velocity. From the explanation of variable
velocity, define acceleration. Give SI units of velocity and acceleration.

Ans:
Sr
Uniform Velocity
# #
1 If a body covers equal displacement in 1
equal intervals of time then it is said to be
moving with uniform velocity
2 During uniform velocity no acceleration 2
is produced.
3 Neither the magnitude nor the direction of 3
the moving body changes during uniform
velocity.
Sr
Variable Velocity
If a body covers unequal displacement in
equal intervals of time then it is said to be
moving with variable velocity.
During variable velocity acceleration
produced.
Either the magnitude or direction or both
may change during variable velocity.

Acceleration:
When a body is moving with variable velocity then “The rate of change of velocity w.r.t time is called
acceleration”.

Mathematically,

 Δv
a
Δt

Direction of acceleration is always in the direction of change in velocity (Δv) .

SI Units:
 The SI units of velocity are ms-1
 The SI units of acceleration are ms-2

3.2 An object is thrown vertically upward. Discuss the sign of acceleration due to gravity, relative to
velocity, while the object is in air.

Ans: If an object is thrown vertically upward, then during its upward motion it
moves against the direction of gravity
so, the sign of acceleration due to gravity relative to the velocity is taken
negative because the direction of „g‟ is opposite to the direction of
velocity. But when the object is moving downward, then the sign of
acceleration relative to velocity will be taken positive because the
velocity of object and its acceleration g and velocity v are in the
same direction.
Secondly, during upward motion velocity is decreasing hence acceleration due to gravity
is negative whereas it is positive during downward motion because velocity is increasing.

3.3 Can the velocity of an object reverse direction when acceleration is constant? If so, give an
example.

Ans: Yes, when an object is thrown vertically upward, its velocity is in upward
direction but acceleration is 9.8 ms-2 downward. On reaching the highest
point velocity becomes zero but acceleration is 9.8 ms-2 downward. After

49 | P a g e
 that body starts to move downward i.e. its velocity reverses its direction
but acceleration is still 9.8 ms-2 downward.
So, we can say that in case of vertically thrown ball velocity reverses the direction
but acceleration remains constant i.e. 9.8 ms-2.

3.4 Specify the correct statements:

a. An object can have a constant velocity even its speed is changing.
b. An object can have a constant speed even its velocity is changing.
c. An object can have a zero velocity even its acceleration is not zero.
d. An object subjected to a constant acceleration can reverse its velocity.

Ans: Correct statements b, c and d.

Example (option b)
When an object is moving in a circular path its speed is
constant (magnitude of velocity) but direction of velocity
is continuously changing as shown in the figure.

Example (option c)
In the case of simple pendulum when it reaches its
extreme position its velocity becomes zero but acceleration
is maximum.
Another, example is of a car when it applies its brakes suddenly
then at that instant velocity of the car becomes zero but
acceleration is not zero but is maximum.

Example (option d)
When an object is thrown vertically upward, acceleration throughout
the motion is constant i.e. 9.8 ms-2 downward but velocity reverses the
direction on reaching the highest point.

3.5 A man standing on the top of a tower throws a ball straight up with initial velocity vi and at the
same time throws a second ball straight downward with the same speed. Which ball will have
larger speed when it strikes the ground? Ignore air friction.

Ans: Both the balls will have the same speed on striking the ground. This is because acceleration due to
gravity is constant that is the rate of decrease of velocity in upward motion for first ball is equal to its
rate of increase in downward motion. So, when first ball reaches the same level from where it is thrown
upward it would have the same speed as that of the second ball which is thrown straight downward. So,
the both balls will strike the
ground with the same speed. But the difference in their motion is that the balls will hit the ground at
different instants of time due to their different path lengths.
 
3.6 Explain the circumstances in which the velocity v and acceleration a of a car are
(i) Parallel (ii) Anti-parallel (iii) Perpendicular to one another
   
(iv) v is zero but a is not zero (v) a is zero but v is not zero

50 | P a g e
Ans: (i) Velocity and acceleration are parallel:
When the velocity of the car is increasing on a straight
road then both velocity and acceleration are parallel

(ii) Velocity and acceleration are antiparallel:

When the velocity of the car is decreasing on a straight
road then velocity and acceleration for this car would be
anti-parallel.

(iii) Velocity and acceleration are perpendicular to one another:

When a car moves in a curved path then its velocity
 
v and acceleration a are perpendicular to each other
as shown in the figure.

 
(iv) v is zero but a is not zero:
When a car applies its brakes suddenly then at that
 
instant its velocity v is zero but acceleration a is
not zero.

 
(v) a is zero but v is not zero:

When the car moves with uniform velocity then its velocity v is constant and acceleration is zero.

3.7 Motion with constant velocity is a special case of motion with constant acceleration. Is this
statement true? Discuss.

Ans: Yes, the statement is true. For example if velocity v is constant for a moving object then its
acceleration is zero which is also a constant.

Mathematically,

v = constant

then Δv = 0

so a = 0 = constant

3.8 Find the change in momentum for an object subjected to a given force for a given time and state
law of motion in terms of momentum.

Ans: Consider a body of mass „m‟ moving with

initial velocity vi. A force F is applied on
the body for a given time t which changes
its velocity from vi to vf then acceleration
produced in it would be

 
vf  vi
a  (1)
t
By Newton‟s second law acceleration is given as

 F
a  (2)
m

51 | P a g e
 Comparing equations (1) and (2)
  
F vf  vi

m t
 mv f  mv i

F  (3)
t
  
F  t  mv f  mv i  (4)
From equation (4) it is clear that change in momentum is equal to the product of force and the time for
which that force is applied.
  
F  t  mv f  mv i
From equation (3) Newton‟s second law of motion can also be stated in terms of momentum as
“Time rate of change of momentum of a body equals the applied force and
this change in momentum takes place in the direction of applied force.”

3.9 Define impulse and show that how it is related to linear momentum?

Ans: Impulse:
“Product of average of the force and the time duration for which this force
acts on a body is called impulse.”

Relation between impulse and linear momentum:

According to Newton‟s second law in terms of momentum,

 ΔP
F
t
 
F  t  ΔP  (1)
 
I  ΔP  (2)
From equation (2) it is clear that impulse is equal to the change in the linear momentum.

3.10 State the law of conservation of linear momentum, pointing out the importance of isolated system.
Explain, why under certain conditions, the law is useful even though the system is not completely
isolated?

Ans: Law of conservation of linear momentum:

“The total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant.”

Mathematically,
P(total) = constant
or P (initial) = P (final)
or P = 0

Importance of an isolated System:

An isolated system is important for conservation of linear momentum because in this system no
external agency exerts any force so only internal factors are involved in exerting forces on one another
due to which momenta of bodies may change but overall momentum of the complete system
remains constant.

Usefulness of law in the cases when system is not completely isolated:

There are two reasons for the usefulness of this law.

52 | P a g e
 i) Friction is a “necessary evil”. Without friction we cannot move the bodies and also cannot stop the
moving bodies. So complete isolation of system in practical cases is very difficult hence we have to
apply this law in the presence of negligible frictional forces.

ii) In most of the cases masses and velocities of bodies are very large so, we can apply this law and find
the final momenta with negligible errors.

3.11 Explain the difference between elastic an inelastic collision. Explain how would a bouncing ball
behave in each case? Give plausible reasons for the fact that K.E is not conserved in most cases?

Ans:
Sr# Elastic collision Sr #
During elastic collision both
1 1
momentum and K.E are conserved.
It does not involve any dissipation
2 2
of energy.
It is a type of collision in ideal
3 3
cases.
Its example is the collision between
4 gas molecules in a container at a 4 friction and air resistance are
particular temperature.
Inelastic collision
During inelastic collision momentum
is conserved but K.E is not
conserved.
It involves the dissipation of energy
due to dissipative forces such as,
friction, air resistance and viscosity.
In almost all the practical cases the
collision is inelastic.
All the collisions which involve
practically inelastic.

Behaviour of a Bouncing Ball:

 During elastic collision:

If a hard ball is dropped onto a marble floor, it rebounds to very nearly the initial height. It looses
negligible amount of energy in the collision with the floor that shows the collision between hard ball
and marble floor is elastic and its K.E has almost restored its P.E.

 During Inelastic Collision:

If a rubber ball is dropped onto the sand, it will sink into the sand because of dissipation of its K.E into
sound, heat and a portion of it is used in the dispersion of sand particles. Thus the collision is highly
inelastic.

Plausible Reasons:

i) Friction is a “necessary evil”. Without friction we cannot move the bodies and also cannot stop the
moving bodies. So conservation of K.E in practical cases is very difficult.

ii) During collisions K.E is dissipated due to its conversion into sound, heat and portion of it is used in
the distortion of the object.

3.12 Explain what is meant by projectile motion. Derive expression for

a. the time of flight b. the range of projectile
Show that the range of projectile is maximum when projectile is thrown at an angle of 45 o with
the horizontal.

53 | P a g e
Ans: For the part (a) and (b) consult text book Page No. 68.

Proof for the maximum range of projectile thrown at an angle of 45o:

Given that
R = Rmax
Putting the values of R and Rmax in the above equation:
vi2 v2
sin2 θ  i
g g
sin 2 = 1
2 = sin-1 (1)
2 = 90o
 = 90o/2
 = 45o Proved
3.13 At what point or points in its path does a projectile have its minimum speed, its maximum speed?
Ans: Maximum speed of projectile:
i) At the point of projection
ii) At the point where it hits the ground.

Here at these two velocity is maximum because the y-component of velocity has maximum value at
these two points.

Minimum Velocity of Projectile:

At the highest point, velocity of a projectile has its minimum value which is equal to its x-component
This is because at the highest point y-component of velocity of projectile is zero. According to the
formula for the velocity v of projectile
v  v fx
2
 v fy
2

At the highest point vfy = 0, so

v  v fx
2

or v  v fx  v ix  v i cosθ
It should be noted that the x-component of the velocity of the projectile remains unchanged during its
trajectory
3.14 Each of the following questions is followed by four answers, one of which is correct. Identify that
correct answer.
i) What is meant by ballistic trajectory?
a) The path followed by an un-powered and unguided projectile
b) The path followed by the powered and unguided projectile
c) The path followed by an un-powered but guided projectile
d) The path followed by powered and guided projectile

Ans: The correct option is a.

ii) What happens when a system of two bodies undergoes an elastic collision?
a) The momentum of the system changes
b) The momentum of the system does not change
c) The bodies come to rest after collision

54 | P a g e
 d) The energy conversion law is violated

Ans: The correct option is b.

Numericals
3.1 A helicopter is ascending vertically at the rate of 19.6 ms-1 when it is at a height of 156.8 m above
the ground. A stone is dropped. How long does the stone take to reach the ground?

Solution:
Speed of helicopter = 19.6 ms-1
Height of helicopter = 156.8m
When a stone is dropped, it moves upward due to inertia
Initial velocity of stone = vi = 19.6ms-1
Final velocity = vf = 0, a=g=-9.8ms-2
Time for upward distance = t1 = ?
Vf = Vi + at1
O = 19.6+ (-9.8  t1)
O = 193.6 – 9.8  t1
9.8  t1 = 19.6
19.6
ti =
9.8
ti = 2 sec.
Distance moved in upward directions in time t1 is = S1 = ?
1
Si = Vit1 + at 2
2
1
Si = 19.6  2+ (-9.8) (2)2
2
Si = 39.2 – 19.6
Si = 19.6m
Total height form the ground = S
S = 156.8 + 19.6 = 176.4m
Time for fall = t2 = ?
Vi = o
a = g = 9.8ms-2
S = 176.4 m
1 2
S = Vit2 + at
2
1
176.4 = 0 + .8  t
2
2
2
176.4 = 4.a t 22

2 176.4
t
2
= = 36
4.9
t2 = 6 sec
Required total time = t1+t2
t = 2+6
55 | P a g e
 t= 8 sec

3.2 Sing the following data. Draw a velocity time graph for a short journey on a straight road of a
motorbike
Velocity (ms-1) 0 10 20 20 20 20 0
Time (s) 0 30 6 90 120 150 180
Use the graph to calculate
a) the initial acceleration
b) The final acceleration and
c) The total distance traveled by the motorcyclist.

Solution:
V(ms-1)

20 A C

15

10

5
B D E

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

t(s)

(a) The velocity increases uniformly to 20 ms-1 in 60 s, shown along path oA

20  0 20
initial acceleration = =
60  0 60
= 0.33 ms-2
(b) The velocity of the motorbike remains constant from 60th second to 150th second, it is shown along
the path AC. After that it decreases. Uniform 150th second to 180th second. It is shown along the
path CE
0  20 20 2
Final acceleration =  
180  150 30 3
–2
= –0.67 ms
The negative sign shows that the velocity of the motorbike decreases during the last 30 seconds.

(c) The total distance traveled is equal to the area under the curve oACE.
Total distance = area of  AB
+ Area of rectangle ACBD
+ Area of  CDE  (1)
1
Are of  OAB =  base  height
2
Base = OB = 60 s
Height = AB = 20 ms-1
Rea of rectangle ACBD = length  breadth

56 | P a g e
 Length = BD = 90 s
Breath = CD = 20 ms-1
1
Area of  CDE =  base  height
2
Base = DE = 30 s
Height =CD = 20ms-1
Putting all these values in equation . (1)
1
Total distance =  oB  AB
2
1
+ (BD  CD) +  DE  CD
2
1 1
=  60  20 + (90  20) +  30  20
2 2
= 600 + 1800 + 300
= 2700 m or 2.7 km

3.3 A proton moving with speed of 1.0  107 ms–1 passes through a 0.02cm thick sheet of paper and
emerges with a speed of 2.0  106 ms-1 assuming uniform declaration. Find retardation and time
taken to pass through the paper.

Solution:
Vi = 1.0  107 ms-1
Vf = 2.0  106 ms-1
Thickness of paper sheet = s = 0.02 cm
Or s = 0.02  10-2 m
Retardation = a = ?
Time = t = ?
2 2
2as = v
f
- vi

2  a  0.02 10-2 = (2.010)2 – (1.0107)2

4a = 4104 – 1.0 1014
4a = - 9.6  1017
9.96
Or a= 1017
4
a = -2.4  1017 ms-2
(b) vf = vi + at
v f  vi
t=
a
2 10 6  1 10 7
t=
 2.4  1017
210
t=  106 10 -17
2.4
8
t=  10-11
 2.4
t = 3.33  10-11 sec
57 | P a g e
3.4 Two masses m1 and m2 are initially at rest with a spring compressed between them. What is the
ratio of their velocities after the spring has been released.

Solution:
One mass = m1
Second mass = m2
Initial velocities = 0
Final velocities m1 = v1= ?
Final velocity of m2 = v2 = ?
Finial momentum = Pi = 0
Pf = Final momentum = m1v1+(–m2v2)
According to law of conservation of momentum,
Pi = Pf
0 = mv1 + (–m2v2)
m2v2 = m1v1
m v
2 1
=
m v
1 2

3.5 An amoeba of mass 1.0  10-12kg propels itself through water by blowing a jet of water through a tiny
office. The amoeba ejects water with a speed of 1.0 10-4 ms-1 and at a rate of 1.010-13 kgs-1. Assume
that the water is being continuously replenished so that the mass of the amoeba remain the same.
(a) If there were no force on amoeba other than the reaction of force caused by the emerging jet.
Who would be the acceleration of the amoeba?
(b) The amoeba moves with constant velocity through water, what is force of surrounding water
(Exclusively of jet) on the amoeba?

Solution:
Mass of amoeba = M = 1.0  10-12 kg
Mass of water ejected per second is
M = 1.0  10-13kg
V = 1.0  10-4 ms-1
(a) Acceleration of amoeba = a = ?
F = Ma
F
Or a=  F = mv
M
mv
a=
M
1.0 1013 1.0 104
a=
1.01012
a = 1.0  10-5ms-2
(b) Force on amoeba = F = ?
F = mv due to water
= 1.0  10-13  1.0  10-4
F = 1.0  10-17

58 | P a g e
3.6 A boy places a fire cracker of negligible mass in an empty can of 40 g mass. He plugs the end with a
wooden block of mass 200 g. After igniting the firecracker he throws the can straight up. It explodes
at the top of its path. If the block shoots out with a speed of 3ms-1 how fast will the can be going?

Solution:
Mass of can = m1 = 40g =
Mass of wooden block = m2
2 = 200 g = 0.2kg
speed of can = v1 = ?
speed of wooden block = v2 = 3ms-1
According to law of conservation of momentum,
Momentum of can = momentum of block
m1v1 = m2v2
or
m2 v 2 0.2 3
v1 = , v1 = = 15 ms-1
m1 0.04

3.7 An electron (m = 9.1  10-31kg) traveling at 2.0  10 ms-1 undergoes a head on collision with a
hydrogen atom (m = 1.67  10-27 kg) which is initially at rest. Assuming the collision to be
perfectly elastic and motion to be along a straight line. Find the velocity of hydrogen atom?

Solution:
Mass of electron = m1 = 9.1  10-31kg
Mass of hydrogen atom = m2 = 1.67  107ms-1
Initial velocity of hydrogen atom = v2 = 0
Final velocity of hydrogen atom = v 2 =?
We know that
2m1v1
v 2 =
m1  m2
2  9.110 31  2.0 107
v 2 =
9.110 31 1.67 10 27
36.4 10 24
v 2 =
1.6709 10 27

3.8 A truck weighing 25000 kg and moving with a velocity of 21 ms-1 collides with stationary car
weighing 1000 kg. The truck and the car move together after the impact. Calculate their common
velocity.

Solution:
Mass of truck = m1 = 2500 kg
Mass of car = m2 = 1000 kg
Initial velocity of touch = v1=21ms-1
Initial velocity of car = v2 = 0
Combined mass = M = (m1 + m2)
M = 25000 + 1000 + 3500kg
Common velocity = v = ?

59 | P a g e
 By law of conservation of momentum,
Initial momentum = final momentum
m1v1= MV
m1v1
or v =
M
2500 21
v=
3500
v = 15ms-1

3.9 Two blocks of masses 2.0 kg and 0.5 kg are attached at the two ends of a compressed spring. The
elastic potential energy stared in the spring is 10 j. Find the velocities of the blocks if the spring
delivers its energy to the blocks when released.

Solution:
Mass of one block = m1 = 2.0 kg
Mass of second block = m2 = 0.5 kg
Elastic potential energy = U = 10J
Initial velocity of m1 = v1 = 0
Initial velocity of m2 = v2= o
Final velocity of m1 = v1 = ?
Final velocity of m2 = v 2 = ?
Initial momentum = Pi = 0
By law of conservation of momentum,
initial momentum = Final momentum
o = m1 v1 + m2 v 2
o = 2.0  v1 + 0.5 v 2
or 0.5 v 2 = -2.0 v1
2.0 v1
or v 2 =
0.5
v 2 = -4 v1
By law of conservation of energy,
Loss of P.E = gain in K.E
1 1
10 = m1( v1 )2 + m2( v 2 )2
2 2
102 = m1( v1 )2 + m2( v 2 )2
or
m1( v1 )2 + m2( v 2 )2 = 10  2
2  ( v1 )2 + 0.5( v 2 )2 = 10  2
Putting the value of v 2 from equation (1)
2  ( v1 )2 + 0.5(-4 v1 )2 = 10  2
2( v1 )2 + 20 v1 2 = 10  2
10 v1 2 = 20 or v1 2 = 2
v1 = 2 = 1.41 ms-1
60 | P a g e
 Putting in equation (1)
v 2 = –4  1.41 = –5 .64 ms
-1

3.10 A football is thrown upward with an angle of 30o with respect to the horizontal. To throw a 40 m
pass what must be the initial speed of the ball?

Solution:

 = 30o y
R = x = 40m

Vi = ?
G = 9.8ms-2
vi

o R= x x

vi2 sin 2
We know that R =
g
R g
vi2 
sin 2
40  9.8
vi2 
sin 2  30
40  9.8
vi2  (sin 60o = 0.866)
sin 60o
392
vi2 
0.866
vi2  452.6

vi  452.6
v i = 21.3 ms–1

3.11 A ball is thrown horizontally from a height of 10 m with velocity of 21 ms-1. How far off it hit the
ground and with what velocity?

Solution:

V = vix = 21m/sec

Y = 10m
Vfx = Vix

61 | P a g e
 V
x
x=? Vfy

Vix = 21ms-1 ( Initial horizontal vel)

Viy = 0 (initial vertical vel)
Y = h = 10m, g = 9.8 ms-2

(a) t=?
x=?
1 2
y = viyt + gt
2
1
10 = o +  9.8  t2
2
10= 4.9  t2
10
t2 = = 2.04
4.9
t= 2.04
t = 1.42 sec
x = vix  t
x = 21  1.42
x= 30m

(b) As horizontal velocity remains constant.

Vx = vix = vfx = 21ms-1
Vfy = viy + gt
Vfy = 0 + 9.8  1.42
Vfy = 14ms-1
Vy = viy + vfy
Vy = 0+ 14 = 14 ms-1
Resultant velocity = v = ?
V= v x2  v y2

V= 21  14
2 2

V= 441 196

V= 637
V = 25.2 ms-1

3.12 A bomber dropped a bomb at a height of 490 m when its velocity along the horizontal
was 300 kmh-1
a) At what distance form the point vertically below the bomber at the instant the bomb was
dropped. Did it strike the ground?
b) How long was it in air?

Solution:

62 | P a g e
 Vix = 300 kmh-1

Y = 490m

x
Y = h = 490m
Vix = 300km/h
300 100
Vix =
60  60
Vix = 83.3ms-1
Viy = 0 , g = 9.8 ms-2

(a) x=?
1 2
y = Viy t + gt
2
1
490 = 0 +  9.8  t2
2
490 = 4.9  t2
490
t2 =
4 .9
t2 = 100
or t = 100 = 10 sec
x = vix  t
x = 83.3  10 = 833 m

(b) t = 10 sec

3.13 Find the angle of projection of a projectile for which its maximum height and horizontal range
are equal.

Solution:
Angle of projection =  = ?
vi2 sin 2 
As maximum height = h =
2g
vi2 sin 2 
R=
g
Given condition h = R
vi2 sin 2  v 2 sin 2 
= i
2g g
sin 2 
= sin2
2
sin2 = 2sin2

63 | P a g e
 (sin2 = 2sin2 cos)
sin2 = 2(2sincos)
sin = 4 cos
sin 
=4
cos
tan  = 4
 = tan-1(4)
 = 76o

3.14 Prove that for angles of projection, which exceed or fall short of 45o by equal amounts
he ranges are equal.

Solution:

y  = 50o

 = 40o
o x

For maximum range =  = 45o

If we take 1 = 45o + 5o and 2 = 45o – 5o
1 = 50 o, 2 = 50o
vi2 sin 2
R=
g
vi2 sin 2  50
Now R1 =
g
vi2 sin 100
R1 =
g
vi2 0.984
R1 = (i)
g

v i2 sin 2  40
Similarly, R2 =
g
vi2 sin 80 o
R2 =
g
vi2  0.984
R2 = (ii)
g
From equation (i) and (ii), we have seen that R1 = R2
Hence proved

3.15 A SLBM (Submarine launched ballistic missile) is fired from a distance of 3000 km. if the earth
were flat and the angle of launch is 45o with horizontal. Find the time taken by SLBM to hit the
target and the velocity with which the missile is fired.

64 | P a g e
Solution:
R = x = 3000 km
= 3000  1000 m = 3  106m
 = 45o
g = 9.8ms-2
Vi = ? T = ?
vi2 sin 2
R=
g
vi2 sin 2  45o
R=
g
vi2 sin 90 o
R=
g
vi2
Or R=
g
vi2 = Rg

vi = Rg

vi = 3  106  9.8
vi =5422 ms-1
or vi =5.42  103 ms-1
or vi =5.42 km s-1
Time of flight is given by
2vi sin 
T=
g
2  5.42 103 sin 45o
T=
9.8
T = 0.78  103
T = 780 sec
780
T= min
60
T = 13 min

65 | P a g e
Ch 4 Work and Energy
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The unit of power is terms of base units is
(A) J s–1 (B) kg m2 s–2 (C) kg m2 s–3 (D) J s

2. Kilowatt is the unit of

(A) power (B) work (C) force (D) current

3.1 J is equal to
(A) Nm–1 (B) kg m s–2 (C) kg m2 s2 (D) kg m2 s–2

4. The slope of work time graph represents

(A) Acceleration (B) Power (C) Force (D) Energy

5. Two objects are placed on a frictionless surface side by side. They start to move in opposite
direction with same acceleration “a”. Their separation after 10 s is
(A) 100 a (B) 50 a (C) 20 a (D) 10 a

6. A ball tied to the end of a string is swung in a vertical circle. The tension in the string is
minimum at
(A) Top (B) Bottom
(C) Between top and bottom (D) Same at every point

7. For what angle between the force and displacement the work done become half of its
maximum value
(A) 30o (B) 45 o (C) 60 o (D) 90 o

8. The escape velocity of an object on earth is directly proportional to the

(A) Mass of earth (B) Mass of satellite
(C) Square root of mass of earth (D) Square root of mass of satellite

9. Sun is behind all the sources of energies except

(A) Biomass energy (B) Geothermal energy
(C) Hydro electric energy (D) Wind energy

10. A stone and a wooden block are taken to the bottom of the lake. Which of them posses the
P.E at the bottom
(A) Stone (B) Wooden block
(C) Both stone and wooden block (D) Neither stone nor wooden block

11. Number of tides observed in 24 hours are

(A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four

12. The ethanol produced after fermentation of the biomass is replacement of the
(A) Natural gas (B) Diesel (C) Gasoline (D) Crude oil

13. The ratio of escape velocity of satellite to the orbital speed of satellite is
(A) 2 (B) 1/2 (C) 2 (D) 1/ 2

14. The radius of a planet is twice than Earth‟s and its mass is half than mass of earth. The escape

66 | P a g e
 velocity for the planet is
(A) Twice than that Earth (B) Half than that of Earth
(C) 2 times than that of Earth (D) Same as that of Earth
15. Which one is dimensionless?
(A) Angle (B) Strain (C) Efficiency (D) All of these

16. Mass of a planet is decreasing uniformly then what would still remain unchanged
(A) Its radius (B) Its angular speed
(C) Its angular momentum (D) Its moment of inertia

17. K Wm-2 is the unit of

(A) Power (B) Intensity
(C) Energy (D) Energy per unit area

18. The reference levels at which gravitational P.E is assigned zero value are usually
(A) Surface of Earth (B) Infinite point
(C) Centre of earth and Sun (D) Both a and b

19. The value of Absolute gravitational P.E, as we move away from Earth‟s surface
(A) Increase (B) Decrease (C) Remains same (D) Becomes zero

20. Elastic spring force is

(A) Conservative (B) Non-conservative (C) Variable (D) Both a and c

21. At which of the following angle between force and displacement, work would be negative.
(A) 100o (B) 270 o (C) 90o (D) all of the given.

22. Which one of the following shows the correct SI nit for gravitational constant G?
(A) m2 kg-2 (B) m3 kg-1 s-2 (C) Nm-2 kg-2 (D) none of these

23. In some cases power can also defined as the dot product of
(A) Force and mass (B) Force and displacement
(C) Force and velocity (D) Force and time

24. The dimensions of power are

(A) [ML–1T–2] (B) [ML–2T–2] (C) [ML2T–3] (D) [ML–2T–4]

25. When two protons are brought together with uniform velocity
(A) K.E. between them increases (B) P.E. between them increases
(C) P.E. between them decreases (D) K.E. between them decreases

26. The dimensions of work are

(A) MLT–1 (B) MLT–2 (C) ML2T–2 (D) MLT

27. If the direction of motion of force is perpendicular to the direction of the motion of the body, then
work done will be
(A) Minimum (B) Maximum (C) Zero (D) Infinity

28. If a body of mass 2 kg is raised vertically through 2m, then the work done will be
(A) 38.2 J (B) 392.1 J (C) 39.2 J (D) 40 J

29. One erg is equal to

67 | P a g e
 (A) 107 joule (B) 105 joule (C) 10–7 joule (D) 10–5 joule

30. Kilowatt hour is the unit of

(A) power (B) work (C) force (D) momentum

31. The work done by force is zero

(A) centripetal force (B) magnetic force (C) electric force (D) both a and b

32. The formula for the escape velocity is

(A) 2 gR (B) 2 GM (C) 2
GM (D) both a and c
R R

33. With the increase of „r‟ the gravitational P.E

(A) Increases (B) Decreases
(C) Remains same (D) May increase or decrease

34. If the direction of force is perpendicular to the direction of motion of body, then work done
(A) Minimum (B) Maximum (C) Zero (D) Infinity

35. One dyne is equal to

(A) 103 N (B) 105N (c)10-5N (D) 10-3N

36. The SI unit of work is

(A) joule (B) newton (C) erg (D) dynes

37. Energy stored in winding spring:

(A) Elastic P.E. (B) K.E.
(C) Solar Energy (D) electrical Energy

38. Value of solar constant is

(A) 1.4 kWm-2 (B) 1.0 kWm-2 (C) 4.1 kWm-2 (D) 1.2 kWm-2

39. Photocell converts light energy into

(A) chemical energy (B) electric energy
(C) nuclear energy (D) heat energy (E) none of these

40. The S.I unit of power is

(A) joule (B) watt (C) newton (D) dyne

41. The intensity of the solar energy reaching the earth‟s surface is about
(A) 1.4 KWm–2 (B) 1.6 KWm–2
(C) 1.8 KWm–2 (D) 1 KWm–2 (E) 1.5 KWm–2

42. When sunlight passes through atmosphere, its total energy reduces due to?
(A) reflection by dust particles (B) scattering by dust particles
(C) absorption by dust particle (D) all of these

43. The original source of tidal energy is

(A) Moon (B) Earth (C) Sun (D) Sea

44. The dimensional units of ratio of work and power is

(A) J (B) T (C) L (D) KWH

45. The source of tidal energy is

68 | P a g e
 (A) ocean (B) moon (C) earth (D) sun

46. Power is equal to the dot product of force and

(A) displacement (B) acceleration (C) velocity (D) position vector

ANSWER KEY Ch 4 (B1)

1 11 21 31 41 51
2 12 22 32 42 52

3 13 23 33 43 53

4 14 24 34 44 54

5 15 25 35 45 55

6 16 26 36 46 56

7 17 27 37 47 57
8 18 28 38 48 58

9 19 29 39 49 59
10 20 30 40 50 60

Short Questions Answers

4.1 A person holds a bag of groceries while standing still, talking to a friend. A car is stationery with
its engine running. From the stand point of work, how are these two situations similar?

69 | P a g e
Ans: From the standpoint of work, these two situations are similar because in both of these cases the force is
under application but no displacement is covered hence work done is zero in both cases.
4.2 Calculate the work done in kilojoules in lifting a mass of 10kg (at a steady velocity) through a
vertical height of 10m.

Ans: m = 10 kg
h = 10m
In this case work done on the body is stored in it as its potential energy.
W = P.E = mgh
W = (10) (9.8) (10)
W = 980 J
W = 0.98 kJ
4.3 A force F acts through a distance L. The force is then increased to 3F, & then acts through a
further distance of 2L. Draw the work diagram to scale.
Y

3F

2F
Force
6FL
F FL
X
L 2L 3L
The work done in this case = FL + 6FL = 7FL
2L
Distance
4.4 In which case is more work done? When a 50 kg bag of books is lifted through 50cm; or when a
50kg crate is pushed through 2m across the floor with a force of 50N?

Ans: Case I
m = 50kg
h = 50cm = 0.5m
g = 9.8 ms-2
W1 = P.E = mgh = (50)(9.8)(0.5)  (1)

Case II
m = 50 kg
d = 2m
F = 50N

W2 = F.d
W2 = Fd cos0o
W2 = (50)(20)(1)
W3 = 100 J  (2)
From equation (1) and (2) it is clear that in the 1st case work done is more as
compared to 2nd case.

4.5 In object has 1J of potential energy. Explain what does it mean?

Ans: An object has 1J P.E it means that it has the ability to do a work of 1J.
OR
70 | P a g e
 As 1J = 1Nm
So, it also means that the body having 1J P.E can have the ability to apply a force of 1N on a body &
move it through a distance of 1m.

4.6 A ball of mass m is held at a height h1 above a table. The table top is at a height h2 above the
floor. One student says that the ball has potential energy mgh1 but another says that it is
mg(h1+h2). Who is correct?

Ans: One student says that the ball of mass ‟m‟ has potential energy mgh 1 at height h1 above the table. The
P.E mgh1 is w.r.t the table top (reference point).
Another student says that P.E is mg(h1+h2). It is the P.E w.r.t ground. Both students are correct because
one is telling w.r.t the table & 2nd is telling w.r.t ground.

4.7 When a rocket re-enters the atmosphere, its nose cone becomes very hot. Where does this heat
come from?

Ans: When a rocket re-enters the atmosphere, its nose cone becomes very hot. Because in the presence of
frictional force „f‟ during downward motion.
Loss of P.E = Gain in K.E + Work done against friction
So, some of the P.E is utilized to do work against friction due to which nose cone becomes very hot.

4.8 What sort of energy is in the following?

(a) Compressed spring
(b) Water in a high dam
(c) A moving car

Ans:
(a) Compressed spring has elastic P.E.
(b) Water in a high dam has gravitational P.E
(c) A moving car has kinetic energy.

4.9 A girl drops a cup from a certain heights, which breaks into pieces. What energy changes are
involved?

Ans: A girl drops a cup from a certain height, it means that it has P.E. Gradually its P.E changes into K.E as
the height decreases & becomes maximum just before hitting the floor. One striking the ground this
K.E is then changed into sound energy & heat energy & a part of it is used up in the breaking of cup.
Thus energy has dissipated.

4.10 A boy uses a catapult to throw a stone which accidentally smashes a green house window. List the
possible energy changes.

Ans: The list of possible energy changes are

i) Elastic P.E of catapult firstly becomes the K.E of stone.
ii) On striking the window, the K.E of stone then changes into sound, heat energy and a part of it
is used in breaking the window.

Numericals
4.1 A man pushes a lawn mower with a 40 N force directed at an angle of 20 o downward from the
horizontal. Find the work done by the man as he cuts a strip of grass 20 m long.
71 | P a g e
Solution:
F = 40 N
 = 20o
d = 20 m
work done = W = ?
As we know the formula
 
W = F.d
W = Fd cos 
W = 40  20  cos 20o
= 800  0.93
W = 751.68 J
Or
W = 7.5 × 102 J

4.2 A rain drop (m= 3.35 × 10-5 kg) falls vertically at a constant speed under the influence of the
forces of gravity and friction. In falling through 100 m, how much work is done by
(a) Gravity and (b) Friction.

Solution:
m = 3.35 ×10-5 kg
h = 100 m
Work done by gravity = ?
Work done against friction = ?
(a) Force of gravity = F = mg
Work done by gravity =Wg = mgh
Wg = 3.35×10-5 9.8100
Wg = 0.0328 J
(b) Work done by friction = Wf = ?

Wf = f .h  fh cos 

Here  = 180o
Wf = f hcos180o  (1)
As the rain drop is falling at constant velocity, so the upward force of friction acting on the drop is
equal to its weight.
F = w = mg
From equation (1)
Wf = mgh cos 180o
= 3.335  10-5  9.8  (-1)
Wf = -0.0328 J

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4.3 Ten bricks, each 6 cm thick and mass 1.5 kg, lie flat on a table. How much work is required to
stack them one on, the top of another?

Solution:
Mass of each brick = m = 1.5 kg
Height of each brick = 6 cm
Number of bricks = n = 10
No work is done for the first brick
Total mass of 9 bricks = M= 1.5  9 = 13.5 kg
Weight of 9 bricks = w = Mg
W = 13.5  9.8 = 132.3 N
Height raised for 9 bricks, we must take their combined centre of gravity.
i.e. h = 30 cm = 0.30 m
work done = Fh = wh (F= w)
= 13.2.3  0.30
= 39.69  40 N-m

4.4 An object of mass 6 kg is traveling at a velocity of 5 ms-2. What is its kinetic energy? What will be
its kinetic energy if its velocity is doubled?

Solution:
m = 6 kg
v = 5 ms–1
(i) K.E = ?
1
K.E = mV 2
2
1 3
=  6  (5) 2
2
= 3  25
= 75 J
(ii) If velocity is doubled then
V/ = 2  5 = 10 ms-1
1
K.E = m(V ) 2
2
1 3
=  6  (10) 2
2
= 3  100
K.E = 300
Or
K.E = 3.0  102 J

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4.5 An electron strikes the screen of a cathode-ray tube with a velocity of 1.0  107 ms-1. calculate its
kinetic 9.1  10-31 kg .

Solution:
M = 9.1  10-31 kg
V = 1.0  10 ms-1
1
K.E = mV 2
2
1
K.E =  9.1 10 31  (1.0  10 7 ) 2
2
1
=  9.1 1017
2
K.E = 4.55  10-17 J

4.6 If 100 m3 of water is pumped from a reservoir, into a tank, 10 m higher tan the reservoir, in 20
minutes. If the density of water is 1000 kg m-3, fine
(a) the increase in P.E
(b) the power delivered by the pump

Solution:
Volume of water = V = 100 m3
H = 10 m, g = 9.8 ms-2
T = 20 min
T = 20  60 = 1200 s
Density of water = l = 1000 kg m-3
Mass of water raised = m = ?
m
l
V
or
m=lv
m = 1000  100 = 1  105 kg
P.E = mgh = ?
P.E= 1  105  9.8  10
P.E = 9.8  106 J
mgh
(b) Power =
t

9.8 10 6
P= (1 kw = 1000 w)
1200
P = 8166.6 watts
Or P = 8.16  103 watts
Or P = 8.16 kw
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4.7 A force (thrust) of 400 N is required to overcome road frictions and air propelling an
automobile at 80 kmhr-1. What power (KW) must the engine develop?

Solution:
F = 400N P=?
V = 80kmhr-1
800  1000
V= = 22.22msec-1
60  60
 
P = F .V = Fvcos = Fvcosoo = FV  1
P = FV
P = 400  22.2
P = 8.88 × 103 watt
P = 8.88 k w  8.9 kw

4.8 How large a force is required to accelerate an electron (m = 9.1 × 10-31 kg) from rest to a speed of
2 × 107 ms-1 through a distance of 5cm?

Solution:
m = 9.1 × 10-31 kg
Vi = 0
Vf = 2 × 107 ms-1
d = 5 cm = 0.05 m
F =?
According to work energy principle,
Work Done = Gain in K.E
Fd = 1/2 mVf2 - 1/2 mVi2
Fd = 1/2  9.1  10-31  (2107)2 – 0
F  0.05 = 1/2  9.1×10-3142×1014
F  0.05 = 18.2×1017
18.2  10 17
F=
0.05
F = 3.6 × 10-15 N

4.9 A driver weighing 750 N drops from a board 10 m above the surface of a pool of water. Use the
conservation of mechanical energy to find his speed at a point 5 m above the water surface,
neglecting air friction.

Solution:
W = 750 N g = 9.8 ms-2
h1 = 10 m
h2 = 5 m

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 V=?
Loss of P.E = Gain in K.E
mgh1 – mgh2 = 1/2 mV2
mg(h1 – h2) = 1/2 mV2
V2 = 2g (h1 – h2)
V2 = 2  9.8 (10-5)
V2 = 29.8  5
V2 = 98
-1
V= 98 = 9.9 ms

4.10 A child starts from rest at the top of a slide of height 4m.
(a) What is his speed at the bottom if the slide is frictionless?
(b) If the reaches the bottom, with a speed of 6 ms-1. What percentage of his total energy at the
top of the slide is lost as a result of friction?

Solution:
Mass of child = m
h = 4 m, g = 9.8 ms-2
(a) V =?
Loss of P.E = Gain in K.E
mgh = 1/2 mV2
gh = 1/2 V2
V2 = 2gh
V2 = 2  9.8  4
V2 = 78.4
Or V= 78.4
V = 8.8 ms-1
(b) When force of friction is present, then final velocity is given by
Vf = 6 ms-1
P.E at the top = E1 = mgh
K.E at the bottom = 1/2 mVf2
Loss of energy due to friction = mgh – 1/2 mVf2
1
mgh  mV f2
Fractional loss of energy = 2
mgh

1
mgh  mV f2
% loss of energy = 2 100
mgh

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 1
m( gh  V f2 )
= 2 100
mgh

 1 2 
 gh  V f 
= 2  100
 gh 
 
 

 1 
 9.8  4   (6) 
2

=  2   100
 9.8  4 
 
 

 39.2  18 
=  100  54%
 39.2 

77 | P a g e
Ch 5 Circular Motion
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The SI unit of angular displacement is:
(A) degree (B) radian (C) revolution (D) metre
2. Which one is the correct representation of centripetal force?
(A) F = mv2/r (B) F = mrω2
(C) F = P2/mr (D) F = 2 K.E/r
(E) All are correct
3. The angular speed of second‟s hand of a watch in rad s–1 is
(A) π/3 (B) π/6 (C) π/30 (D) π/12
4. Sphere and disc both have same mass and radius. The ratio of their moment of inertia about
an axis passing through their center is
(A) 1D = 1S (B) 1D = 5 1S (C) 4 1D = 5 1 S (D) 5 1D = 4 1S
5. The acceleration in a satellite orbiting around earth is
(A) g (B) 2 g (C) 3 g (D) zero
6. A simple pendulum appear to move fast in a lift then the lift is
(A) moving upward (B) moving down ward
(C) accelerating upward (D) accelerating downward
7. A star shrinks to half of its present size. Its angular speed
(A) remain same (B) become twice
(C) become half (D) Become four time
8.A stone is moving in a circle of radius 2m and having K.E 8 J. The required centripetal force
will be
(A) 2N (B) 4N (C) 8N (D) 16N
9. A pendulum clock, which keeps correct on Earth is taken to the Moon. How long would an
hour indicated on the clock at here?
(A) 6 hours (B) 36 hours (C) 6 hours (D) 1/6 hour
10. The ratio of dimension of power to the dimension of angular momentum is
(A) T : 1 (B) 1 : T (C) T2 (D) 1 : T2
11. Dimension of angular velocity is same that of the dimension of
(A) Velocity (B) Time period (C) Frequency (D) Torque
12. Ratio of the angle in radian in a circle to the solid angle in steradian in sphere is
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 4 (D) 4 : 1
13. The useful unit of angular displacement in SI units is
(A) Meter (B) Radian (C) Revolution (D) Rpm
14. A body moving along the circumference of a circle completes two revolutions. If the radius
of the circular path is R, then the ratio of the displacement to the covered path will be
(A) R (B) 2 R (C) zero (D) 4 R
15. The dimensions of angular acceleration are
(A) [T–1] (B) [T–2] (C) [T–3] (D) [LT–2]
16. Angular acceleration is produced by
(A) Torque (B) Angular momentum
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 (C) Angular inertia (D) All of these
17. Two revolutions are equal to
(A) 12.56 radians (B) π radians (C) 700o (D) 4 radians
18. What is the outward force acting on a mass of 10 kg tied to one end of an inelastic string
10m long and moved at a speed of 1m/s in a circular path
(A) 1N (B) 2N (C) 2.5 N (D) 10N
19. If a satellite of mass m orbits around the earth of mass Me in an orbit of radius r, its angular
speed will be
GM e GM e GM e
(A) (B) 2
(C) (D) GM e
r3 r r
20. The weight of a body of mass 15 kg placed in a spaceship orbiting the earth at a speed of
3000 m/sec at a height of 500 m will be
(A) 176.5N (B) 240 N (C) 122.5 N (D) zero
21. Inertial mass is
(A) equal to gravitational mass
(B) less than gravitational mass
(C) more than gravitational mass
(D) not related to gravitational mass at ordinary speed
22. The weight of a man in an elevator moving down with an acceleration of 9.8 ms–2 will become
(A) Half (B) Zero (C) Double (D) Infinite
23. If a body of mass 10 kg is falling freely, its weight becomes
(A) Zero (B) 98n (C) 9.8n (D) 10N
24. Units of angular momentum on
(A) kg m2 s–1 (B) kg m2 s–2 (C) kg m s–1 (D) kg m s–2
25. If a body is moving with a uniform velocity with respect to a fixed origin, then is angular
momentum will
(A) Maximum (B) Minimum (C) Zero (D) Constant
26. Moment of inertia depends on
(A) volume of the body
(B) K.E of the body
(C) mass as well as its distribution w.r.t axis of rotation
(D) angular momentum
27. Which one of the following are the dimensions of moment of inertia?
(A) [M2L2] (B) [ML2] (C) [ML] (D) [ML–2]
28.The apparent weight of a man in an ascending lift moving with acceleration “a”.
(A) Increases (B) Decreases (C) Remains constant (D) Becomes zero
29. Geo– stationary satellite completes one rotation around earth in
(A) 3 hours (B) 6 hours (C) 12 hours (D) 24 hours
30. Radius of geo stationary orbit from center of Earth is nearly
(A) 42000km (B) 36000km (C) 24000km (D) 18000km
31. According to Einstein, the gravity interaction is possible b/w
(A) Material objects only (B) Material objects & electromagnetic radiations only
(C) Electromagnetic radiations (D) None of the above

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32. The period of circular motion is given by
(A) T = r  (B) T = 2 / (C) T = 2  ω (D) T = 4 / 

33. The direction of linear velocity v of a body moving in a circle at any instant is
(A) along the axis of rotation (B) along the tangent to the circuit path
(C) directed towards the center (D) directed away from the center
34. When a body moves in a circle, the angle b/w its linear velocity and angular velocity is always
(A) 180o (B) 0o (C) 90o (D) 45o
35. 1/4 the part of the circumference subtends an angle
(A)  radians (B) 2  radians (C)  /2 radians (D) 4 radians
36. In angular motion, Newton‟s 2 law of motion is
nd

(A) F= ma (B) F= ∆ P/ ∆t (C) τ = Iα (D) all of these

-1
37. The shaft of a motor rotates at a constant angular speed of 360 revmin .Angle turned in 1sec in radian is
(A)  (B) 3  (C) 6 (D) 12 
38. A man of weight w is standing on an elevation which is ascending with an acceleration „a‟ the apparent
weight of man is
(A) mg (B) mg- ma (C) mg + ma (D) mg – ma
39. A body of 2 kg is suspended from the ceiling of an elevator moving up with an acceleration g. Its apparent
weight in the elevator will be
(A) 9.8N (B) 19.6N (C) 39.2N (D) 10N
40. If a gymnast sitting on rotating stool with his arms outstretched lowers his arms:
(A) the angular speed will decrease (B) the angular speed increase
(C) the angular speed remains constant (D) none of these
41. A satellite moving round the earth constitutes
(A) inertial frame of reference (B) non-inertial frame of reference
(C) both inertial and non-inertial (D) neither inertial nor non-inertial frame
42. The angular momentum L is defined by the equation
           
(A) L = r × F (B) L = r × v (C) L = p × r (D) L = r × p
43. Angular velocity of vibrating mass attached to a spring is
k k k k
(a)   (B)   (C)   (D) ω =
m m m m
44. Moment of inertia is measured in
(A) kgm2 (B) kgm-2 (C) Ns (D) rad s-1
45. Which is larger for a hoop of mass M and radius R?
(A) Translational kinetic energy (B) Rotational kinetic energy
(C) Both are the same (D) Answer depends upon the radius
46. The moment of inertia of ring or hoop is
2 2 1 2 1
(A) mr2 (B) mr (C) mr (D) mr 2
5 2 12
47. A body moving in a circle of radius 1 m with an angular speed 10 rad/s has the tangential velocity
(A) 2 ms–1 (B) 5 ms–1 (C) 10 ms–1 (D) 20 ms–1 (E) 15 ms–1
48. Relation between linear and angular acceleration is

80 | P a g e
 v2 v
(A) a =rω2 (B) a = (C) a = rα² (D) a = rα (E) a =
r r
49.Which electromagnetic waves are used as medium in satellite communication system?
(A) Microwaves (B) Radio waves (C) Infra-red waves (D) Ultraviolet waves
50. The ratio of moment of inertia of disc and hoop is
1 2 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 4 4
51. The time rate of change of angular displacement is called
(A) linear velocity (B) linear speed (C) angular velocity (D) angular speed
52. The counterpart of force for rotational motion is called
(A) The linear momentum (B) The angular momentum
(C) The angular acceleration (D) The torque
53. A man in an elevator descending with an acceleration will conclude that his weight has
(A) increased (B) decreased (C) reduced to zero (D) not changed
54. Artificial gravity like earth can be achieved when satellite is rotating with frequency equal to
g 1 R R 1 g
(A) 2 (B) (C) 2 (D)
R 2 g g 2 R

55. Centripetal force performs

(A) Maximum work (B) Minimum work (C) Negative work (D) No work
56. The period of revolution of a geo-stationary satellite is equal to
(A) 1 hour (B) 84 min approximately
(C) 1 day (D) 1months
57. 1/2 revolution =?
(A) 57o (B) 90 o (C) 180 o (D) 160 o
58. The minimum velocity required to put a satellite into orbit is
(A) 5.9 kms-1 (B) 6.9 kms-1 (C) 7.9 kms-1 (D) 8.9 kms-1
59. The expression for the orbital speed of a satellite is
Gr M r GM
(A) (B) (C) (D)
M Gr GM r

ANSWER KEY Ch 5 (B1)

1 11 21 31 41 51

2 12 22 32 42 52

3 13 23 33 43 53
4 14 24 34 44 54

5 15 25 35 45 55

6 16 26 36 46 56

7 17 27 37 47 57

8 18 28 38 48 58

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 9 19 29 39 49 59

10 20 30 40 50 60

Short Questions Answers

5.1 Explain the difference between tangential velocity and the angular velocity. If one of these is
given for a wheel of known radius, how will you find the other?

Ans:
Sr Sr
Tangential Velocity Angular Velocity
# #
It is the instantaneous linear velocity of the The angular velocity of a rotating body
particles on a rotating body which is defined as the rate at which the angular
d displacement is changing with time.
1 defined as the limiting value of as the 1
t
time interval t, following the time t,
approaches zero.
The tangential velocity of a particle on a If the axis of rotation is fixed the direction
rotating body is continuously changing its of angular velocity on a rotating body is
2 2
direction. not changing which is along the axis of
rotation.
On a rotating body, points that are at On a rotating body, all points rotating
3 different distances from the axis do not 3 about a fixed axis do have the same value
have same values of tangential velocities. of angular velocity.

 Δd 
Its formula is  =
Its formula is v = lim
Δt  0 Δt
t
4 4 OR
OR
v
v = r = r

If one of these is given for a wheel of known radius, we can find the other by the following relation.
v = r
v
OR =
r

5.2 Explain what is meant by centripetal force and why it must be furnished to an object if the object
is to follow a circular path?

Ans: Centripetal Force:-

The force needed to bend the normally straight path of a body into a circular path is called
centripetal force.

Mathematically

82 | P a g e
 mv2
Fc =  (1)
r
This force must be furnished to an object if the object is follow a circular path because it is the
only force which acts perpendicular to the direction of velocity and changes its direction
without changing magnitude. If this force acting along the centre of the circle stops at any
instant during circular motion the body will not continue along the circular path but will follow
a straight line as shown in figure.

5.3 What is meant by moment of inertia? Explain its significance.

Ans: Moment of Inertia:-

It is defined as the property of a rotating body which opposes or tends to oppose the unbalance
external torque which tries to produce angular acceleration „‟
Mathematically

I=

OR
2
It is also defined as the sum of mr factors of all the particles of a rotating body about a fixed
axis.
Mathematically
I = m1r12 + m2r22 + …+mnrn2

n
I= m r
i 1
i i
2

Where m1, m2 ……. are the masses of particles and r1, r2……are their distances from the axis of
rotation.

Physical significance of moment of Inertia.

Following are the physical significances of moment of inertia

 It plays the same role in angular motion as the mass in linear motion i.e. it oppose the
unbalanced external torque which produces or tends to produce angular acceleration ().
 It depends not only on the mass of the body but also on the distribution of particles from the
axis of rotation.
 Mass can be changed by changing the quantity of matter but moment of inertia can be changed
not only by the changing the quantity of matter but also by changing the axis of rotation.

5.4 What is meant by angular momentum? Explain the law of conservation of angular momentum.

83 | P a g e
Ans: Consult page # 110 and 112 on the text book.

5.5 Show that orbital angular momentum Lo = mvr.

Ans: According to the formula of angular momentum,

L = I  (1)
In case of orbital angular momentum, the orbital radius is large as compared to the size of the
body, hence, the body is considered to be a point object. The moment of inertia of every point
object is Io = mr2 so, equation (1) will become,
Lo = Io
Lo = (mr2) ()
v
Putting  = r in above equation

v
Lo = (mr2)  
r
Lo = mvr

5.6: Describe what should be the minimum velocity, for a satellite, to orbit close to the Earth around
it.

Ans: For a satellite to orbit closed to the Earth, the centripetal force is supplied by the force of gravity, so
Fc = Fg
mv2
r = mg  (1)

For closest orbiting satellite r  R hence equation (1) will become,

mv2
R = mg
v2 = gR
v = gR  (2)
-2 6
v = 9.8 ms × 6.4 × 10 m
v = 7.9 kms-1
This is the minimum velocity necessary to put a satellite into an orbit closed to the Earth and it
is called critical velocity.

5.7 State the direction of the following vectors in simple situations; angular momentum
and angular velocity.

Ans: In simple situation when axis of rotation is fixed the direction of both angular velocity and
angular momentum is along the axis of rotation and is given by the right hand rule.

5.8 Explain why an object, orbiting the Earth, is said to be freely falling. Use your explanation to
point out why objects appear weightless under certain circumstances.

Ans: An object orbiting the Earth is said to be freely falling because its radial acceleration is

simply g , the free fall acceleration towards the centre of Earth. In fact the object orbiting the

84 | P a g e
 Earth is falling towards the centre of Earth at all the times, but the curvatures of the Earth
prevent it from hitting.

Why objects appear to be weightless?

The circumstance in which any frame of reference is falling towards the centre of Earth like
spaceship, the objects in it appear to be weightless because for a frame of reference falling
towards Earth the apparent weight is
T = W – ma
T = mg – ma
For freely falling frame of reference a = g so,
T = mg – mg
T=0
The apparent weight in this frame of reference will be shown by the scale to be zero.

5.9 When mud flies off the tyre of a moving bicycle, in what direction does it fly? Explain.

Ans: Mud flies along the tangent to the tyre of a moving bicycle because it is attached to the tyre due
to adhesive force which is providing the necessary centripetal force to the mud to move in a
circular path. If the speed of tyre is increased the adhesive force becomes unable to provide
necessary centripetal force due to which mud flies along the tangent.

5.10 A disc and a hoop start moving down from the top of an inclined plane at the same time. Which
one will be moving faster on reaching the bottom?

Ans: The formulas for the speed of disc and hoop at the bottom of inclined plane of height „h‟ is,
4
v(disc) = 3 gh  (1)
v(hoop) = gh  (2)
By comparing (1) and (2) it clear that
4
> 1
3
4
so, 3 gh > gh
hence v(disc) > v(hoop)
From above comparison it is clear that disc will be moving faster on reaching the bottom of inclined
plane.

5.11 Why does diver changes his body positions before and after diving the pool?

Ans: Divers changes his body positions before and after diving the pool to gain more and more
angular velocity which enables him to take extra somersaults. Upon lifting off from the board,
the diver‟s legs and arms are fully extended which means he has a large moment of inertia I1.
The moment of inertia is considerably reduced to a new value I2, when legs and arms are drawn
into the closed tuck position. Hence, the diver must spin faster when moment of inertia
becomes smaller to conserve angular momentum. i.e. I11 = I22

85 | P a g e
5.12 A student holds two dumb-bells with stretched arms while sitting on a turn table. He is given a
push until he is rotating at certain angular velocity. The student then pulls there dumb-bells
towards his chest. What will be the effect on rate of rotation?

Ans: In the absence of unbalanced external torque the angular momentum of a rotating system remains
constant i.e.
I = constant
When the student pulls the dumb-bells towards his chest, the moment of inertia is reduced
hence his angular velocity must increase to conserve angular momentum (I).

5.13 Explain how many minimum number of geo stationary satellites are required for global coverage
of T.V transmission.

Ans: Three geo-stationary satellites are required for global coverage of T.V transmission because one such
satellite covers 120o of longitude, so that whole of the populated Earth‟s surface can be covered by
three correctly positioned geo stationary satellites as shown in the figure.

Comparison of Newton‟s & Einstein‟s view of Gravitation

Newton‟s view of Gravitation Einstein‟s view of Gravitation

1 According to the Newton gravitation is the
intrinsic property of the matter that every
particle attracts every other particle with a
force which is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance b/w them.
2 According to Newton this force is
F α m1m2/r 2
3 Newton discovered the inverse square law
of gravity but offered no explanation of why
gravity should follow an inverse square law.
4 Newton‟s theory is based on the idea of
light as a stream of tiny particles and
suggest that light beam would be deflected
by gravity
5 There is no example which obeys Newton‟s
theory exactly
1 According to Einstein‟s theory space-time
is curved especially locally near the
massive bodies.
2 In Einstein‟s theory we do not speak of the
force of gravity acting on the bodies instead
we say that bodies and light rays move
along geodesics (equivalent to straight lines
in plane geometry) in curved space time.
3 Einstein‟s theory not only says that gravity
follows an inverse square law (except in
strong gravitational field), but also explains
this law.
4 In Einstein‟s theory the deflection of light is
predicted to be exactly twice as great as in
Newton‟s theory
5 During the solar eclipse in 1919 the
bending of starlight was measured and
found to match exactly with the Einstein‟s
prediction

CONCLUSION:

That is why Einstein‟s theory is better than Newton‟s even though it includes Newton‟s theory within
itself and gives the same answers as Newton‟s theory everywhere except where the gravitational field is
very strong.
86 | P a g e
 Numericals
5.1 A tiny laser beam is directed from the Earth to the Moon. If the beam is to have a diameter of
2.50 m at the Moon, how small must divergence angle be for the beam? The distance of Moon
from the Earth is 3.8  108 m.

Solution:
S = 250 m (D = 5 arc length)
R = 3.8  10 m 8

=?
S = r
 = S/r
 = 2.5 / 3.8  108
 = 6.6  10-9

5.2 A gramophone record turntable accelerate form rest to an angular velocity of 45.0 rev m-1 in 1.60
s. what is its average angular acceleration?

Solution:
Wf = 45.0 rev m-1, Wi = 0
45
Wf =  2 rad/s (1 rev = 2  rad)
60
45
W=  2  3.14 = 4.7 rad s-1
60
av = ? t = 1.60 s
w f  wi 4.7  0
av = 
t 1.60
= 2.95 rad s-2

5.3 A body of moment of inertia 1 = 0.80 kg m2 about a fixed axis rotates with a constant a angular
velocity of 100 rad s-1. Calculate its angular momentum L and the torque to sustain this motion.

Solution:
I = 0.80 kg –m2
W = 100 rad s-1
L=?
T=?
As we know that
L = 1W
L = 0.80  100

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 L = 80 kg – m2S-1 or J-S
As the body is rotating with uniform angular velocity. Therefore, its angular acceleration  = 0
T=I
T = 0.80  0 = 0

5.4 consider the rotating cylinder shown in Fig. Suppose that m = 5.0 kg, F = 0.60 N
and r = 0.20 m. Calculate (a) the torque acting n the cylinder . (b) The angular acceleration of the
cylinder. (Moment of inertia of cylinder =1/2 mr2)

Solution:
m = 5.0 kg
F = 0.60 N, r = 0.20 m
T=?
T = rF
T = 0.20  0.60
T = 0.12 N-m
(b) Angular acceleration =  =?
Moment of inertia = I = 1/2 mr2
I = 1/2  5.0  (0.20)2
I = 1/2  5  0.04 = 5  0.2
I = 0.1 kg – m2
As we know that
T=I
Or
=T/I
 = 0.12 / 0.1
 = 1.2 rad S-2

5.5 Calculate the angular momentum of a star of mass 2.0  1030 kg radius 7.0  105 km.
If it makes one complete rotate about its axis once is 20 days, what is its K.E =?

Solution:
m = 2.0  1030 kg
r = 7.0  105 km
Or
r = 7.0  108 m
T = Time Period of star = 20 days
T = 20 days  24 hours  60 min  60 sec
T = 1728000 sec
w=?
L=?
K.E = ?

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 
w=
t
When  = 2  rad, t = T
2
w=
T
2  3.14
w=  3.64 10 6 rad S 1
1728000
L = IW
2
I for star (i.e sphere) = mr2
5
2
L=  mr2  w
5
2
L=  2.0  (7.0  108)2  3.64  10-6
5
L = 1.4  1042 Js
We know that rotational
1
K.E = Iw2
2
1 1
K.E = ( mr2) w2
2 2
1
K.E = mr2w2
5
1
K.E =  2.0  1030  (7.0  108)2  (3.64  10-6)2
5
K.E = 2.5  1036 J

5.6 A 1000 kg car traveling with a speed of 144 km h-1 rounds a curve of radius 100 m. Find the
necessary certified force

Solution:
m = 1000 kg
r = 100 m
V = 144 km h-1
144 1000
V=
60  60
V = 40 ms-1
Fc = ?
mV 2
Fc =
r
1000  (40) 2
Fc =
100
Fc = 1.60  104 N

5.7 What is the least speed at which an aeroplane can execute a vertical loop of 1.0 km radius so that
there will no tending for the pilot to fall down at the highest point?

Solution:
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 V=?
G = 9.8 ms-2
r = 1.0  1000 m
At the height point, weight should be balanced by centrifugal force.
Thus
mV 2
 mg
r
V2
g
r
v2 = rg
v2 = 1000  9.8
v2 = 9800
v= 9800
v = 99 ms-1

5.8 The Moon orbits the Earth so that the same side always faces the Earth. Determine the ratio of its
spin angular momentum (about its own axis) and its orbital angular momentum (In case, treat the
Moon as a particle orbiting the Erath.) Distance between the Earth and the Moon 3.85  108 m.
Radius of the Moon is 1.74  106 m

Solution:
Radius of moon = rm = 1.74  106 m
Distance between the earth and the moon = r = 3.85  108 m
Spin angular momentum = Ls = ?
Orbital angular momentum = Lo = ?
Ls
?
Lo
We know that Ls = Iw
I = moment of inertia of moon
2
I=  mr2m where m = mass of
5
2
Ls =  mr2m  w the moon
5
We know that
Lo = mr2w
2
mr 2  w
Ls 5 m

Lo mr 2  w
2
Ls 2rm
 2
Lo 5r

Ls 2  (1.74 10 6 ) 2

Lo 5  (3.85 10 8 ) 2

Ls 2  3.03 1012

Lo 5 1.48 1016

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 Ls 6.06 1012

Lo 7.4 1016
Ls
 8.2 10 6
Lo

5.9 The earth rotates on its axis once a day. Suppose, by some process the Earth contracts so that its
radius is only as large as at present. How fast will it be rotating then?

Solution:
Mass of earth = M
Radius of earth = R1
Angular velocity = w1
Period of rotation of earth = T1 = 24 h
Or
2
T1 =
w1
R
New radius of earth = R2 =
2
New angular velocity = W2
New period of rotation = T/
I = moment of Inertia
2
For Sphere, I = MR2
5
According to law of conservation of momentum,
Angular momentum of earth with radius R = angular momentum of earth with R/
L1 = L2
Iw1 = Iw2
2 2
MR12 w1  M ( R2 ) 2 w2
5 5
R 
R12 w1   1 w2
 5 
w2 2
w1  (w = )
4 T
2 1 2
 
T1 4 T2
1 1 1
 
T1 4 T2
T1
T2 
4
T1 = 1 day = 24 hours
24
T2 = = 6 hours
4

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5.10 What should be the orbiting speed to launch a satellite a circular orbit 900 km above the surface
of the Earth? Take the mass of earth as 6.0  1024 kg and its radius as 6400 km.

Solution:
V =?
R = 900 km = 900  1000 m
Or
r = 9  105 m
Me = 6.0  1024 kg , Re = 6400 km
Re = 6.4  106 m
G = 6.67  10-11 N – m2 kg-2
g = 9.8 ms-2
Centripetal force is supplied by gravitational force, so
GMem mV 2
=
r/2 r/
Where r/ = (Re + r) = distance from the centre of earth.
GMe 6.67  10 11  6.0 10 24
V 
Re  r 6.4  10 6  9  10 5
= 7407m/s
= 7.4 km/s

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93 | P a g e
Ch 6 FLUID DYNAMICS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Stream line flow is also known as
(A) Simple flow (B) turbulent flow (C) Laminar flow (D) all of these

2. The mass of fluid passing through any cross-section per unit time is called
(A) magnetic flux (B) mass flux (C) electric flux (D) none of these

3. Drag force on a spherical object depends upon

(A) radius of object (B) velocity
(C) co-efficient of viscosity of medium (D) all of these

4. Stokes law holds for

(A) motion through free space (B) motion through horizontal surface
(C) motion through viscous medium (D) none of these

5. The study of properties of fluid in motion is called

(A) Dynamics (B) Fluid dynamics (C) Fluid Statics (D) none of these

6. An object moving through a fluid experiences a retarding force called

(A) drag force (B) friction force (C) surface tension (D) none of these

7. In fluid dynamics the law of conservation of energy is

(A) Equation of continuity (B) Bernoulli‟s equation
(C) Stoke‟s law (D) all of these

8. According to Bernoulli‟s equation pressure should be high if

(A) speed is high (B) speed is low
(C) height is more (D) both speed and height are high

9. For ideal fluid.

(A) viscosity is zero (B) density is constant
(C) flow is streamline (D) all of these

10. If cross-sectional area of pipe decreases, the speed of fluid must increase according to
(A) Venturi relation (B) Bernoulli‟s equation
(C) Equation of continuity (D) Torricelli‟s theorem

11. The equation F = 6   is called

(A) Newton‟s law (B) Stoke‟s law (C) Lenz‟s Law (D) Faraday Law

12. The smooth or steady stream line flow is called

(A) turbulent flow (B) laminar flow (C) simple flow (D) regular flow

13. Human Blood-Pressure is measured in

(A) Nm-2 (B) mm of mercury (C) Pascal (D) torr

14. The more viscous liquid is

(A) water (B) kerosene oil (C) honey (D) benzene

15. The frictional effect between different layers of moving fluid is called.
94 | P a g e
 (A) density (B) pressure (C) force (D) viscosity

16. Water flows through a non-uniform pipe. The pressure will be high where:
(A) speed is low (B) speed is high
(C) depends upon material of pipe (D) none of these

17. Normally human blood density is equal to

(A) 111 kg m-3 (B) 133.3 kgm-3 (C) (80-120) kgm-3 (D) water density

18. A horizontal pipe narrows from a diameter of 10 cm to 5 cm. For a fluid flowing from larger
diameter To smaller.
(A) The velocity and pressure both increase
(B) The velocity increases and pressure decreases
(C) The velocity decreases and pressure increases
(D) The velocity and pressure both decrease

19.In equation of continuity the unit of Av is given as

(A) cubic meter (B) cubic meter per second
(C) square meter per second (D) square meter

20. Venturimeter is a device used to measure

(A) pressure of the fluid (B) speed of the fluid
(C) density of the fluid (D) viscosity of the fluid

21. Which has minimum viscosity

(A) air (B) water (C) blood (D) glycerin

22. The dimensions of co-efficient of viscosity are

(a)[ML-1T-1] (B) [ML-2] (C) [ML-1] (D) [ML-2T-1]

23. The device used for the measurement of liquid flow is

(A) manometer (B) barometer (C) hydrometer (D) venturimeter

24. The most important factor regarding the significance of the carnot engine is that
(A) It is practically possible (B) Its efficiency is 100 %
(C) It sets up upper limit on the efficiency (D) It sets a lower limit on the efficiency

ANSWER KEY Ch 6 (B1)

1 11 21 31 41 51

2 12 22 32 42 52
3 13 23 33 43 53

4 14 24 34 44 54

5 15 25 35 45 55

6 16 26 36 46 56

7 17 27 37 47

8 18 28 38 48

95 | P a g e
 9 19 29 39 49

10 20 30 40 50

Short Questions Answers

6.1 Explain what do you understand by the term viscosity?

Ans: Viscosity
The frictional effect between different layers of a flowing fluid is described in terms of viscosity of the
fluid. Viscosity measures how much force is required to slide one layer of fluid over another. It is
represented by the symbol . Its unit is Nsm-2

Examples:

i) Viscosity of air is 0.0 19  10–3 Nsm–2.

ii) Viscosity of ethanol is 1.000  10–3 Nsm–2.
iii) Viscosity is glycerin is 6.29  10–3

6.2 What is meant by drag force? What are the factors upon which drag force acting upon a small
sphere of radius r, moving down through a liquid, depend?

Ans: Drag Force

An object moving through a fluid experiences a retarding force called a drag force. The drag force
increases as the speed of object increases.
The drag force F on a small sphere of radius r moving slowly with speed v through a fluid of viscosity
 is given by Stoke‟s law as under.
F = 6  rv

6.3 Why fog droplets appear to be suspended in air?

Ans: Fog droplets appear to be suspended because they have very small size (r2) and density () due to which
when their weight becomes equal to the drag force; they gain terminal velocities which have very small
values.
Actually they are not suspended but falling downward with constant velocity given by the formula,

6.4 Explain the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow.

Ans:
Sr # Laminar or Streamline Flow Sr # Turbulent Flow
The flow is said to be streamline or The irregular or unsteady flow of the fluid
laminar, if every particle that passes a is called turbulent flow.
1 particular point, moves along exactly the 1
same path, as followed by particles which
passed that points earlier.
In streamline flow different streamlines In turbulent flow different steam lines
2 2
can not cross each other. may cross each other.
The direction of velocity of the fluid at The direction of velocity of the fluid at
3 3
any instant can be determined from the any instant can not be determined from
96 | P a g e
 streamlines.
4 This is the flow of the fluid at low speeds.
In case of streamline flow the exact path
5 of the particles of the fluid can be
predicted from the streamlines.
the streamlines because they cross each
other at different instants.
This is the flow of the fluid at high
4
speeds.
In case of turbulent flow the exact path of
5 the particles of the fluid cannot be
predicted from the streamlines.

6.5 State Bernoulli‟s relation for liquid in motion and describe some of its applications.

Ans: Bernoulli‟s Relation

For the flow of an ideal fluid, the sum of pressure, average K.E per unit volume and average P.E per
unit volume always remains constant.
P+1/2v2 + gh = constant

The applications of Bernoulli‟s equation are as under.

1. Torricelli‟s Theorem
2. Venturi Relation
3. Blood flow
4. Swing in the cricket ball
5. Lift of an aeroplane
6. Working of Carburetor of a motor car
For the explanation of applications consult Text Book.

6.6 A person is standing near a fast moving rain. Is there any danger that he will fall towards it?

Ans: Yes, there is a danger for the person to fall towards the train because in between the person and the fast
moving train speed of air would be high and pressure would be low as compared to behind the person,
where the speed is low and pressure is high. As force is exerted from greater pressure (behind the
person) towards small pressure (towards train) so person may fall towards the train.

6.7 Identify the correct answer. What do you infer from Bernoulli‟s theorem?
(i) Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure will be low.
(ii) Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure is also high.
(iii) This theorem is valid only for turbulent flow of the liquid.

Ans: The correct option is (i).

Inference from Bernoulli‟s Theorem:-

We infer from Bernoulli‟s theorem that during the flow a fluid at every point along its path it obeys law
of conservation of energy. That means where K.E per unit volume has high value, P.E per unit volume
and pressure would have low value and vice verse.

6.8 Two row boats moving parallel in the same direction are pulled towards each other explain.

Ans: Two row boats moving parallel in the same direction are pulled towards each other because in between
the boats the speed of fluid (water) is high and pressure is low as compared to the other sides of the

97 | P a g e
 boats where speed is low and pressure is high. As force is exerted from the greater pressure (other sides
of boats) towards the smaller pressure (in between the boats) so they are pulled towards each other.

6.9 Explain how the swing is produced in a fast moving cricket ball.
Ans: When a cricket ball is thrown by a bowler in such a way that it spins as well as moves forward, the
velocity of the air on one side of the ball increases due to spin hence pressure decreases. This gives an
extra curvature to the ball known as swing which can deceive the batsman.

6.10 Explain the working of a carburetor of a motor car using by Bernoulli‟s theorem.

Ans: The carburetor of a car engine uses a Venturi duct to feed the correct mixture of air and petrol to the
cylinders. Air is drawn through the duct and along a pipe to the cylinders. A tiny inlet at the side of
duct is fed with petrol. The air through the duct moves very fast, creating low pressure in the duct,
which draws petrol vapours into the air stream.

6.11 For which position will the maximum blood pressure in the body have the smallest value?
(a) Standing up right (b) Sitting
(c) Lying horizontally (d) Standing on one‟s head?

Ans: Maximum blood pressure (systolic pressure) in the body has smallest value when a person is lying
horizontal. This is because at this position heart and all other parts of the body are at the same level so
h1 = h2 = h and g(h2 – h1) factor becomes zero. Hence Bernoulli‟s equation reduces to
P1+1/2 v12 = P2+1/2 v22
Which means variation of pressure is taking place only due to the change in K.E not that of height of
the fluid so the maximum blood pressure in the body would have the smallest value.

6.12 In an orbiting space station, would the blood pressure in major arteries in the leg ever be greater
than the blood pressure in major arteries in the neck?

Ans: The blood pressure in the major arteries of the legs and that of neck would have the same value in an
orbiting space station because gh factors becomes zero due to weightlessness. Hence no variation
would be in the K.E of the blood in all the major arteries as there is no change in the potential energy so
pressure would be same in all the major arteries. Mathematically,
P1+1/2 v12 = P2+1/2 v22
As v1=v2 = v so above equation would become
P1+1/2 v2 = P2+1/2 v2
And P1 = P2

Numericals
6.1 Certain globular protein particle has a density of 1246 kgm-3. It falls through pure water ( = 8.0
 10-4 Nsm-2) with a terminal speed of 3.0 cmh-1. Find the radius of the particle.
Solution:
 = 1246 kgm-3
 = 8.0  10-4 Nsm-2
vt = 3 cmh-1
vt = 3  10 2 m = 8.33  106 ms-1
3600 s

98 | P a g e
 Using the formula
2gr2
vt =
9

2 9 vt
=
2g
4 6
9  8.0  10  8.33  10
r2 =
2  9.8  1246

r = 1.6  10-6 m

6.2 Water flows through a hose, whose internal diameter is 1cm at a speed of 1 ms-1, what should be
the diameter of the nozzle if the water is to emerge at 21 ms-1.

Solution:
d1 = 1 cm = 1  10-2 m
v1 = 1 ms-1
d2 =?
v2 = 21 ms-1
Using equation of continuity
A1v1 = A2v2
( r12)v1 = ( r22)v2
2 2
 d1  d 
  v  2  v
 2  1  2  2
   

d12 d2
v1  2 v 2
4 4
d12 v1
d 22 
v2
Putting the values

(1  10 -2 ) 2 (1)
d 22 
21
d 22 = 4.761  10-6
d2 = 2.1  10-3 m
d2 = 0.21  10-2 m

d2 = 0.2 cm

6.3 The pipes near the lower end of a large water storage tank develops a small leak and a
stream of water shoots from it. The top of water in the tank is 15 m above the point of leak.
a) With what speed does the water rush from the hole?
b) If the hole has an area of 0.060 cm2, how much water flows in one second?
Solution:

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 h = 15 m
v =?
A = 0.06 cm2
A = 0.06  10-4 m2
Volume of water flowing in 1s =?
Applying Torricelli‟s theorem
v = 2gh
v = 2 (9.8) (15)

v = 17 ms-1

We know that
Volume
t = Av

Volume = (Av)  t
Volume = (0.06  10-4) (17)  1
Volume = 1.02  10-4 m3
Volume = 102  10-6 m3

Volume = 102 cm3

6.4 Water is flowing smoothly through a closed pipe system. At one point the speed of water is 3.0 ms-1.
While at another point 3 m higher, the speed is 4 ms-1. If the pressure is 80 kPa at the lower
point? What is pressure at the upper point?
Solution:
v1 = 3 ms-1
h2 – h1 = 3 m
v2 = 4 ms-1
P1 = 80 kPa
= 80  1000 Pa
P1 = 80000 Pa
P2 =?
Using Bernoulli‟s Relation
1 1
P1 + 2 v12 + gh1 = P2 + 2 v22 + gh2

1 1
80000 + 2 (1000) (9) = P2 + 2 (1000) (16) + g (h2 – h1)

84500 = P2 + 8000 + (1000) (9.8) (3)

84500 = P2 + 37400
P2 = 84500 – 37400
P2 = 47100 Pa

100 | P a g e
 P2 = 47.1 kPa

6.5 An airplane wing is designed so that when the speed of the air across the top of the wing is 450
ms-1. The speed of air below the wing is 410 ms-1. What is the pressure difference b/w the top and
bottom of the wing? (Density of air = 1.29kgm-3)
Solution:
v2 = 450 ms-1
v1 = 410 ms-1
P1 – P2 = ?
h1 = h2 = h
Using Bernoulli‟s Relation
1 1
P1 + v12 + gh = P2 + v22 + gh
2 2
1 1
P1 – P2 = v22 – v12
2 2
1
P1 – P2 = (v22 – ½ v12)
2
1
P1 – P2 = 2 (1.29) [(450)2 – (410)2]

1
P1 – P2 = (1.29) (202500 – 168100)
2
P1 – P2 = 22188 Pa

P1 – P2 = 22.1 kPa

6.6 The radius of the aorta is about 1.0 cm and the blood flowing through it has a speed of about 30 cms-1.
Calculate the average speed of the blood in the capillaries using the fact that although each capillary
has a diameter of about 8  10-4 cm. There are literally millions of them so that their total cross
section is about 2000 cm2.
Solution:
r1 = 1cm = 1  10-2 m
v1 = 30 cms-1
v1 = 30  10-2 ms-1
v2 = ?
Diameter of each capillary = 8  10-4 cm
A2 = 2000 cm2
A2 = 2000  10-4 m2
Using equation of continuity
A1v1 = A2v2
A1v1
v2 = A
2

r12v1
v2 = A
2

101 | P a g e
 (3.14) (1  10-2)2 (30  10-2)
v2 =
2000  10-4

v2 = 5  10-4 ms-1

6.7 How large must a heating duct be if air moving 3.0 ms-1 along it can replenish the air in a room of
300 m3 volume every 15 min. Assume the air‟s density remains constant?
Solution:
v1 = 3 ms-1
Volume = 300 m3
t = 15 min
r=?
We know that
Volume
t = Av

Volume
t = (r2)v

Volume
r2 =
tv
300
r2 =
900  3.14  3
r2 = 0.0353
r = 0.19 m
r = 19  10-2 m

r = 19 cm

6.8 An airplane design calls for a “Lift” due to the net force of the moving air on the wing of about
1000 Nm-2 of wing area. Assume that air flows past the wing of an air craft with streamline flow.
If the speed of the flow past lower wing surface is 160 ms-1, what is the required speed over the
upper surface to give a “Lift” of 1000 Nm-2? The density of air is 1.29 kgm-3 and assumes
maximum thickness of wing to be 1m.
Solution:
v1 = 160 ms-1
v2 =?
P1 – P2 = 1000 Nm-2
 = 1.29 kgm-3
h2 – h1 = 1m
Using Bernoulli‟s relation
1 1
P1 + v12 + gh1 = P2 + v22 + gh2
2 2
1 1
P1 – P2 + 2 v12 = 2 v22 + g (h2 – h1)

1 1
1000 + 2 (1.29)(160)2 = 2 (1.29) (v22) + (1.29) (9.8) (1)

17512 = 0.645 v22 + 12.642

0.645 v22 = 17512 – 12.642

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 0.645 v22 = 17499.358
17499.358
v22 = 0.645

v22 = 27130.7876
v22 = 165 ms-1

6.9 What gauge pressure is required in the city mains for a stream from a fire hose connected to the
mains to reach a vertical height of 15.0 m?
Solution:
P=?
h = 15m
We know that:
P = gh
P = (1000)(9.8)(15)
P = 147000 Pa
P = 1.47  105 Pa

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Ch 7 Oscillations
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The acceleration of body having S.H.M. depends upon its
(A) mass (B) velocity
(C) displacement from mean position (D) all of these

2. The distance between two consecutive nodes becomes

 
(A)  (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 2

3. Potential energy of mass spring system at displacement one fourth of amplitude is equal to
(A) half of max P.E (B) 1/4th of max P.E
(C) 1/8th of max P.E (D) 1/16th of max. P.E

4. If length of simple pendulum become four times, then its time period will become
(A) four times (B) six times (C) eight times (D) two times

5. The displacement of SHM is written as x = xo sin θ if displacement is written by x = xo cos  t

then phase constant will be equal to
(A) 0o (B) 45o (C) 90o (D) 180o

6. For what displacement the P.E become 1/4 of its maximum value?
xo2
(A) x = xo (B) x = xo/2 (C) x = xo/4 (D) x =
2

7. All of the following except one is not towards mean position (SHM).
(A) restoring force (B) acceleration
(C) change of velocity (D) displacement

8. If amplitude of a vibrating body is 2cm, the distance covered by the vibrating body in a time
3T/4 is
(A) 2cm (B) 4cm (C) 6cm (D) 8cm

9. If phase angle is 90o, the instantaneous displacement of the projection N of a particle „P‟
executing SHM is
(A) xo sin  (B) xo sin (ωt + 90o)
(C) xo Sin (ωt +) (D) xo cos ωt (E) xo

10. Which is the correct for velocity of projection N of particle P, executing SHM
(A) vp sin (90o – θ) (B) vp Cos θ (C) xo ω cos  (D) All of these

11. In SHM, which one of the following is not zero at mean position
(A) potential energy (B) acceleration (C) restoring force (D) kinetic energy

12. An iron stone is dropped into a tunnel made from North Pole to the South Pole of the Earth,
it will
(A) pass through the tunnel (B) come to rest at the center of Earth
(C) vibrate with S.H.M about center of Earth (D) reach the South Pole of Earth

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13. When initial phase is 180o, the projection N will start its motion from
(A) mean position (B) extreme position
(C) the top level (D) in b/w mean and extreme position

14. The formula for the maximum velocity of mass attached to a spring,
k k  2 
(A) x o (B) x o 1  x 
m m  x 2
 o 

k k  x2 
(C) x (D) xo 1  2 
m m  x 

15. In S.H.M the velocity of a particle is maximum at

(A) mean position (B) extreme position
(C) in b/w mean and extreme position (D) none of these

16. Total energy of a body executing S.H.M is directly proportional to

(A) square of amplitude (B) the amplitude
(C) reciprocal of amplitude (D) square root of amplitude

17. The length of second‟s pendulum on Earth is

(A) 100 cm (B) 99.4 cm (C) 99.2 cm (D) 99 cm

18. The force responsible for the vibratory motion of simple pendulum is
(A) mg cos  (B) mg sin  (C) mg tan  (D) - mg sin

19. A simple pendulum suspended from the ceiling of a lift has period T when the lift is at rest.
When the lift falling freely under the action of gravity, the time period will become
(A) zero (B) T/2 (C) T/g (D) Infinite

20. While determining the expression for time period of simple pendulum, we keep the amplitude
(A) large (B) small (C) maximum (D) at any value

21. If a given spring of spring constant k is cut into three identical segments, the spring constant of each
segment is
k
(A) (A) k/3 (B) 3k (C) 3 k (D)
3

22. If a force of 20N displaces a body attached to a spring through 10cm then the spring constant of the spring
will he
(A) 2N/m (B) 200 N/m (C) 20 N/m (D) none of these

23. What will be the total energy of a mass attached to a spring with spring constant 2N/m, when displaced
through 2m?
(A) 2 J (B) 4 J (C) 1 J (D) 4 J

24. At what place, motion of simple pendulum will be slowest,

(A) Poles (B) Equator
(C) on the surface of earth (D) at the center of earth

25. The wave form of S.H.M is

(A) standing wave (B) sine wave (C) square wave (D) none of these

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26. The acceleration of a projection on the diameter for a particle moving along a circle is
(A) ω2 x (B) ωx2 (C) – ω2 x (D) – ω x2

27. The SI unit of force constant is identical with that of

(A) force (B) pressure (C) surface tension (D) tension

28. The distance between a compression and an adjacent rarefaction of compressional wave is 1 cm, and
the speed of the wave is 2 cm/sec then its wavelength will be
(A) 4 cm (B) 3 cm (C) 2 cm (D) 1 cm

29. If the period of a wave motion is 0.01 s and the wave speed is 100 m/s then its frequency will be
(A) 10 hertz (B) 100 hertz (C) 1000 hertz (D) 10000 hertz

30. If a transverse wave has a speed of 100 m/sec and frequency of 100 hertz then its wavelength will be
(A) 1 m (B) 10 m (C) 100 m (D) 1000 m

31. One end of a rubber string is attached to a vibrator having a frequency 200 hertz while the other end
is connected do a rigid support, then the speed of the wave generated will be if wavelength is 5 cm
(A) 5ms-1 (B) 10ms-1 (C) 20 ms-1 (D) 200 ms-1

32. A simple pendulum has a bob of mass m and its frequency is „f‟. If we replace the bob with a heavier
one, having mass 2 m than what will be its new frequency?
(A) 1/4f (B) 1/2f (C) f (D) 2f

33. Work done by the average force in stretching a spring upto a displacement xo is
(A) 1/2 kx (B) 1/2 Fx (C) 1/2 kx2 (D) none of these

34. P.E of spring mass is stored in

(A) both mass and spring (B) spring (C) Mass (D) none of these

35. Angular frequency is given by the expression

2 k
(A) ω =v/r (B) ω = T (C) ω = m (D) all of these

36. Vibratory motion is always under

(A) an applied force (B) an elastic restoring force and inertia
(C) gravitational fore (D) none of these

37. When the bob of a simple pendulum is at the mean position its potential energy is
(A) Maximum (B) Minimum (C) Zero (D) infinite

38. A process where by energy is dissipated from the oscillating system is called
(A) oscillation (B) damping (C) resonance (D) energy dissipated

39. The sharpness of the resonance curve depends on

(A) loss of K.E (B) loss of potential energy
(C) frictional loss of energy (D) none of these

40. Which one of the following properties of light does not change with the nature of the medium?
(A) velocity (B) wave length (C) amplitude (D) frequency

41. The frequency of a second‟s pendulum is

106 | P a g e
 (A) 1 Hz (B) 0.5 Hz (C) 1.5 Hz (D) 2.0 Hz

42. The cooking and heating of food by microwave oven is an example of:
(A) SHM (B) Resonance (C) Damped oscillations (D) None of these

43.The time period of a simple pendulum is

(A) 1 g (b) 2 l (C) 2 g (D) 1 l
2 l g l 2 g

44. The total energy of a particle executing S.H.M. at any displacement x is given by if amplitude of
vibrating body is xo
kxo 1 2
(A) kx (B) (C) kxo (D) kxo
2 2
45. The angle θ = ω t which specifics the displacement as well as direction of motion of the point
executing SHM is known as
(A) critical angle (B) phase (C) plane angle (D) solid angle

46. The time period of second‟s pendulum is

(A) 4 seconds (B) 3 seconds
(C) 1 second (D) 2 seconds (E) 5 seconds

47. In SHM, the restoring force is directly proportional to

(A) velocity (B) acceleration
(C) displacement (D) time period (E) frequency

48. One complete round trip of a vibrating body is called:

(A) time period (B) frequency
(C) vibration (D) amplitude (E) displacement

49. The lowest position of a wave called as:

(A) elongation (B) node
(C) crest (D) compression (E) trough

50. The displacement of vibrating body at equilibrium position is:

(A) maximum (B) zero (C) minimum (D) none of these

51. When damping is small, the amplitude of vibration at resonance will be:
(A) small (B) unchanged (C) large (D) none of these

52. The product of time period and frequency is

(A) zero (B) 1 (C)  (D) 2

53. The oscillations in which amplitude decreased steadily with time are called
(A) natural oscillations (B) free oscillations
(C) damped oscillations (D) forced oscillations

54. Distance covered during one vibration of an oscillating body in terms of amplitude „A‟ is
A
(A) 2
(B) A (C) 2A (D) 4A

55. The distance between a node and the next antinode is

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  
(A) 4  (B) 2 (C) (D)
2 4

56. The product of frequency and time period is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

57. The total distance traveled by an object moving with SHM, having amplitude „A‟ in a time equal to its
period is
(A) A (B) 2 A (C) 4 A (D) 8 A

58. If the time period of simple pendulum is 2 seconds, its frequency will be
(A) 1.0 Hz (B) 0.5 Hz (C) 1.5 Hz (D) 2 Hz

59. The dimensions of power are

(A) [ML2T-1] (B) [ML2T-2] (C) [ML2T-3] (D) [ML2To]

60. If 20 waves pass through a medium in 1 sec with a speed of 20m S-1 then the wavelength is
(A) 20 m (B) 40 m (C) 400 m (D) 1 m

61. The S.I units of spring constant are

(A) m-1 (B) Nm-1 (C) Nm-2 (D) Nm2

ANSWER KEY Ch 7 (B1)

1 11 21 31 41 51
2 12 22 32 42 52
3 13 23 33 43 53

4 14 24 34 44 54
5 15 25 35 45 55

6 16 26 36 46 56

7 17 27 37 47

8 18 28 38 48
9 19 29 39 49

10 20 30 40 50

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 Short Questions Answers
7.1 Name two characteristics of simple harmonic motion.

Ans: The characteristics of SHM are

i) Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement from the mean position and is always
directed towards the mean position.
i.e. a  -x
iii) The variation of displacement with time in SHM is sinusoidal i.e. it has sine wave.

7.2 Does frequency depends on amplitude for harmonic oscillators?

Ans: The formulas for the frequencies of harmonic oscillators are

f= 1 k  (1)
2 m

f= 1 g (2)
2 l
It is clear from equation (1) and (2) that frequency of harmonic oscillators does not depend on
amplitude.

7.3 Can we realize an ideal simple pendulum?

Ans: No, we cannot realize an ideal simple pendulum because damping is inevitable in practical
situations. An ideal simple pendulum is one which consists of a heavy but very small metallic
bob. This bob must be suspended from a frictionless rigid support, by means of a weightless
inextensible thread. As these conditions are impossible to achieve practically, so we cannot
realize an ideal simple pendulum.

7.4 What is the total distance traveled by an object moving with SHM in a time equal to its period, if
its amplitude is A?

Ans: If the amplitude of a vibrating body is A, then the distance covered by it in t = T is 4 A.

7.5 What happens to the period of a simple pendulum if its length is doubled? What happens if the
suspended mass is doubled?

Ans: According to the formula for the time period of simple pendulum
l
T = 2  (1)
g

If l = 2l
Then,
l
T/ = 2
g

2l
T/ = 2
g

l
T/ = 2  2
g

T = 2 T  (2)

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 From equation (2) it is clear that time period of simple pendulum will increase 2 times if its length is
doubled.
From equation (1) it is clear that time period of simple pendulum is independent of the mass of bob and
is not affected by the change in the mass of bob.

7.6 Does the acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator remain constant during its motion? Is the
acceleration ever zero? Explain.

Ans: The formulas for the acceleration of harmonic motion are

 
a  ω 2 x  (1)
 g
a  x  (2)
l
 k 
a x  (3)
m
From equation (1), (2) and (3) it is clear that acceleration of harmonic oscillator is directly proportional
to the displacement. So, it does not remain constant but increases as the displacement of vibrating body
increases and decreases as the displacement decreases.
It is zero at the mean position but maximum at the extreme positions.

Mathematically
 
a  ω 2 x
At mean position x = 0 so,

a  ω 2 (0)

a 0  (4)
At extreme position x = xo so,
 
a o  ω 2 ( x o )
 
a o  ω2 xo  (5)
Equation (5) gives the value of maximum acceleration of projection „N‟ executing SHM.

7.7 What is meant by phase angle? Does it define angle between maximum displacement and the
driving force.

Ans: Phase angle:

The angle  = t which specifies the instantaneous displacement as well as direction of motion
of the point executing SHM is known as phase.
It does not define the angle between maximum displacement and the driving force. It is the
angle which the rotating OP makes with reference direction OO1 at any instant as shown in the
figure.

Special Case
In special case phase angle „‟ is

110 | P a g e
  = t  (1)

General Case
In general case phase angle „‟ is

 = t +   (2)

Where „‟ is the initial phase and (t +) is the phase angle.

7.8 Under what conditions does the addition of two simple harmonic motions produce a resultant,
which is also simple harmonic?

Ans: The conditions under which the addition of two SHMs produce a resultant, which is also simple
harmonic are as under.
i) Both simple harmonic oscillators must vibrate with same frequency and time period.
ii) Both SHMs should have constant phase difference or zero phase difference.

7.9 Show that in SHM the acceleration is zero when the velocity is greatest and the velocity is zero
when the acceleration is greatest?

Ans: The formula for the acceleration of the projection N executing SHM is
a = -2 x  (1)
The formula for the velocity of the projection „N‟ executing SHM
v =  x 02  x 2  (2)
Putting x = 0 in the equations (1) and (2)
a = -2 (0)
a=0

111 | P a g e
 a=0  (3)
And
v= x 02  0  ω x 02

v = xo

v =  xo  (4)
So, velocity has maximum value of xo when a = 0.

Now at the extreme positions putting x = xo in equations (1) and (2)

a = -2x
a = -2 (xo)
a = -2xo
a = -2xo  (5)

And
v= x 02  x 2

=  x 02  x 02

= 0
v=0  (6)
So, at extreme positions acceleration has maximum value of (-2xo) when velocity v = 0.

7.10 In relation to SHM explain the equations;

i) Y = A sin (t +)
 
ii) a = -2 x

Ans: i) Y = A sin (t + )

In the above equation

Y = Instantaneous displacement of the projections N executing SHM.
A = Amplitude which is equal to radius OP as shown in the fig.
 = Initial phase angle when t = 0
t = Angle rotated by the radius OP in time interval t ( INSTITUTE)
The above equation (1) shows that the rotating radius OP makes an angle  when t = 0 as shown in fig.
In time t the rotating radius OP rotates by an angle t. So now the rotating radius OP has phase angle 
= t +  and its instantaneous displacement has become,

112 | P a g e
 ON = OP sin (t +)
Y = A sin (t +)
 
ii) a  ω2 x

In the above equation,

 = uniform angular frequency
x = instantaneous displacement
 
This equation shows that the direction of acceleration a and displacement x are opposite as shown in
fig.

It also shows that acceleration is directly proportional to the instantaneous displacement from the mean
position and is directed towards the mean position.

7.11 Explain the relation b/w total energy, potential energy and kinetic energy for a body oscillating
with SHM.

Ans: Consult Text Book Pg # 152,153

7.12 Describe some common phenomena in which resonance plays an important role.

Ans Following are the common phenomena in which resonance plays an important role.

i) Mechanical Resonance
A swing is a good example of mechanical resonance. It is a pendulum with a single natural
frequency depending own its length. If a series of regular pushes are given, its motion
will be built up enormously.

ii) Electrical Resonance

Tuning of radio is the best example of electric resonance. When we turn the knob of a radio, to tune
a station, we are changing the natural frequency of electric circuit of the receiver, to make it
equal to the transmission frequency of the radio station. When the two frequencies match, energy
absorption is maximum and this is only the station we hear.

iii) Resonance produced by waves

Another good example of resonance is the heating and cooking of food very efficiently and evenly by
microwave oven. The waves produced in this type of oven have a wavelength 12 cm at a frequency of
2450 MHz. At this frequency waves are absorbed due to resonance by water and fat molecules in the
food, heating them up and so cooking the food.

113 | P a g e
7.13 If a mass spring system is hung vertically and set into oscillations, why does the motion eventually
stop?

Ans: A mass spring system is hung vertically and set into oscillations; it eventually stops because of friction
and air resistance. Friction and resistance produce a damping force where by energy is dissipated. Due
to dissipation of energy amplitude decreases steadily and eventually the motion stops because
E  xo2

Numericals
7.1 A 100.0g body hung on a spring elongates the spring by 4.0cm. When a certain object
is hung on the spring and set vibrating, its period is 0.568 sec. What is the mass of the
object pulling the spring?

Solution:
100.0
Mass of the body which elongates the spring = m = 1000 g =0.1kg

x = 4cm = 0.04m
T = 0.568sec
Mass of the vibrating object = m = ?
According to Hook‟s law,
F = kx  (1)
F = mg  (2)
Comparing equation (1) & (2)
kx = mg
k=
k=
k = 24.5 Nm-1
Using the formula for the time period
m
T= 2
k

m
T2 = 4π 2  
k
2
kT
m= 2
4
(0.568)2(24.5)
m= 4(3.142)2
m = 0.200kg
m = 200g 
 Answer

7.2 A load of 15.0g elongates a spring by 2.00 cm. If body of mass 294 g is attached to the spring and
is set into vibration with an amplitude of 10.0cm, What will be its
i) Period
ii) Spring constant
iii) Maximum speed of its vibration
114 | P a g e
Solution:
15
Mass of object which elongates the spring = m1 = 1000 g

m1 = 0.015kg
x = 2.00cm
x = 0.02m
294
Mass of vibrating object = m2 = 1000 g

m2 = 0.294kg
xo = 10.0 cm
xo = 0.10 m

i) T =?
ii) k=?
iii) vo = ?
Firstly we find the spring constant „k‟
According to Hook‟s law
F = kx  (1)
F = m1g  (2)
Comparing (1) and (2)  F = W = mg

kx = m1g
m1g
k=
x
(0.015)(9.8)
k= 0.02
k = 7.35 Nm-1  (1) Answer
For the time period of vibrating mass m2 attached to the spring
m2
T = 2 k
0.294
T = 2(3.14)
7.35
T = 1.26sec  (ii) Answer
Now for the maximum velocity
k
vo = xo m
7.35
vo = (0.1)
0.294

vo = 0.5 ms-1
vo = 50 cms-1  (iii) Answer

115 | P a g e
7.3 An 8.0 kg body executes SHM with amplitude 30 cm. The restoring force is 60 N when the
displacement is 30cm. Find
(i) Period
(ii) Acceleration, speed, kinetic energy & potential energy when the displacement
is 12cm.

Solution:

m = 8.0 kg
xo = 30cm = 0.3 m
Restoring force F = 60 N
T=?

For x = 12 cm
a=?
v=?
K.E = ?
P.E = ?
According to Hook‟s law,
F = k xo
F
k=x
o

60
k = 0.3

k = 200Nm-1
For the time period
m
T = 2
k
T=

T = 1.3 sec  (i) Answer

The acceleration
k
a=–mx

200
a = – 8 (0.12)

a = – 3 ms-2
The negative sign show that acceleration and displacement are opposite i.e. acceleration is toward the
mean position. This magnitude of acceleration can be written as,
a = – 3 ms-2  (ii) Answer
For the velocity
k x
v = xo (1  22 )
m x0

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  200  0.12 
2
v = (0.3)   1
 8  (0.3) 2 

v = (0.3) 25(1  0.16)

v = (0.3) 25(0.84)
v = (0.3) 21
v = (0.3) (4.6)
v = 1.4 ms-1  Answer
For K.E
1 x
K.E = 2 k x 02 (1  22 )
x0
1 1
K.E = 2 k x02  2 kx2

1
K.E = 2 k ( x02  x 2 )

1
K.E = 2 (200) [(0.3)2 – (0.12)2]

K.E = (100) [(0.09) – (0.0144)]

K.E = (100) (0.0756)
K.E = 7.56J
K.E = 7.56J  (iv) Answer
For P.E.
1 2
P. E = kx
2
1
P. E = 2 (200) (0.12)2

P. E = (100) (0.0144)
P. E = 1.44 J  (v)Answer

7.4 A block of mass 4.0 kg is dropped from a height of 0.80 m on to a spring of spring constant k =
1960 Nm-1. Find the maximum distance through which the spring will be compressed.

Solution:
m = 4.0 kg
h = 0.8 m
k = 1960 Nm-1
xo = ?
The block of 4kg has P.E at a height of 0.80 m which be given as,
P.E = mgh
P.E = (4) (9.8) (0.8)
P.E = 31.36J
This P.E compresses the spring through maximum distance xo so,
1
P.E = 2 k x 02

117 | P a g e
 (2) (P.E)
x 02 =
k
(2) (31.36)
x 02 =
1960
x 02 = 0.032

xo = 0.18m Answer

7.5 A simple pendulum is 50.0 cm long. What will be its frequency of vibration at a place where
g = 9.8 ms-2?

Solution:

50.0
l = 100 cm = 0.5 m

g = 9.8 ms-2
f =?
We have formula for the frequency of simple pendulum
1 g
f= l
2
1 9.8
f=
(2)(3.142) 0.5
f = (0.16) (4.43)
f = 0.71 Hz
Its time period is
1
T= f

1
T = 0.71

T = 1.14 sec.

7.6 A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a spring with spring constant 1000 Nm -1, as shown in fig. The
spring is compressed through a distance of 2.0 cm and the block is released from rest. Calculate
the velocity of the block as it passes through the equilibrium position, x = 0, if the surface is
frictionless.

i) X

x=0

ii) X

x = 2cm
Solution:

m = 1.6 kg
k = 1000 Nm-1
xo = 2cm
xo = 0.02 m
118 | P a g e
 vo = ?
Using the formula for maximum velocity vo
vo = xo
1000
vo = (0.02) 1.6
vo = (0.02) (25)
vo = 0.5 ms-1  Answer

7.7 A car of mass 1300 kg is constructed using a frame supported by four springs. Each spring
has a spring constant 20,000 Nm-1. If two people riding in the car have a combined mass of 160kg,
find the frequency of vibration of the car, when it is driven over a pot hole in the road. Assume
the weight is evenly distributed.

Solution:
Mass of car = m1 = 1300 kg
Spring constant of each spring = 20,000 Nm-1
Two people having combined mass = m2 = 160kg
f=?
Total mass = m = m1 + m2
m = (1300 +160) kg
m = 1460 kg
Car is constructed using a frame supported by four springs, so total spring constant would be,
k = 4 × 20000 Nm-1
k = 80000 Nm-1
Using the formula for the frequency of vibrations
1 k
f= m
2
1 80000
f = 2(3.14) 1460
f = (0.16) (7.4)
f = 1.18 Hz  Answer
For time period,
1
T=f

1
T = 1.18

T = 0.85 s

7.8 Find the amplitude, frequency and period of an object vibrating at the end of a spring, if the
equation for its position, as function of time, is What is the displacement of the object after 2.0 s?

π
x = 0.25 cos   t
8

Solution:

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 π
x = 0.25 cos   t
8
xo = ?
f=?
T=?
x=? (when t = 2.0 s)
The instantaneous displacement in SHM is given by the equation
x = xo cos t  (1)
According to given value
π
x = 0.25 cos   t  (2)
8
Comparing (1) and (2) we see that
xo = 0.25 m
π
= rads-1
8
Where xo is the amplitude and  is the angular frequency
xo = 0.25 m  (3)
Now for the frequency
 = 2f

f=
2
where
/8
f=
2

 =
8

f=
16 

1
f= Hz  (4) Answer
16
For time period
1
T=f

1
T = 1/16

T = 16 s  (5) Answer
For the displacement „x‟ of the object after 2 s
π where
x = 0.25 sec   t t = 2 sec
8

π
x = 0.25 cos    2
8

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 π
x = 0.25 cos    (6)
4
We know,
1 rad = 180o
 180o
1 2 rad = 2 = 90o

 o
4 rad = 45

So, putting 4 = 45o in the equation (6)

x = 0.25 cos 45o

x = 0.25  (0.707)
x = 0.18m  (7) Answer

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Ch 8 Waves
Multiple Choice Questions
1. If stretching force F of wire increases, then its fundamental frequency
(A) decreases (B) increases (C) remains the same (D) any of these
2. If the period of a wave motion is 0.01 s and the wave speed is 100 m/s then its frequency will be
(A) 10 hertz (B) 100 hertz (C) 1000 hertz (D) 10000 hertz
3. Waves transmit from one place to another
(A) signal (B) energy (C) mass (D) light
4. Mechanical waves are those which
(A) do not require medium (B) consume energy
(C) require medium (D) do not carry energy
5. Choose the correct statement.
(A) Nodes are the points where displacement and pressure are maximum.
(B) Nodes are the points where both displacement and pressure are zero.
(C) Nodes are the points where displacement is zero and pressure is maximum.
(D) Nodes are the points where displacement is maximum and pressure is minimum.
6. Stationary waves are produced due to superposition of two
(A) Exactly similar waves moving along the same line and same direction
(B) Exactly similar waves moving along the same line but in opposite direction
(C) Exactly similar waves moving at right angle to each other
(D) Different waves moving along the same direction
7. The magnitude of auditory sensation produced by sound on the ear is known as
(A) pitch (B) intensity (C) quality (D) loudness
8. Newton calculated the speed of sound in air at STP equal to
(A) 280 ms–1 (B) 250 ms–1 (C) 333 ms–1 (D) 332 ms–1
9. Velocity and speed of sound in vacuum respectively
(A) 0, 332 ms–1 (B) 320 ms–1 ,0 (C) zero, zero (D) 0, 224 ms–1
10. The normal ear is the most sensitive in the frequency range
(A) 20, 000 to 30, 000 hertz (B) 10 to 20 hertz
(C) 2000 to 4000 hertz (D) 6000 to 8000 hertz
11. Increase in velocity of sound in air for 1 oC rise in temperature is
(A) 0.61 ms–1 (B) 61 cm s–1 (C) 2 ft s–1 (D) all of these
12. A sound of frequency 2 Hz
(A) is very shrill (B) is very loud
(C) is inaudible (D) has very short wavelength
13. Which can be used to distinguish between different musical instruments?
(A) loudness (B) quality (C) pitch (D) intensity
14. Beats are produced when
(A) sound waves enter into a highly dispersive medium
(B) sound is heard after multiple reflections
(C) sound is reflected from a large obstacle
(D) interference of two sound waves of slightly different frequencies takes place
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15. When two tuning forks of nearly the same frequencies are sounded, the beats produced
(A) do not travel at all
(B) travel with a velocity greater than that of the sound
(C) travel with a velocity less than that of the sound
(D) travel with velocity of the sound
16. Two tuning forks have the same natural frequency. One of them is then loaded with wax. When the
tuning forks are now sounded together, they will produce
(A) stationary waves (B) resonance (C) forced vibrations (D) beats
17. A source of sound having frequency „f‟ is moving with velocity „us‟ towards stationary listener. If v is
the velocity of sound then apparent frequency „f /‟ of the sound heard by listener will be
(A) vf / (v + us) (B) vf / (v – us) (C) (v + a / us)f (D) (v – us / v)f
18. A wave traveling from rarer to denser medium on reflection suffers a phase change of
(A) 45o (B) 60o (C) 90o (D) 180o
19. Electromagnetic waves transport
(A) energy only (B) momentum only
(C) both momentum and energy (D) momentum and disturbance
20. Which one of the following properties of light does not change with the nature of the medium?
(A) velocity (B) wave length (C) amplitude (D) frequency
21. According to modern idea about the nature of light, light shows
(A) particle nature only (B) wave nature only
(C) dual nature (D) electromagnetic wave nature
22.The value of „‟ for diatomic gas is
(A) 1.67 (B) 1.40 (C) 1.29 (D) Infinity
23. The condition for constructive interference of two coherent beams is that the path difference should be
(A) integral multiple of λ/2 (B) integral multiple of λ
(C) odd integral multiple of λ/2 (D) even integral multiple of λ
24. Speed of star can be determine by applying the phenomena of
(A) beats (B) interference (C) Doppler Effect (D) polarization
25. Increase in velocity of sound in the air for 1K rise in temperature and 1 Co rise in temperature
(A) same (B) different
(C) greater for 1 K rise in temperature (D) same for 1 K rise in temperature
26. Which one is correct relation?
(A) vNewton = vLaplace (B) vNewton = γ vLaplace
(C) vNewton =  vLaplace (D) vLaplace =  vNewton
27. Beats are the results of
(A) diffraction of sound waves (B) constructive and destructive interference
(C) polarization (D) destructive interference
28. The speed of sound in air at 0oC is 332 ms-1. The speed at 2 oC will be
(A) 333.2 ms-1 (B) 335 ms-1 (C) 330 ms-1 (D) none of these

29. Velocity of sound in any medium depends upon

(A) elasticity of the medium only (B) density of the medium only
(C) both elasticity and density (D) neither elasticity nor density

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30. Velocity of sound in air is
(A) directly proportional to absolute temperature
(B) inversely proportional to absolute temperature
(C) directly proportional to the square root of absolute temperature
(D) inversely proportional to the square root of absolute temperature
31. Velocity of sound in air increases with temperature and the increase in velocity per Co rise in
temperature is
(A) 61.00 m s–1 (B) 0.61 m s–1 (C) 2.00 m s–1 (D) 61.61 m s–1
32. In stretched string, harmonic series are determined by
(A) tension and length (B) tension, wavelength and mass per unit length
(C) tension, length and mass per unit length (D) tension, frequency, length and mass per unit length.
33. In an organ pipe, the primary mechanism is
(A) interference (B) reflection (C) refraction (D) wavering
34. Standing wave in a stretched string will be formed when the length of string is
(A) an integral multiple of λ (B) an odd integral multiple of λ
(C) an even integral multiple of λ (D) an integral multiple of λ/2.
35. When stationary waves are formed in air columns, the open end will always act as
(A) node (B) antinode (C) compression (D) rarefaction
36. The length of an organ pipe open at both ends is 20 cm, the frequency of 1st harmonic 0oC will be
(A) 83 Hz (B) 830 Hz (C) 8 Hz (D) 83000 Hz
37. The wavelength of the third harmonic when both ends of an organ pipe is open if length of pipe is 15 cm
(A) 15 cm (B) 22.5 cm (C) 10 cm (D) 20 cm
38. Electromagnetic waves travel in free space with velocity
(A) 3 x 1010 cms -1 (B) 3 x 108ms -1
(C) 3 x 105 kms -1 (D) all of the given are correct
39. Two pipe one is open and other is closed at one end are of same length then the ratio of their
fundamental frequencies will be
(A) 1:2 (B) 2:1 (C) 1:1 (D) 1:4
40. The frequency of fundamental mode of an organ pipe open at both ends is 400 Hz. If one end of pipe
is closed the fundamental frequency will be.
(A) 800Hz (B) 600Hz (C) 400Hz (D) 200Hz
41. For each degree Celsius rise in temperature of gas, the speed of sound through it increases by
(A) 0.60 ms-1 (B) 0.61 cms-1 (C) 61 ms-1 (D) 6.1 ms-1
42. A man moves with a speed thrice the speed of sound waves towards the stationary of sound, the frequency
of sound waves heard by the man will
(A) Increase three times (B) Increase four times
(C) Decrease three times (D) Decrease four times
43. A bat while flying determines the location and nature of objects in his way be sending
(A) supersonic waves (B) infra sonic waves (C) ultra sonic waves (D) none of these
44. Two forks of frequencies 260 Hz and 257 Hz are sounded together, the number of beats per second is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 257
45. If length of a piano wire is 1m & mass 20g , & it is stretched by a force of 200 N then the fundamental
frequency of sound waves produced by the piano will be

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 (A) 200Hz (B) 100Hz (C) 50Hz (D) 25Hz
46. The speed of sound is greater in solids due to their high
(A) density (B) pressure (C) temperature (D) elasticity
47. If stretching force of wire increases, then its fundamental frequency
(A) decreases (B) increases (C) remains the same (D) none of these
48. A stationary wave is set up in the air column of a closed pipe. At the closed end of the pipe
(A) Always a node is formed
(B) Always an antinode is formed
(C) Sometimes node and some times antinode is formed
(D) Neither node nor antinode but crest is formed
49. It is possible to distinguish b/w transverse & longitudinal waves from the property of
(A) refraction (B) polarization (C) interference (D) diffraction
50. According to Laplace correction sound travel in air under the conditions of
(A) Adiabatic process (B) isothermal process (C) isobaric process (d)isochoric process
51. Velocity of sound in vacuum is
(A) 332ms-1 (B) 282 ms-1 (C) 0 ms-1 (D) 320ms -1
52. On loading the prong of a tuning fork with wax, its frequency
(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) remains unchanged (D) may increase or decrease
53. The periodic alternation of sound b/w maximum and minimum loudness are called
(A) silence zone (B) interference (C) beats (D) resonance
54. Silence zone take place due to
(A) constructive interference (B) destructive interference
(C) beats (D) resonance
55. What is the correct relation for fundamental frequency of open and closed pipe?
(A) f(open) = 2f (closed) (B) f closed = 2 f open (C) f open = f closed (D) f open = 1/f closed
56. In both end open organ pipe
(A) only even harmonics are present (B) only odd harmonics are present
(C) both even and odd harmonics are present (D) selected harmonics are present
57. The dimensions of elastic modulus is
(A) MLT –2 (B) ML-1 T-2 (C) ML-2T-2 (D) ML2T-2
58. If there is some relative motion between the source of waves and the observer, there will an apparent
change in
(A) its nature (B) its speed (C) its frequency (D) all of these
59. When an observer moves towards the source with a velocity uo, then the relative velocity of the waves
for the observer will be
(A) v – uo (B) v – uo /2 (C) v + uo /2 (D) v + uo
60. A steel wire hangs vertically form a fixed point, supporting a weight of 80 N at its lower end. The
length of wire from the fixed point to the weight is 1.5 m and mass per unit length is 1.53  10–3 k gm–1.
What will be its fundamental frequency
(A) 79 Hz (B) 76 Hz (C) 7 Hz (D) 6 Hz
61. A n open pipe has a length of 1m. The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. Its fundamental frequency will by
(A) 17 Hz (B) 170 Hz (C) 1.7 Hz (D) 1700 Hz

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62. The frequency of stretched string when it vibrates in two loop is
(A) equal to that when it vibrates in one loop (B) double than when it vibrates in one loop
(C) triple than when it vibrates in one loop (D) four times than when it vibrates in one loop

63. A stretched string of length „l‟ can be made to vibrate in 3 loops if it is plucked from
(A) center (B) 1/4 l (C) 1/8 l (D) 1/12 l
64. When a stretched string of length „l‟ is made to vibrate in 3 loop, its wavelength is given as
(A) l (B) 2 l (C) 1/2 l (D) 2 l / 3
65. The stationary waves have a discrete set of frequencies f1, 2f1, 3f1 ….. nf1 known as
(A) fundamental frequencies (B) basic frequencies
(C) independent frequencies (D) harmonic series
66. If F = 0.08N and x = 4 cm then the value of k is
(A) 6 N/m (B) 8 N/m (C) 4 N/m (D) 2 N/m
67. When the source of sound moves away from a stationary listener, then occurs
(A) An apparent increase in frequency (B) an apparent decrease in frequency
(C) an apparent decrease in wavelength (D) no apparent change in frequency and wavelength
68. A train is approaching a station at 25 m/s sounding a whistle of frequency 1000 Hz. What will be the
apparent frequency of the whistle as heard by an observer on the platform? (speed of sound = 340 m/s)
(A) 179.4 Hz (B) 1079.4 Hz (C) 545.9 Hz (D) 749.5 Hz
69. Doppler‟s effect applies to
(A) sound wave only (B) light wave only
(C) both sound and light waves (D) neither sound nor light wave
70. At constant temperature, if volume of given gas is double, then density of the gas
(A) become double (B) become 1/4 of original
(C) become 1/2 of original (D) remains unchanged
71. The velocity of sound in air at 0oC is
(A) 224 ms-1 (B) 332 ms-1 (C) 300ms-1 (D) 322 ms-1
72. The path difference „d‟ for constructive interference should be
 5
(A) d  (B) d 
2 2
3
(C) d  (D) d = m λ where m = 0,  1,  2, …
2
73. A stationary wave is established in a string which vibrates in four segments at a frequency of 120 Hz.
Its fundamental frequency is
(A) 15 Hz (B) 30 Hz (C) 60 Hz (D) 480 Hz
74. Beats are formed when two notes of frequencies f1 and f2 (f1 > f2) are sounded together. The beat
frequency will be
f1  f 2 f1  f 2
(A) f1  f 2 (B) f1  f 2 (C) (D)
2 2
o
75. The speed of sound in air at 30 C is approximately equal to
(A) 332 ms–1 (B) 335 ms–1
(C) 340 ms–1 (D) 345 ms–1 (E) 350 ms–1

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76. Tuning of radio is the best example of
(A) mechanical resonance (B) electrical resonance
(C) damping (D) phase modulation
77. Stationary waves are generated on a string of length „l‟. Its fundamental frequency is given by
v 2l
(A) f1 = v  1 (B) f1= 2l (C) f1 = 2 (v  1) (D) f1 = v

78. Sound waves cannot travel through

(A) air (B) water (C) material medium (D) vacuum
o
79. Phase angle of 180 is equivalent to a path different of
  
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
4 2 4
80. If the pressure of the gas is doubled, then the speed of sound
(A) is also doubled (B) becomes half (C) is not affected (D) increases by four times
81. A distance between two consecutive nodes is
(A) /4 (B) /2 (C)  (D) 2
82. If stretching force F on a wire increases, then its frequency
(A) decreases (B) increases (C) remains the same (D) any of these

ANSWER KEY Ch 8 (B1)

1 11 21 31 41 51

2 12 22 32 42 52
3 13 23 33 43 53
4 14 24 34 44 54

5 15 25 35 45 55

6 16 26 36 46 56
7 17 27 37 47

8 18 28 38 48
9 19 29 39 49

10 20 30 40 50

Short Questions Answers

8.1 What features do longitudinal waves have in common with transverse waves?

Ans: Following are the features which longitudinal waves have in common with the transverse waves.

i) Both waves transfer energy from one place to another by the vibration of medium particles.
(ii) Both waves require material medium for their propagation.
(iii) The relation v = f is valid for both types of waves.
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 (iv) The stationary waves can be setup in both types of waves.

8.2 Is it possible for two identical waves traveling in the same direction along a string to give rise to a
stationary wave?

Ans: No, it is not possible for two identical waves traveling in the same direction along a string to give a rise
to a stationary waves, because for the formation of stationary waves the super position of two identical
waves of same frequency must take place from opposite direction.

8.3 A wave is produced along a stretched string but some of its particles permanently show zero
displacement. What type of wave is it?

Ans: It is a type of stationary wave, because in stationary wave there are certain points which always remain
at rest and have zero displacement. These points are called nodes. In the figure these points are
represented by „N‟.

8.4 Explain the terms crest, trough, node and antinode?

Ans: Crest:
The portion of transverse wave which is above the mean level is called crest. It is shown in the figure
by the shaded area.

Trough:
The portion of transverse wave which is below the mean level is called crest. It is shown in the figure
by the shaded area.

Node:-
The point in stationary wave which always remains at rest having zero displacement is called a node.
As energy in a wave moves due to the vibration of the particles of the medium so energy can not flow
past this point. In the figure these points are represented by „N‟.

Antinode:-
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 The point in stationary wave which vibrates with maximum displacement is called an antinode.
When the particles at antinode are all at their extreme displacements the energy stored in wholly
potential and when they are passing through their equilibrium positions, the energy is wholly kinetic. In
between mean and extreme it is partially kinetic and partially potential. In the figure these points are
represented by A.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

8.5 Why does sound travel faster in solids than in gases?

Ans: According to the formula for the speed of sound i.e.

E
v=

Speed of sound is much higher in solids than in gases because solids have much greater elastic modulus
as compared to gases. It makes sense that molecules in a solid are close than in a gas and hence,
respond
more quickly to a disturbance.

8.6 How are beats useful in tuning musical instrument?

Ans: Beats are very useful in tuning musical instrument such as piano or violin, by beating a note against a
note of known frequency. The string in the violin or piano can be adjusted to the desired frequency by
tightening or loosening it until no beats are heard.

8.7 When two notes of frequencies f1 and f2 are sounded together, beats are formed. If f1 > f2
what will be the frequency of beats.
(i) f 1 + f2 (ii) ½ (f1 + f2) (iii) f1 – f2 (iv) ½ (f1 – f2)

Ans: (iii) f1 – f2
Because number of beats per second is equal to the difference in between frequencies of the tuning
forks.

8.8 As a result of a distant explosion, an observer senses a ground tremor and then hears the
explosion. Explain the time difference.

Ans: The time difference due to the fact that sound waves travels fasters in solids than in gases. The ground
tremor is actually the sound waves which travels through solid (earth) and sound of explosion is
actually the waves which travels through air. It is clear from the formula
E
v=

As gases are more compressible and hence have a smaller elastic modulus thus sound travels more
slowly in gases than in solids.

8.9 Explain why travels sound faster in warm air than in cold air.

Ans: According to the formula for the speed of sound in air

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 P
v=

And
1
v

Speed of sound is inversely proportional to the square root of density. As warm air has less density than
cold air so sound travels faster in warm air than in cold air.

8.10 How should a sound source move with respect to the observer so that the frequency of its sound
does not change?

Ans: The answer of this question has two possibilities.

i) If a sound source moves in such away with respect to an observer in such a way that the relative
velocity between the source and the observer is zero than the frequency of its sound does not
change. In this case source and observer will be moving with the same velocity along the same
direction.
ii) If a sound source is moving in a circular path having observer standing at the center of its circle
Then this observer will hear the sound without any apparent change.

Numericals
8.1 The wavelength of the signals from a radio transmitter is 1500m and the frequency is 200 kHz.
What is the wavelength for a transmitter operating at 1000 kHz and with what speed the radio
waves travel?

Solution:
1 = 1500m
f1 = 200 kHz
f1 = 200000 Hz
f2 = 1000 kHz
f2 = 1000000 Hz
2 = ?
c=?
Firstly for c
c = f11
c = (200000) (1500)
c = 3  108 ms-1
Now for 2
c = f22
c
2 = f
2

3  108
2 = 1000000

2= 300m

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8.2 Two speakers are arranged as shown in fig. 8.24. The distance between them is 3m and they emit
a constant tone of 344 Hz. A microphone P is moved along a line parallel to and 4.00 m from the
line connecting the two speakers. It is found that tone of maximum loudness is heard and isplayed
on the CRO when microphone is on the centre of the line and directly opposite each speaker.
Calculate the speed of sound.

S1

Solution: O
+
P

S2
4.0 m

Distance between the two speaker = S1S2 = 3 m

Distance between the speaker and the line of motion of microphone P = 4 m
Frequency of tone = 344 Hz
Speed of sound = ?
We know for constructive interference to take place the path difference must 0, , 2, 3……
The path difference for the middle point „O‟ is zero, whereas the path difference for the points P1 and P2
where again the constructive interference has taken place must be equal to . The value of  would be
determined from the figure

S1P1 = 4 m
S1 I P1
S1S2 = 3 m
Path difference = S2P1 – S1P1 =  = ?
3m II O
Using the right angled triangle S1S2P
S2P1 = (S1S2)2 + (S1P1)2
S2
S2P1 = (3)2 + (4)2 4m P2

S2P1 = 9 + 16
S2P1 = 5 m
Now for path difference
 = S2P1 – S1P1
 = (5 – 4) m
=1m
For speed of sound
v = f
v = (344) (1)
v = 344 ms-1  Answer

8.3 A stationary wave is established in a string which is 120cm long and fixed at both ends. The string
vibrates in four segments, at a frequency of 120 Hz. Determine its wavelength and the
fundamental frequency?

Solution:
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 l = 120 cm
l = 120  10-2 m
n =4
f4 = 120 Hz
4 = ?
f1 = ?
We know
fn = nf1
fn
f1 = n

fn
f1 = 4

120
f1 = 4

f1 = 30 Hz
Now for 4
2l
4 =
n
2(120  10-2)
4 =
4

4 = 0.6m

8.4 The frequency of the note emitted by a stretched string is 300 Hz. What will be the frequency of
this note when;

a) The length of the wave is reduced by one-third without changing the tension.
b) The tension is increased by one-third without changing the length of the wire.

Solution:
f = 300 Hz
f1 = ? (when wavelength is reduced by one - third)
f2 = ? (when tension is increased by one - third)
st
In 1 case tension is not changing so speed of wave will remain unchanged
v = f  (i)
v = f11  (ii)
Comparing equation (i) and (ii)
f11 = f

f1  λ 
λ
 = f
 3
2 
f1   = f
 3 
3f
f1 = 2

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 3(300)
f1 = 2
f1 = 450 Hz
In 2nd case wavelength is not changing so
1 F
f = 2l m  (iii)

1 F
f2 =
2l m
1 F + F/3
f2 = 2l m
1 4F/3
f2 = 2l m  (iv)
Dividing equation (iv) by equation (iii)
1 F + F/3
f2 2l m
f = 1 F
2l m
f2 4F/3 m
f = m  f
f2 4
=
f 3
f2
f = 1.15
f2 = 1.15f
f2 = 1.15 (300)
f2 = 346 Hz

8.5 An organ pipe has a length of 50cm. Find the frequency of its fundamental note and the next
harmonic when it is.
a) Open at both ends.
b) Closed at one end. (speed of sound = 350 ms-1)

Solution:
l = 50 cm
l = 0.5 m
(a) When pipe is open at both ends
f1 = ?
f2 = ?
(b) When pipe is closed at one end
` f1 = ?
f3 = ?

Case I:
For both ends open pipe

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 nv
fn = 2l

(1)(350)
f1 =
2(0.5)
f1 = 350 Hz

Now for f2
f2 = 2f1
f2 = 2(350)
f2 = 700 Hz

Case II:
For one end closed pipe system
nv
f1 = 4l

(1)(350)
f1 = 4(0.5)

f1 = 175 Hz
As, in the case of one end close pipe system, even harmonics are absent so, for f3
f3 = 3f1
f2 = 3(175)
f3 = 525 Hz

8.6 A church organ consists of pipes, each open at one end, of different lengths, the minimum length
is 30 mm and the longest is 4m. Calculate the frequency range of the fundamental notes. (Speed of
sound = 340ms-1)

Solution:
For minimum frequency length of pipe will be maximum and for maximum frequency length of
pipe will be minimum.
l = 30 mm = 0.03 m
l = 4m
f1 = ?
f 1 = ?
First for maximum frequency f1
nv
fn = 4l

(1)(340)
f1 =
4(0.03)
f1 = 2833 Hz
Now for f1
nv
f 1 =
4l

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 (1)(340)
f 1 = 4(4)

f1 = 21 Hz
So the frequency range of the organ pipe would be 21 Hz to 2833 Hz.

8.7 Two tuning forks exhibit beats at a beat frequency of 3Hz. The frequency of one fork is 256 Hz.
Its frequency is then lowered slightly by adding at bit of wax to one of its prong. The two forks
then exhibit a beat frequency of 1Hz. Determine the frequency of second tuning fork.

Solution:
No. of beats/sec before loading = 3
No. of beats/sec after loading = 1
f1 = 256 Hz
f2 = ?
We know
f1 – f2 =  n
f2 = f 1  n
f2 = 256  n
f2 = 256  3
f2 = 259 Hz or 253 Hz
f2 would be 253 Hz. It would not be 259 Hz because if f2 would be 259Hz then the number of beats per
second would increase on loading tuning fork f1. As on loading f1 number of beats has decreased which
shows that f2 is 253 Hz.

8.8 Two cars „P‟ and „Q‟ are traveling along a motorway in the same direction. The leading car „P‟
travels at a speed of 12ms-1. The other car „Q‟, traveling at a steady speed of 20 ms-1, sound its
horn to emit a steady note which P‟s driver estimates, has a frequency of 830 Hz. What frequency
Q‟s own driver hear?

Solution:
vp = 12 ms-1
vQ = 20 ms-1
Apparent frequency = fc = 830 Hz
f=?
vrelative = us = vQ – vP
us = 20ms-1 – 12ms-1 = 8ms-1
Now using the formula
 v 
fc =  f

 v  us 
 340 
fc =  f
 340  8 
830 = (1.024096) f
f = 810 Hz

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8.9 A train sounds its horn before it sets off from the station and an observer waiting on the
plateform estimates its frequency at 1200 Hz. The train then moves off and accelerates steadily.
Fifty seconds after departure, the driver sounds the horn again and the plateform observer
estimates the frequency at 1140 Hz. Calculate the train speed 50 s after departure. How far from
the station is the train after 50 s?
(Speed of sound = 340 ms-1)

Solution:
f = 1200 Hz
t = 50 s
fD = 1140 Hz
vi = 0 v = 340 m s-1
Now using the formula when the source is moving away from the observer.
 v 
fD =  f

 v  us 
v
v + us = f  f
D

340
340 + us = 1140  1200

us = 17.9 m s-1
Now for distance covered
S = vav  t
 vf  vi 
S =    t
 2 
 us  0 
S =    t
 2 
17.9
S = 2  50

S = 448 m

8.10 The absorption spectrum of faint galaxy is measured and the wavelength of one of the lines
identified as the Calcium  - line is found to be 478 nm. The same line has a wavelength of 397 nm
when measured in a laboratory?

a) Is the galaxy moving towards or away from the Earth?

b) Calculate the speed of the galaxy relative to Earth?
(Speed of light = 3.0  108 ms-1)
 = 397 nm
 = 397  10-9 m
D = 478 nm
D = 478  10-9 m
(a) Is the galaxy moving away from the earth = ?
(b) us = ?
c = 3  108 m s-1
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Solution for (a):
As the wavelength is increased which means that galaxy is moving way from Earth.
For us
 c 
fD =  f

 c  us 
c  c c
=  

D  c  u s 
D
c + us = c 

D
us = c  –c

3  108  478  10-9
us = –c
397  10-9
us = 3.61  108 – c
us = 3.61  108 – 3  108
us = 6.1  107 m s-1

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Ch 9 Physical Optics
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In Young‟s double slit experiment L is the distance between slits and the screen, d is the slit separation
and λ is the wave length of light used, then the fringe spacing is given by
(A) d / L (B) L / d (C) L / d (D) dL / 

2. In Young‟s double slit experiment, the condition for destructive interference is,
(A) d sin = mλ (B) d sin  = mλ / 2
1
(C) d sin  = (m – 2 )λ (D) d sin  = (m + ½)λ

3. A thin layer of oil on the surface of water looks colored due to

(A) polarisation of light (B) different elements present in the oil
(C) interference of light (D) the transmission of light

4. The wavelength of X-rays is of the order of

(A) 10 Ao (B) 1000 Ao (C) 1 Ao (D) 100 Ao

5. The blue colour of the sky is due to

(A) diffraction of light (B) reflection of light (C) polarization of light (D) scattering of light

6. Light on passing through polariod is

(A) plane polarized (B) un-polarized (C) circularly polarized (D) none of these

7. The crystals which can rotate the plane of polarization

(A) sodium chlorate (B) quartz (C) sodium chloride (D) both „a‟ and „b‟
(E) all of these

8. According to Huygens‟s principle position of new wave front is obtained by drawing

(A) wave fronts (B) secondary wave lets
(C) plane wavelets (D) tangent envelop on secondary wave lets

9. Newton‟s rings are formed due to

(A) Diffraction (B) Interference (C) Polarization (D) none of these

10. A light ray traveling from rare to denser medium suffers a phase change of
(A) 1800 (B) 600 (C) 900 (D) 450

11. The equation of Michel son‟s interferometer is

(A) L = 2m  (B) L =m/2 (C) L= m/2 (D) L = /2m

12. Diffraction effect is

(A) more for a round edge (B) less for a round edge
(C) more for a sharp edge (D) less for a sharp edge

13. Which one of the following can not be polarized

(A) Radio waves (B) Ultraviolet rays (C) Sound waves (D) X-rays

14. Electromagnetic waves are produced by

(A) Accelerated bodies (B) Charges at rest (C) Charges in motion

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 (D) Accelerated charges

15. According to Huygen‟s Principle, light travels in the form of

(A) Wave front (B) Corpuscles (C) Photons (D) none of these

16. When one mirror of a Michelson interferometer is moved a distance of 0.5 mm, 2000 fringes
are observed to shift, then wave length of light used is
(A) 5000nm (B) 500cm (C) 2000A0 (D) 5000A0

17. The phase change of 1800 is equal to the path difference of

(A)  (B) /2 (C) /4 (D) /6

18. In young‟s double slit experiment, the condition for destructive interference is
(A) d sin = m  (B) d sin = 1/2 m 
(C) d sin =  (D) d sin = (m + 1/2 ) 

19. When an airplane attains a speed higher than the speed of sound in air, a loud bang is heard.
This is because.
(A) it explodes (B) Doppler shift
(C) it produces a shock waves (D) none of these

20. Which of the following properties proves that light behaves as particles?
(A) Polarization (B) interference (C) Compton effect (D) Diffraction

21. In Young‟s double slit experiment, the fringe spacing (or fringe width) is equal to
(A) Y= m λ (B) Y= λL/d (C) Y= L/dλ (D) none of these

22. When Newton‟s Rings are observed with reflected light the central spot is
(A) red (B) blue (C) dark (D) bright

23. In young‟s double slit experiment, the fringe spacing is equal to

L 2 L L L
(A) (B) (c) (d)
d d d 2d
24. The blue color of the sky is due to
(A) diffraction (B) polarization (C) scattering (D) reflection

25. The method which is used to measure speed of light was introduced by
(A) Newton (B) Galileo (C) Michelson (D) Graham Bell

26. Polarization of light shows that light waves are

(A) compress ional waves (B) transverse waves
(C) matter waves (D) mechanical waves

27. Bending of light around the edges of an obstacle is known as

(A) refraction (B) polarization (C) diffraction (D) interference

28. The appearance of colours in thin films is due to

(A) diffraction (B) dispersion (C) interference (D) polarization

29. Which phenomenon of light proves that light are transverse waves

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 (A) polarization (B) interference (C) reflection (D) diffraction

30. Newton‟s rings are formed as a result of

(A) interference (B) dispersion (C) diffraction (D) polarization

31.The distance between two consecutive wave fronts is called

(A) time period (B) frequency (C) wavelength (D) displacement

ANSWER KEY Ch 9 (B1)

1 11 21 31 41 51
2 12 22 32 42 52

3 13 23 33 43 53

4 14 24 34 44 54

5 15 25 35 45 55
6 16 26 36 46 56

7 17 27 37 47
8 18 28 38 48
9 19 29 39 49

10 20 30 40 50

Short Questions Answers

9.1 Under what conditions two or more sources of light behave as coherent sources?

Ans: Following are the conditions under which the two sources of light will behave as coherent sources of light.

i) The two sources of light should be monochromatic.

ii) The two sources of light should be such that they must emit light at the same rate so
that the phare different between them is zero or constant.
A usual way to obtain the coherent sources is to use the points on the Hugen‟s wave front‟s because
they are in phase.

9.2 How is the distance between interference fringes affected by the separation between the slits of
Young‟s experiment? Can fringes disappear?

Ans: As we know that,

λL
Δy  ----------- (i)
d
If “ and “L” are kept constant then Y is inversely proportional to “d”
Mathematically
1
Δy
d

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 The above equation means that if “d” is increased, the fringe, space would decreases and at a very large
distance, it would be ultimately responsible for the disappearance of fringes as show in fig.

9.3 Can visible light produce interference fringes? Explain.

Ans: Yes, visible light can produce interference fringes but in case of visible light the condition for different
orders of maxima and minima is dealt separately for each other.

9.4 In the Young‟s experiment, one of the slits is covered with blue filter and other with red filter.
What would be the pattern of light intensity on the screen?

Ans:

The pattern of light intensity on the screen will be almost uniform. This is because in young‟s double
slit experiment the two sources of light should be monochromatic and coherent. Here, the sources are
neither monochromatic nor coherent.

9.5 Explain whether the Young‟s experiment is an experiment for studying interference or
diffraction effects of light.

Ans: Young‟s double slit experiment has designed to study the interference effect of light i.e monochromatic
and coherent sources of light. Although, diffraction has been taking place during the passage of light
through the slit, due to which the shadow of the screen between the two slits not formed but experiment
is not used to study the diffraction effect of light.

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9.6 An oil film spreading over a wet footpath shows colours. Explain how does happen?

Ans: A oil film spreading over a wet footpath shows colours because of interference of white light on an oil
film of irregular thickness. When light is incident on this film at all possible angles, it is quite possible
that at a certain angle place on the film, its thickness and angle of incidence are such that the condition
of destructive interference of one colour is being satisfied.
Hence, that portion of the film which show remaining constituent colours of white light.

9.7 Could you obtain Newton‟s rings with transmitted light? If Yes, would the pattern be different
from that obtained with reflected light?

Ans: Yes, we can obtain Newton‟s rings with transmitted light but in this case the pattern of rings will be
different from that obtained with reflected light the central portion of Newton‟s ring will be bright when
seen with transmitted light. Whereas in case of reflected light it would be dark.

9.8 In the white light spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating, the third order image of a
wavelength coincides with the fourth order image of a second wavelength. Calculate the ratio of
the tow wavelengths.

Ans: When third order image of one wavelength consider with the fourth order image of another wavelength
then the path difference for there two wavelengths would be same.
i.e
dsin = 31 --------------- (i)
dsin = 42 --------------- (ii)
Comparing 1 and 2
31 = 42
λ1 4

λ2 3
The ratio of the wavelengths is equal to the inverse ratio of their orders.

9.9 How would o manage to get more orders of spectra using a diffraction grating?

Ans: We can manage to get more orders of spectra by increasing the numbers of lives rules per cm on the
grating.
Mathematically,
dsin = n
L
were d  , so above equation would becomes
N
L
sin   n
N
By increasing the orders, we mean increase in the value of “n” the value of “n” depends upon . For
increasing n,  has to be increased i.e
More bending of light should take place which in only possible by increasing N, the no. of lines ruled
per cm. As L is constant 1 cm so increasing  N should be increased which can be made clean from
equation.

9.10 Why the Polaroid sunglasses are better than ordinary sunglasses?

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Ans: When the light is partially plane polarized it is being stopped or reduced by polaroid sunglasses this it
prevent glare whereas ordinary sunglasses can not reduce it on it permit all electric field orientations to
enter the eye.

9.11 How would you distinguish between un-polarized a plane-polarized lights?

Ans: We should place a sheet of Polaroid in the path of light and rotate it slowly. If the light emerging out of
the Polaroid get dimmer and dimmer it will show that the light is plane polarized. If no change in
intensity of light occur with the rotation of Polaroid then light will be Unpolarized.

Numericals
9.1 Light of wavelength 546 nm is allowed to illuminate the slits of Young‟s experiment.
The separation between the slits is 0.10mm and the distance of the screen from the slits
where interference effects are observed is 20cm. At what angle the first minimum will
fall? What will be the linear distance on the screen between adjacent maxima?
Solution:
 = 546nm = 546  10-9 m
d = 0.10 mm = 0.10  10-3 m
L = 20 cm = 0.2 m
=?
m=0
y = ?
We know
d sin = (m + ½ )
Putting m = 0 for first minimum
d sin = (0 + ½ )
d sin = ½ 

sin =
2d

  
 = sin-1  
 2d 

546  10-9
 = sin-1
2(0.10  10-3)
 = sin-1 (2.73  10-3)

 = 0.16o

For y
L
y = d

546  10-9  0.2

y =
0.10  10-3
y = 1.1  10-3 m

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 y = 1.1 mm

9.2 Calculate the wavelength of light, which illuminates two slits 0.5 mm apart and produces
an interference pattern on a screen, placed 200 cm away from the slits. The first bright
fringe is observed at a distance of 2.40 mm from the central bright image.
Solution:
=?
d = 0.5 mm = 0.5  10-3 m
L = 200 cm = 2 m
m=1 (For first bright fringe)
y = 2.40mm = 2.40  10-3 m
We know
mL
y= d

yd
=
mL
(2.4  10-3)(0.5  10-3)
= (1)(2)
 = 6  10-7 m
 = 600  10-9 m

 = 600 nm

9.3 In a double slit experiment the second order maximum occurs at  = 0.25o. The wavelength is 650
nm. Determine the slit separation.
Solution:
m=2 (For second order maximum)
 = 0.25 o

 = 650 nm = 650  10-9 m

d=?
y = 2.40mm = 2.40  10-3 m
We know
d sin = m
m
d=
sin
(2)(650  10-9)
d= sin(0.25)
d = 3  10-4 m
d = 0.3  10-3 m
d = 0.3 mm

9.4 A monochromatic light of  = 588 nm is allowed to fall on the half silvered glass plate G1, in the
Michelson interferometer. If mirror M1 is moved through 0.233 mm, how many fringes will be
observed to shift?
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Solution:
 = 588 nm = 588  10-9 m
L = 0.233 mm = 0.233  10-3 mm
m=?
Using the relation:

L=m 2

2L
m=

2(0.233  10-3)
m=
588  10-9
m = 792

9.5 A second order spectrum is formed at an angle of 38.0o when light falls normally on a
diffraction grating having 5400 lines per cm. Determine wavelength of the light used.
Solution:
n=2
 = 38.0o
L = 1 cm
L = 1  10-2 m
N = 5400
L
d=N

d=
d = 1.85  10-6 m
=?
Using the relation:
d sin = n
d sin
= n
(1.85  10-6) sin 38.0o
=
2
 = 5.70  10-7 m
 = 570  10-9 m

 = 570 nm

9.6 A light is incident normally on a grating which has 2500 lines per cm. Compute the wavelength of
a spectral line for which the deviation in second order is 15.0o.
Solution:
L = 1cm = 1  10-2 m
N = 2500

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 L
d=N

1  10-2 m
d= 2500
d = 4  10-6 m
=?
n=2 (For second order)
 = 15o
Using the relation
d sin = n
d sin
=
n
(4  10-6) sin 15o
=
2
 = 5.18  10-7 m
 = 518  10-9 m
 = 518 nm

9.7 Sodium light ( = 589 nm) is incident normally on a grating having 3000 lines per cm.
What is the highest order of the spectrum obtained with this grating.
Solution:
 = 589 nm = 589  10-9 m
N = 3000
L = 1 cm = 1  10-2 m
L
d=N

1  10-2 m
d= 3000
d = 3.33  10-6 m
n=?
 = 90o (For highest order of spectrum)
Using the relation
d sin = n
d sin
n=

(3.33  10-6) sin 90o
n=
589  10-9

n=5

So, the 5th order would be the highest order of spectrum.

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9.8 Blue light of wavelength 480 nm illuminates a diffraction grating. The second order image is
formed at an angle of 30o from the central image. How many lines in a cm of the grating have been
ruled?
Solution:
n=2 (For second order)
 = 480 nm
 = 480  10-9 m
 = 30o
L = 1 cm
L = 0.01 m
N=? (Ruled in 1 cm)
Firstly for d, the diffraction grating
d sin = n
n
d=
sin
(2) (480  10-9)
d= sin 30o
d = 1.92  10-6 m
We know
L
d=N

L
N=d

1  10-2 m
N=
1.92  10-6 m
1 cm
N=
1.92  10-4 cm

N = 5.2  103 lines per cm

9.9 X – ray of wavelength 0.150 nm are observed to undergo a first order reflection at a Bragg angle
of 13.3o from a quartz (SiO2) crystal. What is the inter-planer spacing of the
reflecting planes in the crystal?
Solution:
 = 0.150 nm = 0.150  10-9 m
n=1
 = 13.3o
d=?
Using Bragg‟s formula
2d sin = n
n
d=
2sin
(1) (0.150  10-9)
d= 2sin 13.3o
d = 3.26  10-10 m
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 d = 0.326  10-9 m

d = 0.326 nm

9.10 An X-ray beam of wavelength „‟ undergo a first order reflection from a crystal when
its angle of incident to a crystal face is 26.5o, and on X-ray beam of wavelength
0.097 nm undergoes a third order reflection when its angle of incidence to that face is 60.0o.
Assuming that the two beams reflect from the same family of planes, calculate
a) The interplaner spacing of the planes.
b) The wavelength „‟
Solution:
n=1
 = 26.5o
 = 0.097 nm
 = 0.097  10-9 m
n = 3
 = 60o
d=?
=?
Firstly for d
2d sin = n
n
d=
2sin
(3)(0.097  10-9)
d=
2sin 60o
d = 1.68  10-10 m
d = 0.168  10-9 m
d = 0.168 nm
Now for 
2d sin = n
2dsin
= n
2(0.168  10-9) sin 26.5o
= 1
 = 1.50  10-10 m
 = 0.150  10-9 m
 = 0.150 nm

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149 | P a g e
Ch 10 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The focal length of objective and eye- piece of telescope are 5cm and 1 cm respectively then its
length will be
(A) 8cm (B) 4cm (C) 6cm (D) 5cm

2. If an object is placed at more than 2f from converging lens, then the image will be
(A) virtual (B) Real and erect
(C) virtual and erect (D) Real and inverted

3. Two convex lenses of equal focal length „f‟ are placed in contact, the resultant focal length of the
combination is
(A) zero (B) f (C) 2f (D) f/2

4. An object is placed at 18cm from convex lens of focal length 9cm. The position of image will be
(A) 14 cm (B) 16 cm (C) 18 cm (D) 20 cm

5. When the object is placed at 2f of convex lens then the image formed behind the lens will be
(A) at the focus (B) at 2f
(C) beyond 2f (D) between f and 2f

6. Who invented the device known as “photo phone”?

(A) Newton (B) J. J. Thomson (C) Michelson (D) Graham Bell

7. The use of light as a transmission carrier wave in fibre optics has several advantages over radio
wave carriers such as
(A) much wider bandwidth
(B) immunity from electromagnetic interference
(C) much smaller bandwidth capacity and immunity from electromagnetic interference
(D) both a and b

8. Optic fibre of 6.0 mm can replace a ________ diameter bundle of copper wires.
(A) 4 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 7.62 cm (D) 3 cm

9. An object is placed at a distance of 1.5m from a convex lens of focal length 2m. Its image will be
(A) Real and erect (B) Virtual and magnified
(C) Real and magnified (D) Real and inverted

10. A convex lens of focal length f1 and a concave lens of focal length f2 are placed in contact.
The focal length of the combination is
(A) f1f2/f1+f2 (B) f1f2/f2–f1 (C) f1 – f2 (D) f1 + f2

11. How will the image by a convex lens of large aperture be affected if the central portion of the
lens is covered with a paper?
(A) The central portion of the image will be missing
(B) The image will be well defined and free from spherical aberration
(C) The image will be free from chromatic aberration
(D) No image is formed by the remaining portion of the lens

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12. In Michelson‟s interferometer, if movable mirror is distance through a distance of 0.05mm,
200 fringes are observed the wavelength of light used in that case is.
(A) 5000 µm (B) 500 nm (C) 50 nm (D) 50 µm

13. The condition for constructive interference in case of diffraction grating is

(A) sin θ= d/m  (B) d sin θ = m  (C) sin θ = m  (D) d sin θ = 2m 

14. Which one of the following can be used to measure the wavelength of x-rays?
(A) Young‟s double slit experiment (B) Diffraction grating
(C) Crystals (D) all of these

15. An Astronomical telescope is made with objective focal length 15 cm and eye piece of focal
length 5 cm. The length of telescope when focused for infinity is:
(A) 95 cm (B) 75 cm (C) 20 cm (D) none of these

16. The magnifying power of simple microscope (or magnifying glass) is:
(A) M  1  f (B) M  1  d (C) M  1  d (D) M  f o
d f f fe

17. If focal length is 5 cm then power of a lens is

(A) 5 D (B) 10 D (C) 15 D (D) 20 D

18. Magnifying power of astronomical telescope is given by

(A) fo/fe (b)fo × fe (C) fo+ fe (D) fo – fe

19. Power of any lens would be one diopter when its focal length is
(A) 1.0 m (B) 1 cm (C) 10 cm (D) 2 m
(E) 3 m
20. Magnifying power of a simple microscope is:
q q fo d
(A) M = (B) M = 1 + (C) M = (D) M = 1 +
p p fe f
21. If a single converging lens is placed close to eye, then it is being used as
(A) telescope (B) compound microscope (C) simple microscope (D) reading glass

22. For normal adjustment, the length of astronomical telescope is

(A) fo + fe (B) fo - fe (C) fo fe (D) fo /fe

23.In Michelson‟s experiment, the equation used to find the speed of light is
(A) c = 16 fd (B) c = 16 f/d (C) c = 16 d/f (D) c = 1/ 16fd

24. Least distance of distinct vision

(A) increase with increase in age (B) decrease with increase in age
(C) remain unchanged with increase in age (D) none of these

25. Spectrometer is used to

(A) study of diffraction of light (B) measure wavelength of light (C)
measure refractive index of material (D) all of these

26. If a convex lens of focal length 5 cm is used as a simple microscope, then its magnification
will be
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) 25
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27. In optical fibre communication system, the wavelength of light used is
(A) 1.3 µm (B) 1.5 µm (C) 5 µm (D) 50 µm

28. A layer over the central core of the jacket in optical fiber is called
(A) jacket (B) plastic (C) cladding (D) rubber

29.The final image formed by simple microscope is

(A) Virtual and inverted (B) Virtual and erect
(C) Real and erect (D) Real and inverted

30.The refractive index of water is 1.33. The speed of light in water is

(A) 3 × 108 mS-1 (B) 1.8 × 108 mS-1 (C) 2.3 × 108 mS-1 (D) Zero

31.Which of the phenomena of light is used in propagation of light through optical fibers?
(A) Total internal reflection (B) Polarization
(C) Interference (D) Diffraction

ANSWER KEY Ch 10 (B1)

1 11 21 31 41 51

2 12 22 32 42 52
3 13 23 33 43 53

4 14 24 34 44 54
5 15 25 35 45 55
6 16 26 36 46 56
7 17 27 37 47

8 18 28 38 48

9 19 29 39 49
10 20 30 40 50

152 | P a g e
 Short Questions Answers
Numericals
10.1 A converging lens of focal length 5.0 cm is used as a magnifying glass. If the near point
of the observer is 25cm and the lens () is held close to the eye, calculate
i) The distance of the object from the lens.
ii) The angular magnification. What is the angular magnification when the final
image is formed at infinity?
Solution:
f = 5 cm
q = – d (For magnifying glass)
q = – 25 cm
To find
(i) p =?
(ii) M1 =?
M2 =?
Firstly for object distance p by using lens formula
1 1 1
 
f p q
1 1 1
 
p f q
1 1 1
 
p 5 25
1 5 1

p 25
1 6

p 25

p  4.2 cm
Now for M1, using relation
d
M1  1 
f
25
 1
5
 1 5

M1  6
For image formed at infinity p = f
q
M2 
p
d

f
25

5

M2 = 5

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10.2 A telescope has focal length 96 cm and diameter 12 cm. Calculate the focal length and minimum
diameter of a simple eye piece lens for use with the telescope, if the linear magnification required
is 24 times and all the light transmitted by the objective from a distant point on the telescope axis
is to fall on the eye () piece.
Given:
fo = 96 cm
do = 12 cm
M = 24
To finds:
de =?
fe = ?
Solution:
Using the formula for angular magnification of astronomical telescope
fo
M
fe
fo
fe 
M
96 cm
fe 
24

f e  4cm

As the focal length of a lens is directly proportional to its diameter so the ratio of focal lengths to the
diameters of two lens will be equal
fe
= de
fo do

de = f e  do
fo

de = 4 12
96
1
de 
2

d e  0.5 cm

10.3 A telescope is made of an objective of focal length 20 cm and on eye piece of 5.0 cm,
both convex lenses. Find the angular () magnification.
Solution:
fo = 20 cm
fe = 5 cm
M=?
Using the relation
fo
M=f
e

20
M= 5

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 M= 4
……………………………………………………………………..
10.4 A simple astronomical telescope in normal adjustment has an objective of focal length
100 cm and () on eye piece of focal length 5.0 cm.
i) Where is the final image formed?
ii) Calculate the angular magnification?
Solution:
fo = 100 cm
fe = 5 cm
q=?
M=?
In normal adjustment of telescope the final image is formed at infinity.
q=
For angular magnification
fo
M=f
e

100
M= 5

M = 20
……………………………………………………………………..
10.5 A point object is placed on the axis of and 3.6 cm from a thin convex lens of focal
length 3.0 cm. A second thin convex lens of focal length 16.0 cm is placed coaxial
with the first and 26.0 cm from it on the side away from the object. Find the position
of the final image produced () by the two lenses.

  
f1 q1 p2
p1 L = q 1 + p2

Solution:
p1 = 3.6 cm
f1 = 3 cm
f2 = 16 cm
L = 26 cm
q1 = ?
q2 = ?
Using the Relation ()
1 1 1
f1 = p1 + q1

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 1 1 1
= +
3.0 3.6 q1
1 1 1
= –
q1 3.0 3.6
1 3.6 – 3.0
q1 = 10.8
1 0.6
q1 = 10.8
0.6
q1 = 10.8

q1 = 18 cm
From the above figure it is clear that
L = q1 + p2
p2 = L – q1
p2 = 26 cm – 18cm
p2 = 8 cm
Using the lens formula
1 1 1
= +
f2 p2 q2
1 1 1
q2 = f2 – p2
1 1 1
q2 = 16 – 8
1
q2 = 0.0625 – 0.125
1
q2 = – 0.0625
1
q2 = –
0.0625
q2 = – 16 cm
Negative sign shows that final image is virtual and 16 cm away.
10.6 A compound microscope has lenses of focal length 1.0cm and 3.0 cm. An object is
placed 1.2 cm from the object lens. If a virtual image is formed, 25 cm from the eye,
Calculate the separation of the lenses and () magnification of instrument.
Solution:
fo = 1.0 cm
fe = 3 cm
po = 1.2 cm
qe = – 25cm
L= ?
M= ?
Using the lens formula for objective
1 1 1
fo = po + qo

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 1 1 1
qo = fo – po
1 1 1
= –
qo 1.0 1.2
1
qo = 1– 0.833
1
qo = 0.167
1
qo = 0.167

qo = 6 cm
Now for pe
1 1 1
= +
fe pe qe
1 1 1
= –
pe fe qe
1 1 1
pe = 3.0 – (– 25)
1 1 1
pe = 3.0 + 25
1
= 0.333 + 0.04
pe
1
pe = 0.37333
1
pe = 0.3733

pe = 2.7 cm
We know that
L = qo + pe
L = (6 + 2.7) cm
L = 8.7 cm
Now for () magnification
qo  d
M=
po 1  
 fe 
6  25 
M = 1.2 1  

3 
6  28 
M = 1.2  
3
M = 47
10.7 Sodium light of wavelength 589 nm is used to view on object under a microscope.
If the aperture of the objective is 0.90 cm
i) Find the limiting angle of resolution.

157 | P a g e
 ii) Using visible light of any wavelength, what is the maximum limit of resolution
for this microscope? ()
Solution:
 = 589 nm
 = 589  10-9 m
D = 0.90 cm
D = 0.90  10-2 m
min = ?
min = ?
We know that

min = 1.22 d

589  10-9
min = 1.22 
0.90  10-2

min = 8.0  10-5 rad

For the maximum limit of resolution in the case of visible light the wavelength should be
shortest i.e.  = 400 nm
 = 400  10-9 m
Now for min

min = 1.22
d
400  10-9
min = 1.22 
0.90  10-2

min = 5.4  10-5 rad

10.8 An astronomical telescope having magnifying power of 5 consist of two thin lenses
24 cm apart. Find the focal length of the () lenses.
Solution:
M=5
L = fo + fe = 24cm
fo = ?
fe = ?
We know that
fo
M=f
e

fo =M fe
fo =5 fe  (1)
We know that
L = fo + f e
24 = 5fe + fe
24 = 6fe
24
fe = 6

158 | P a g e
 fe = 4 cm  (2)
Putting the value of fe in equation (1)
fo = 5 (4cm)
fo = 20 cm
10.9 A glass light pipe in air will totally internally reflect a light ray if its angle of incident is
at least 39o. What is the minimum angle for total internal reflection if pipe is in water?
(Refraction index () of water = 1.33)
Solution:
For glass air () interface
c = 39o
r = 90o
nair = 1
ng = ?
For glass water interface
c = ?
r = 90o
nw = 1.33
Firstly for the refractive index of glass
na sinr = ng sinc
na sinr
ng =
sinc
(1) sin 90o
ng =
sin39o
(1) (1)
ng = 0.629

ng = 1.59
For glass water interface
ng sin/c = nw sinr
nw sinr
sin/c = ng
(1.33) sin90o
sin/c = 1.59
(1.33)(1)
sin/c = 1.59
sin/c = 0.8364
/c = sin-1(0.8364)
/c = 57o

10.10 The refractive index of the core and cladding of an optical fiber are 1.6 and 1.4 respectively.
Calculate
i) The critical angle for the interface.
ii) The maximum angle of incidence in the air of a ray, which enters the fiber and is

159 | P a g e
 incident at the critical angle on the () interface.
Solution:
Refractive index of core = n1 = 1.6
Refractive index of cladding = n2 = 1.4
Critical angle for interference = 1 = c = ?
i) From Snell‟s law
n1 Sin 1 = n2 Sin 2
1.6  Sin c = 1.4  Sin 90o
1.6  Sin c = 1.4  1
1.4
Sin c = 1.6

Sin c = 0.875
1.4
c = Sin-1 1.6

c = 61o
ii) Angle of refraction in care should be
2 = 90o – 61o
2 = 29o
Angle of incidence in air 1 = ?
Refractive index of air = n1 = 1
Refractive index of core = n2 = 1.6
From Snell‟s law,
n1 Sin 1 = n2 Sin 2
1  Sin 1 = 1.6  Sin 29o
Sin 1 = 1.6  0.485
Sin 1 = 0.776
1 = Sin-1 0.776

160 | P a g e
Ch 11 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. If  = 1.5 for a gas then Cv is
(A) R (B) 1/2R (C) 2R (D) 3/2R

2. Thermal pollution is an inevitable consequence of

(A) 1st law of thermodynamics (B) 2nd law of thermodynamics
(C) 3rd law of thermodynamics (D) constant theorem

3. The temperature of source is 427oC and sink is 77oC. The efficiency of heat engine working
between these two temperature will be
(A) 25 % (B) 50 % (C) 75 % (D) 100 %

4. An ideal gas, contained in a cylinder by a frictionless piston is allowed to expand from volume
V1 at pressure P1 , to volume V2 at pressure P2. Its temperature is kept constant throughout,
the work done by the gas is
(A) zero, because it obeys Boyle‟s law and therefore P2 V2 – P1V1 = 0
(B) negative, because the pressure has decreased and so the force on the piston has been decreased
(C) zero, because intermolecular forces are negligible in an ideal gas
(D) positive because volume has increased.

5. For a diatomic gas Cv = 5R/2, therefore gamma „ ‟ for this gas is

(A) 5/7 (B) 4/35
(C) 7/5 (D) 35/4 (E) 5/3

6. When the source and sink temperature become equal, the entropy change will be
(A) zero (B) maximum (C) minimum (D) negative

7. The highest efficiency of engine whose lower temperature is 17oC and high temperature
200oC is
(A) 70% (B) 100% (C) 35% (D) 38%
(E) 50%

8. Net change in entropy of a system in Carnot‟s cycle is

(A) positive (B) negative (C) zero (D) infinite

9. In which process entropy remains constant

(A) irreversible process (B) reversible process
(C) adiabatic (D) all of these

10. If the pressure of a given gas is held constant its density is inversely proportional to its
absolute temp. We can refer it as another statement of
(A) Boyle‟s law (B) Charle‟s law (C) Ideal gas law (D) Avogodro‟s law

11. Numerical value of Boltzman‟s constant is

(A) 1.38 × 10–31 JK–1 (B) 3.18 × 10–31 JK–1
(C) 3.18 × 10–23 JK–1 (D) 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1

12. Which of the quantities ∆U, Q and W are necessarily zero when the system is an ideal gas
161 | P a g e
 undergoes a change at constant temperature?
(A) ∆ U only (B) Q only
(C) W only (D) all ∆U, Q, and W

13. A fixed mass of an ideal gas in a cylinder is compressed isothermally from a volume V1 and
pressure P1 to volume V2 and pressure P2. Which one of the following statement is true?
(A) heat is dissipated from the gas (B) the kinetic energy of the gas increases
(C) the potential Energy of the gas increases (D) the work done on the gas is P1 V1- P2V2

14. The equation W=P (V2-V1) represents the work done by a gas in
(A) a free expansion (B) an isothermal expansion
(C) an expansion at constant pressure (D) an adiabatic expansion

15. Isothermal process is carried out at constant

(A) volume (B) pressure (C) energy (D) temperature

16. The amount of heat required to melt one kg of ice at 00C is called
(A) heat of vaporization (B) heat capacity
(C) latent heat of fusion of ice (D) none of these

17. At constant pressure, the graph between V and T is

(A) hyperbola (B) parabola (C) straight (D) ellipse

18. In reversible process the entropy

(A) remains constant (B) increase
(C) decreases (D) initially increases and then decreases.

19. Temperature of – 273oC on kelvin scale is

(A) + 273K (B) + 373K
(C) – 273K (D) 0K (E) none of these

20. In the isothermal process, one of the following is constant

(A) pressure (B) volume
(C) temperature (D) heat energy (E) specific heat

21. An ideal gas of volume 1.5 x10-3 m3 and at pressure 1.0x105 Pa is supplied with 70 J energy,
the volume increase to 1.7  10-3m3, the pressure remaining constant the internal energy of
the gas is
(A) increased by 90 J (B) increased by 50 J
(C) decreased by 90 J (D) decreased by 50 J

22. The internal energy of a fixed mass of an ideal gas is a function of its
(A) pressure but not its volume or its temperature
(B) pressure and of its temperature but not of its volume
(C) volume but not of its pressure or of its temperature
(D) temperature but not of its pressure or of its volume.

23. In a change for which Boyle‟s law is obeyed, which of the following would necessarily be zero?
(A) ∆Q (B) ∆T (C) ∆V (D) Cv

24. Which of the following is correct for the case of an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?

162 | P a g e
 (A) W < 0 (B) ∆U = 0 (C) Q=0 (D) W=0

25. One mole of an ideal gas is heated at constant pressure P. Given that this results in an
increase of volume ∆V accompanied by an increase of temperature ∆T, the amount of heat
supplied is
(A) P∆V (B) Cv∆T + P∆V (C) Cv∆T (D) Cv ∆T - P∆V.

26. One mole of an ideal gas is contained with in a cylinder by a frictionless piston and is
initially at temperature T. The pressure is kept constant while it is heated and its volume
become double. If R is the molar gas constant, the work done by the gas in increasing its
volume is
1
(A) 2RT (B) 2 RT (C) 3/2 RT (D) RT

27. Carnot cycle is

(A) reversible (B) irreversible (C) both (D) none of these

28. Which one of the following has least efficiency?

(A) battery (B) Watt‟s steam engine (C) Carnot engine (D) diesel engine

29. Blotzmann constant „k‟ is given as

(A) RNA (B) R/NA (C) NA/R (D) 1/RNA

30. Which is not example of adiabatic process?

(A) Rapid escape of air from burst tyre (B) Rapid expansion of air
(C) Conversion of water into ice in refrigerator (D) all of these

31. The triple point of water is

(A) 0 K (B) 100 K (C) 273. 16 K (D) 373.16 K

32. The efficiency of petrol engine is about

(A) 20 to 25 % (B) 30 to 35 % (C) 35 to 40 % (D) 25 to 30 %

33. The process which is carried out at constant temperature is called

(A) isothermal (B) adiabatic (C) isochoric (D) isobaric

ANSWER KEY Ch 11 (B1)

1 11 21 31 41 51

2 12 22 32 42 52
3 13 23 33 43 53

4 14 24 34 44 54

5 15 25 35 45 55
6 16 26 36 46 56

7 17 27 37 47

163 | P a g e
 8 18 28 38 48

9 19 29 39 49
10 20 30 40 50

Short Questions Answers

11.1 Why is the average velocity of molecules in a gas zero but the average of the square of velocities is
not zero?

Ans: Average velocity of the molecules in a gas is zero because number of molecules moving towards the
one side of the container is equal to the number of molecules moving towards its opposite side. As
velocity is a vector quantity so if we take the vector sum of velocities it comes out to be zero hence
average velocity is zero. Whereas the average of the square of velocities are not zero because square of
the negative term is positive so all the velocities become positive when we take their squares.

11.2 Why does the pressure of a gas in a car tyre increase when it is driven through some distance?

Ans: When car is driven through some distance, work is done by the tyre against road friction. Like all work
done against friction this work done also appears to increase the temperature of the tyre. Due to this
increase of temperature, average translational K.E of the gas molecules increases, hence pressure also
increases because
1
P  < mv2 >
2

11.3 A system undergoes a change of state from P 1V1 to P2V2. What will be the change in internal
energy?

Ans: There will be no change in the internal energy, because pressure and volume change take place at
constant temperature i.e. process is isothermal.
P1 1  105
In isothermal process
T = constant Constant
Temperatur
T = 0 P e
(Pa)
So, U = constant P2 4  105

1 4
V1 V V2
U=0 (cm3)

Hence, no change in internal energy would take place because temperature is constant.

11.4 Variation of volume by pressure is given in Fig 11.13. A gas is taken along the paths ABCDA,
ABCA and A to A. What will be the change in internal energy?
A B A
A B

164 | P a g e
P P P
D C
C
Ans: As internal energy is a function of state, it does not depend upon the path but depends on initial and
final states of the system; hence there will be no change in internal energy because after the completion
of reversible cycles system comes back to its initial state and all its state functions are restored. So
initial internal energy is restored in the above examples and its change is zero.

11.5 Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is greater than the specific heat at constant volume.
Why?

Ans: Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure (Cp) is greater than the specific heat at constant volume (Cv),
because when heat is transferred at constant pressure some of the heat is utilized by the system to do
work against external pressure, so for the same rise of temperature Cp > Cv. Whereas in case of Cv no
work is done and all heat is utilized by the gas to increase its temperature only.

11.6 Give an example of a process in which no heat is transferred to or from the system but the
temperature of the system changes.

Ans: In adiabatic process no heat is transferred to or from the system but temperature of the system changes.
According to 1st law of thermodynamics
Q = ΔU +W
0 = ΔU + W
W = -ΔU (Adiabatic expansion)
OR
ΔU = - W (Adiabatic compression)
In adiabatic expansion temperature of system decreases due to the decrease in internal energy whereas
in adiabatic compression temperature increases

11.7 Is it possible to convert internal energy into mechanical energy? Explain with an example.

Ans: Yes, in adiabatic expansion internal energy is converted into mechanical energy. According to the 1st
law of thermodynamics
Q = ΔU + W
In Adiabatic process,
Q=0
So,
0 = ΔU + W
- ΔU = W
W = -ΔU
So, the work is done at the cost of internal energy of the system which means internal energy is
converted into mechanical energy.

11.8 Is it possible to construct a heat engine that will not expel heat into the atmosphere?

165 | P a g e
Ans: No, it is impossible to construct a heat engine that is free from thermal pollution because according to
2nd law of thermodynamics.
“It is impossible to device a heat engine that will not expel any heat to the surrounding
(sink)”
Every heat engine absorbs heat Q1 from the hot reservoir; convert a part of it into work and remaining
heat Q2 is rejected to the sink.

11.9 A thermo flask containing milk as a system is shaken rapidly. Does the temperature of milk rise?

Ans: If a thermo flask containing milk as a system is shaken rapidly, then this work done on the milk results
to increase the translational K.Es of the molecules. Hence a negligible increase in temperature of the
1
milk would take place due to negligible increase in < 2 mv2 >

11.10 What happens to the temperature of the room when an air conditioner is left running on the table
in the middle of the room?

Ans: When an air conditioner is left running on the table in the middle of the room then the temperature of
the room would not decrease rather it would increase, because according to the principle of air
conditioner it takes heat from the cold body & expel it to the hot body. In this case cold body (room) &
hot body (room) is the same body i.e. room. The heat Q2 is absorbed from the room with the help of
electrical energy W and is rejected in the room as Q1. Where Q1 > Q2 because electrical energy at the
end also becomes heat, so rejected heat Q1 is greater than the absorbed heat Q2 hence the temperature of
room would increase.

Higher temperature surroundings

Heat Out

Refrigerator
Work

Heat in

Low temperature surroundings

11.11 Can the mechanical energy be converted into heat energy? If so give an example.

Ans: Yes, the mechanical energy (work) can be completely converted into heat energy. When work is done
in compressing a gas isothermally, it appears as heat energy Q.
According to 1st law of thermodynamics
Q = ΔU +W
In isothermal compression U = 0
So,
Q=W
OR
– Q = –W

166 | P a g e
 In this case work done on the system is converted into heat which is rejected by the system.
Second example of conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy is the work done against friction.

For Example
If we rub our hands, by rubbing the whole mechanical energy is converted into the heat energy.

11.12 Does entropy of a system increase or decrease due to friction?

Ans: All the processes which involve friction are irreversible and entropy increases in all irreversible
processes, because heat lost to the surrounding is unavailable & cannot be utilized, hence the entropy
increases due to friction.
Note: Entropy can never decrease. Only those processes are probable in which entropy can increase
or may remain constant.

11.13 Give an example of a natural process that involves an increase in entropy.

Ans: When ice melts at constant temperature it absorbs heat ΔQ. Addition of heat to a system increases its
disorder because of increase in average molecular speeds & therefore, randomness of molecular motion.
Thus the increase in entropy of ice is
ΔS= ΔQ
T
In all glaciers ice is melting so entropy of nature is increasing.

Secondly, in any natural process when heat flow from hot body to cold body entropy of the system
plus environment increases.

11.14 An adiabatic change is one in which

(a) No heat is added to or taken out of a system. (b) No change of temperature takes place.
(c) Boyle‟s law is applicable (d) Pressure & volume constant.

Ans: (a)

11.15 Which one of the following is irreversible?

(a) Slow compression of an elastic spring
(b) Slow evaporation of a substance in an isolated system
(c) Slow compression of a gas
(d) A chemical explosion

Ans: (d)

11.16 An ideal reversible heat engine has

(a) 100 % efficiency
(b) Highest efficiency
(c) An efficiency which depends upon nature of working substance
(d) None of these

Ans: (b)

Numericals
11.1 Estimate the average speed of nitrogen molecules in air under standard conditions of
pressure and temperature.

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Solution:
T = 0oC = 273 K
P = 1 atm
<v> = ?
k = 1.38  10-23 Jk-1
We know that
2
T = 3k <1/2 mv2>
1
T= <mv2>
3k
3kT
<v2> =
m
3kT
<v2> = molar mass/N
A

2 3(1.38  10-23)(273)
<v > =
28 / 6.022  1026
3(1.38  10-23)(273) (6.022  1026)
<v2> = 28
<v2> = 243078.03
<v> = 493 ms-1

11.2 Show that the ratio of root mean square speeds of molecules of two different gases at a
certain temperature is equal to the square root of the inverse ratio of their masses.
Solution:
To proof
v1 (rms) m2
v2 (rms) = m1
Data
2
T= < 1/2 m1v12>  (1)
3k
2
T = 3k < 1/2 m2v22>  (2)

Dividing equation (1) by (2)

2
< 1/2 m1v12>
T 3k
T = 2 2
3k < 1/2 m2v2 >
<m1v12>
1 = <m v 2>
2 2

v12 m2
2 =
v2 m1
Taking square root on both sides
v12 m2
=
v22 m1

Hence,

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 v1 (rms) m2
=
v2 (rms) m1
Proved

11.3 A sample of gas is compressed to one half of its initial volume at constant pressure of 1.25
 10 Nm-2. During the compression, 100 J of work is done on the gas. Determine
5

the final volume of the gas.

Solution:
V1 = V
V2 = V/2 = ?
P = 1.25  105 Nm-2
W = – 100 J
We know that
W = PV
W = P(V2 – V1)
W = P(V/2 – V)
W = P( – V/2)
V
– 100 = – P  
2

V
100 = P  
2
100 = P(V2)
100
V2 = P
100
V2 =
1.25 105
1
V2 = 1.25  102-5

11.4 A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which its internal energy decreases by 300 J. If
at the same time 120 J of work is done on the system, find the heat lost by the system.
Solution:
U = – 300 J
W = – 120 J
Q=?
We know according to first law of thermodynamics
Q = U + W
Q = (– 300) + (– 120)

Q = – 420 J

11.5 A carnot engine utilizes an ideal gas. The source temperature is 227o C and the sink
temperature is 127 oC. Find the efficiency of the engine. Also find the heat input from
the source and heat rejected to the sink when 10,000 J of work is done.
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Solution:
T1 = 227 oC = (227 + 273) K = 500 K
T2 = 127oC = (127 + 273) K = 400 K
=?
Q1 = ?
Q2 = ?
W = 10000J
Firstly for 

 T2 
 = 1  100%
 T1 
 400 
 = 1  100%
 500 
 = (1 – 0.8) 100%
 = (0.2)  100%

 = 20%

We know that
W
=
Q1
W
Q1 =

10000
Q1 = 20%

10000  100
Q1 = 20

Q1 = 50000J

As we know
Q1 = W + Q2
Q2 = Q1 – W
Q2 = 50000 – 10000

Q2 = 40000J

11.6 A reversible engine works between two temperatures whose difference is 100oC. If it absorbs 746J
of heat from the source and rejects 546J to the sink, calculate the temperature of the source and
the sink.
Solution:
T1 – T2 = 100oC
As we know the change of temperature is celsius and kelvin scale is same
So,
T1 – T2 = 100K
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 Q1 = 746J
Q2 = 546J
T1 = ?
T2 = ?

T1 = 100K + T2  (1)

We know,
Q2
=1– Q
1

546
 = 1 – 746

746 – 546
=1–
746
200
 = 746

 = 0.268  (2)

Now
T2
=1– T
1

T2
0.268 = 1 – T
1

T2
= 1– 0.268
T1

T2 = 0.732 T1  (3)

Putting the value of T2 in equation (1)

T1 = 100K + 0.732T1
T1 – 0.732 T1 = 100K
T1 (1 – 0.732) = 100K
T1 (0.268) = 100K
100
T1 = 0.268 K

T1 = 373K
Putting the value of T1 in equation (1)
373 = 100 + T2
T2 = 373 – 100

T2 = 273 K

11.7 A mechanical engineer develops an engine, working between 327oC and 27oC and claim
to have an efficiency of 52%. Does he claim correctly? Explain.
Solution:

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 T1 = 327oC = (327 + 273)K = 600K
T2 = 27oC = (27 + 273)K = 300K
claimed = 52 %
=?

 T2 
 = 1  100%
 T1 
 300 
 = 1  100%
 600 
 = (1 – 0.5) 100%

 = 50%

No, the claim of mechanical engineer is wrong. The maximum possible efficiency of the engine can‟t
be more than 50 %

11.8 A heat engine performs 100J of work and at the same time rejects 400J of heat energy
to the cold reservoirs. What is the efficiency of the engine?
Solution:
W = 100J
Q2 = 400J
Firstly for Q1
Q1 = W + Q2
Q1 = 100 + 400
Q1 = 500J
Now for 
W
 = Q  100 %
1

100
=  100 %
400
 = 0.2  100 %

 = 20%

11.9 A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is at 7oC has an efficiency of 50%.
It is desired to increase the efficiency to 70%. By how many degrees the temperature
of the source be increased.
Solution:
T2 = 7oC = (7 + 273)K = 280K
 = 50 %
 = 70 %
T1 = ?
T1 = ?
T1 – T1 = ?

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 Firstly for T1
T2
=1–T
1

280
50 % = 1 – T
1

280 50
T1 = 1 – 100
280 100 – 50
T1 = 100
280 50
T1 = 100
100
T1 = 50  280

T1 = 560 K
Now for T1
T2
 = 1 –
T1
280
70 % = 1 –
T1
280 70
= 1 – 100
T1
280 100 – 70
= 100
T1
280 30
=
T1 100
100
T1 = 30  280

T1 = 933.3 K
For
T1 – T1 = 933.3 – 560
T1 – T1 = 373.3K
As the change in temperature in kelvin and centigrade scale is same so,
T1 – T1 = 373.3oC

11.10 A steam engine has boiler that operates at 450K. The heat changes water to steam, which drives
the piston. The exhaust temperature of the outside air is about 300K. What is the maximum
efficiency of this steam engine?
Solution:
T1 = 450 K
T2 = 300 K
=?
We know for maximum possible efficiency.
 T2 
 = 1    100%
 T1 

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  300 
 = 1    100%
 450 

 = (1 – 0.666)  100%
 = 0.33  100%

 = 33%

11.11 336J of energy is required to melt 1g of ice at 0oC. What is the change in entropy of 30g
of water at 0oC as it is changed to ice at 0oC by refrigerator?
Solution:
Lf = 336 J/g
Lf = 336000 J/kg
T = 0oC = (0 + 273)K
T = 273K
m = 30g
m = 0.03 kg
S = ?
Firstly for Q
Q = mLf
Q = (0.03) (336000)
Q = 10080 J
Now for S
–Q
S =
T
– 10080
S =
273

S = – 36.8 J K-1

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