Ultrasonic Flaw Detection - Theory, Practice and Applications

About (/aboutus.
aspx)
News (/materials-news-index.aspx)
Articles (/articles.aspx)
(/)
Directory (/materials-engineering-directory.aspx)
Equipment (/materials-equipment-index.aspx)
Videos (/materials-videos-index.aspx)
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection - Theory, Practice and Applications
Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx)
View Supplier Profile
Download PDF Copy Request Quote
(/Suppliers.aspx?SupplierID=11995) Interviews (/interviews.aspx)
More...
Sponsored by Olympus Scientific Solutions Americas NDT (/suppliers.aspx?SupplierID=11995) Jan 2 2013
Become a Member (/azoprofile/)

commonly used technique among all the applications of industrial ultrasonic testing. Generally, sound waves of high  Search... 
Flaw detection is the most
(https://www.facebook.com/AZoNetwork)
frequency are reflected from flaws and generate clear echo patterns.

(https://twitter.com/AZoM)
Portable instruments record and display these echo patterns. Ultrasonic testing is a safe testing method that is widely used in various service industries and
production process, particularly in applications where welds and structural metals are used. The paper gives an overview of the theory, practice and
application of ultrasonic flaw detection.
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies.
More info (/privacy#cookies).
 Accept
Cookie Settings
About (/aboutus.aspx)
(/)
Fundamental Theory Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx)
Sound waves are mechanical vibrations that pass through a medium such as liquid, solid(/interviews.aspx)
Interviews or gas. These waves pass through a medium at a particular velocity
in an expected direction. When these waves bump into a boundary having a different medium, they are transmitted back. This is the principle behind
ultrasonic flaw detection. More...

 Search... 
Frequency, Velocity

and Wavelength

Most ultrasonic flaw detection applications use frequencies between 500 KHz and 10 MHz per second. At frequencies in the megahertz range, sound energy
travels easily via most common materials and liquids, but does not pass efficiently via air or similar gasses. Also, sound waves of different types travel at
different rate of velocities.
Additionally, wavelength refers to the distance between two subsequent points in the wave cycle as it passes via a medium. It is related to velocity and
frequency. In ultrasonic flaw detection and ultrasonic thickness gaging, the minimum limit of detection is one-half wavelength and the minimum measurable
thickness is one wavelength, respectively.
Modes of Propagation
In solids, sound waves can be present in different modes of propagation that are characterized by the type of motion involved. The common modes used in
ultrasonic flaw detection are shear waves and longitudinal waves.
 Accept
Cookie Settings
Variables that Limit Sound Transmission About (/aboutus.aspx)
When compared to soft, heterogeneous or granular materials, hard and homogeneous materials are able to reflect sound waves more efficiently. Three
factors, such as beam spreading, attenuation and scattering, control the distance a sound wave will pass in a particular medium.
(/)
Reflection at a Boundary Directory (/materials-engineering-directory.aspx)
The amount of reflection coefficient or energy reflected is associated with the relative acoustic hindrance of the two materials. In ultrasonic flaw detection
applications, metal and air boundaries are commonly seen, wherein the reflection coefficient reaches 100%. This is the basic principle involved in ultrasonic
flaw detection. Videos (/materials-videos-index.aspx)
Angle of Reflection and Refraction
Interviews (/interviews.aspx)
At ultrasonic frequencies, sound energy is extremely directional and the sound beams employed for flaw detection are clearly defined. As per the Snell's Law
of refraction, sound energy transmitting from one material to another will bend. A beam that is traveling straight will travel in a straight direction; however, a
More...
beam that hits a boundary at an angle will bend.

 Search... 

Ultrasonic Transducers  Accept

Cookie Settings
A transducer is an instrument that is capable of converting energy from one state to another. Ultrasonic transducers can transform electrical energy into
sound energy and vice versa.
For ultrasonic flaw detection, standard transducers employ an active element that is made of either a polymer, composite, or piezoelectric ceramic. When an
electrical pulse of high voltage is applied to this element, it vibrates through a particular spectrum of frequencies and produces sound waves. When an
(/) incoming sound wave vibrates this element, it produces an electrical pulse.
More...
Figure 1. Cross section of typical contact transducer


 Search... 
In flaw detection applications, five types
of ultrasonic transducers are usually employed. They include contact transducers, immersion transducers, delay
line transducers, angle beam transducers, and dual element transducers.
Advanced Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors

Panametrics-NDT Epoch series are ultrasonic flaw detectors that are compact and portable instruments based on microprocessor. They are ideal for shop
and field applications and display an ultrasonic waveform that is easily understood by a trained operator, who detects and classifies the flaws in test pieces.
The series comprises a waveform display, an ultrasonic pulser/receiver, a data logging module, and software and hardware for signal capture and analysis.
In order to optimize the performance of transducer, pulse amplitude, damping and shape can be controlled. Likewise, in order to signal-to-noise ratios,
receiver gain and bandwidth can be modified.
Procedure of Ultrasonic Flaw Detection

 Accept
Cookie Settings
A trained operator can identify particular echo patterns related to the echo response from representative flaws and good parts. This can be done by utilizing
correct reference standards and accepted test procedures along with a good knowledge of sound wave propagation. Two calibration standards such as
straight beam testing and angle beam testing are used in ultrasonic flaw detection. The latter technique is commonly used in weld inspection.
(/)
Figure 2. Typical angle beam (/interviews.aspx)

Interviews assembly
More...
Conclusion
Ultrasonic flaw detection is
a comparative method. Although some analog-based flaw detectors Become

are stillabeing produced,
Member most modern
(/azoprofile/)
instruments employ
 Search...
digital signal processing to (https://www.facebook.com/AZoNetwork)
promote enhanced stability and accuracy.

(https://www.olympus-ims.com/en)
This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by Olympus Scientific Solutions Americas - Non-Destructive Testing.
For more information on this source, please visit Olympus Scientific Solutions Americas - Non-Destructive Testing. (https://www.olympus-ims.com/en)
We use cookies to enhance yourView

experience.
SupplierByProfile
continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies.
Download PDF Copy Request Quote
(/Suppliers.aspx?SupplierID=11995)
 Accept
Cookie Settings
Read in: English
Citations  About (/aboutus.aspx)
Comments
(/) wan nizam

says:
May 5, 2013 at 7:47 AM Directory (/materials-engineering-directory.aspx)
What's minimum UT shear waves thickness?
Reply 0

0
Ram Ambre

says:
November 14, 2016 at 7:09 AM Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx)
As per EN Standards, minimum UT shear wave thickness is 8 mm. In ASME minimum UT shear wave thickness is not specified.
Reply 0

0
More...
The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of AZoM.com.

 Search... 
Ask A Question (https://www.facebook.com/AZoNetwork)

Do you have a question you'd like to ask regarding this article?
Leave your feedback

Login

Public Question

Private Question to Supplier
More info (/privacy#cookies). Submit
 Accept
Cookie Settings
Latest
Featured
Trending
interviews equipment stories

Powering Next-Generation Electronics with Recovered Lithium (/article.aspx?ArticleID=21145)
AZoM speaks to Professor Yi Cui and Dr. Fang Liu about their groundbreaking research into(/articles.aspx)
Articles lithium batteries. The
(/)researchers have found a way to revitalize 'dead' lithium in batteries and hope that their work will make way for
extended battery life and less battery wastage. Directory (/materials-engineering-directory.aspx)
(/article.aspx?ArticleID=21145)
Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Bioceramics Fundamentals and Applications (/article.aspx?
ArticleID=21095) More...
In this interview, AZoM talks to Mohamed Rahaman, professor emeritus of materials science & engineering at Missouri
University of Science and Technology, about bioceramics and their potential uses in biomedical engineering.

 Search... 

(/article.aspx?ArticleID=21095)
Microbiota Survival on Photovoltaic Panel Materials (/article.aspx?ArticleID=21099)

AZoM speaks to Dr. Iolanda Duarte and Juliane Moura about their research that considers the presence of extremophile
microbiota on photovoltaic panels.
 Accept
Cookie Settings
(/)
(/article.aspx?ArticleID=21099) Videos (/materials-videos-index.aspx)
More Content from Olympus Scientific Solutions Americas NDT Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx)
2nd Olympus Discovery Summit Connects Microscopists

Interviews to Advance Research and Imaging (/news.aspx?
(/interviews.aspx)
newsID=56939)
More...

 Search... 

(/news.aspx?newsID=56939)
New Olympus DP28 and DP23 Cameras Win Premier Innovation Award (/news.aspx?newsID=56604)
 Accept
Cookie Settings
Olympus and Grundium Partner to Make Digital Pathology More Accessible (/news.aspx?newsID=56522)
(/)
See all content from Olympus Scientific Solutions Americas NDT (/suppliers.aspx?SupplierID=11995)
Other Sites from AZoNetwork Interviews (/interviews.aspx)

Useful Links
AZoNano AZoMining News (/materials-news-More... Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx) Search (/search.aspx)

(https://www.azonano.com/) (https://www.azomining.com/) index.aspx) Interviews (/interviews.aspx) Become a Member (/azoprofile/)
AZoRobotics AZoSensors Articles (/articles.aspx) (/azoprofile/)
Newsletters

Become a Member
Market Reports (/reports-and-  Search...
(/newsletters/) 
(https://www.azorobotics.com/) (https://www.azosensors.com/) Directory (/materials- docs-index.aspx)
(https://www.facebook.com/AZoNetwork) About (/aboutus.aspx)
AZoCleantech AZoQuantum engineering-directory.aspx) Materials (/materials.aspx)

(https://twitter.com/AZoM) Contact (/contact.aspx)
(https://www.azocleantech.com/) (https://www.azoquantum.com/) Equipment (/materials- Applications (/Applications.aspx) Help/FAQs (/faqs.aspx)
AZoOptics News Medical (https://www.news- equipment-index.aspx)
Industries (/Industries.aspx) Advertise (/advertise)
(https://www.azooptics.com/) medical.net/) Books (/book-reviews-
AZojomo (/azojomo.aspx) Terms & Conditions (/terms)
AZoBuild Life Sciences (https://www.news- index.aspx)
(https://www.azobuild.com/) medical.net/life-sciences) Podcasts (/podcast-reviews- Privacy & Cookie Policy (/privacy)
Videos (/materials-videos-
index.aspx)
index.aspx) Update Your Privacy Preferences
Experts (/experts-index.aspx)
Events (/events/events.aspx) Sitemap (/sitemap.axd)
The Team (/team.aspx)
Metals Store (/metals)
Journals (/materials-journals-
index.aspx)
Software (/engineering-software-
index.aspx)
 Accept
Cookie Settings back to top 


(https://www.face

(https://twitt
(//privacy.truste.com/privacy-seal/validation?rid=80814776-9892-4bc0-a905-50180d9d0296)
(/)
AZoM.com - An AZoNetwork Site
Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, © 2000-2022
More...

 Search... 

 Accept
Cookie Settings

Ultrasonic Flaw Detection - Theory, Practice and Applications

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ultrasonic Flaw Detection - Theory, Practice and Applications

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

About (/aboutus.

Become a Member (/azoprofile/)

Fundamental Theory Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx)

Become a Member (/azoprofile/)

Ultrasonic Transducers  Accept

Figure 1. Cross section of typical contact transducer

Advanced Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors

Procedure of Ultrasonic Flaw Detection

Figure 2. Typical angle beam (/interviews.aspx)

a comparative method. Although some analog-based flaw detectors Become

We use cookies to enhance yourView

Leave your feedback

interviews equipment stories

Microbiota Survival on Photovoltaic Panel Materials (/article.aspx?ArticleID=21099)

(/article.aspx?ArticleID=21099) Videos (/materials-videos-index.aspx)

2nd Olympus Discovery Summit Connects Microscopists

Other Sites from AZoNetwork Interviews (/interviews.aspx)

AZoNano AZoMining News (/materials-news-More... Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx) Search (/search.aspx)

You might also like