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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
Red, Reade, Rade, Read
With the average hours of TV viewing reaching an alarming eight hours a day or more, it is obvious
that the general population has abandoned reading as a leisure activity. To counter this undesirable
trend, it is important to understand why reading interest has waned and what the results are. Some
name the advent of technology - Internet, iPads, ipods, film, TV, video games, cell phones, and radio
- as one cause of the decline in reading. Aside from the old-time high of public involvement with
technology, there is a deemphasis on reading and reading skills in the public school system.
Reading has become a less valuable activity; thus, interest in it and the ability to read fall. Another
factor is the rapid pace of life today. As a consequence, people depend on quick information from
seventh-grade-level news stories rather than from insightful and complete descriptions of events in
books and periodicals. People, too, no longer read at the levels they once did. Altogether, the effects
of the decline in reading appear critical. People are grossly misinformed of issues and histories.
Because of this situation, they tend to lose the ability to think to actively participate in intellectual and
mental processes that require agile minds. Without the ability to think clearly, the capacity to make
decisions and solve problems is likely to be impaired. Ultimately, thinking tasks for a safe and
healthy future may be waylaid. Yet, reading for advancement, as well as for entertainment, is critical
if the world is to successfully meet the challenges of tomorrow.

Interpretation
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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
Greening the Red Planet
Terraformation - the greening of the planet - would be the most ambitious engineering project in
human history. This feat may be accomplished in several stages. The challenge is to warm Mars first
by raising the temperature from -60 degrees to -40 degrees. One way to begin this is to build
chemical factories, power them with small nuclear reactors that will pump out greenhouse gases to
cover the planet and prevent the escape of heat. Then, as the temperature rises, the atmosphere will
become thicker but not thick enough. Hence, an ozone substitute will be manufactured to
supplement the atmosphere. When the temperature reaches -25 degrees, tundra vegetation will
survive. Later, as the planet warms to -15 degrees, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water will seep
from the crust. The atmosphere will continue to thicken and water will pool in canyons. Soon, Mars
will have a breathable atmosphere when microorganisms will create soil to sustain plants, and plants
will convert the atmospheric carbon dioxide into oxygen. When the temperature reaches -5 degrees,
the ice will melt. Bodies of water will be formed and rain will fall regularly. Trees will be planted,
changing the dry red planet into a moist green globe. Terraformation, one of our prodigious dreams,
may founder. But suppose it could be done, should it be done?
Adapted, Darrah and Petranek 99

Process Description
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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
Attitude
Attitudes, which affect the individual's subsequent behavior or perception, are formed in two ways,
directly or indirectly. Directly, they are learned through firsthand experience and socialization.
Experience-based attitudes are stable, less changeable, and more salient for the individual. They,
too, are shaped directly through socialization. Children learn by example from their elders at home or
from their teachers in school. Indirectly, effective modifiers of people's attitudes are subordered into
the media and advocacy groups. Media is further classified into print media and TV or radio media.
Print media with its loaded language arouses extreme feelings that feed into the readers' minds,
thus, influencing behavior. TV, with its extremely graphic and attractive presentation, leaves hard-to-
forget images in the viewers' minds. In addition, newscasters and commentators over the TV and the
radio, and opinion makers in the Internet definitely affect attitude formation of the masses. Also of
growing importance as indirect molders of people's outlooks are advocacy groups that come
together to discuss issues. Church leaders, activists, human rights conformists, and any other social
groups maintain ensconced beliefs and value systems. By and large, people's outlooks are defined,
changed and strengthened through the different means of attitude formation.

Definition
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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
Photosynthesis in Plants
Plants perform photosynthesis because it generates the food and energy they need for growth and
cellular respiration.  It is important to note that not all plants photosynthesize.  Some are parasites
and simply attach themselves to other plants and feed from them.
For plants to perform photosynthesis they require light energy from the sun, water and carbon
dioxide. Water is absorbed from the soil into the cells of root hairs.  The water passes from the root
system to the xylem vessels in the stem until it reaches the leaves.  Carbon dioxide is absorbed from
the atmosphere through pores in the leaves called stomata.  The leaves also contain chloroplasts
which hold chlorophyll.  The sun’s energy is captured by the chlorophyll.
Leaves are essential for the well-being of plants.  Most of the reactions involved in the process of
photosynthesis take place in the leaves.  The diagram below shows the cross section of a typical
plant leaf.

Process Description
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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
Fathering is unlike mothering. True enough it is, even before the child is born. While the expectant
mother is busy reading about Lamaze birthing and breastfeeding, finding suitable clothing and baby
accessories, worrying about the nursery and color-coordinating it, the expectant father is engrossed
in his hobby book on fishing, tennis or basketball, and is worried about his car that conked out just
the day before. Then come the labor pains that rock the mother's whole being, and the delivery that
shocks her senses. The father, all the while, is a spectator offering comfort and absorbing the
screams. Later, during the growing up years, the attachment processes are also different. The
mother is concerned about the practical care of feeding and washing the child whereas the father
plays rough and tumble with the kid. The mother provides more of the verbal stimulation; however,
the father communicates more physically. During the rearing years, the mother provides the warmth
and comfort of the home; on the other hand, the father sees after the financial and physical security
of the family. Yes, fathering and mothering are in many ways different, but both complement each
other.
Adapted, Koo G1

Comparison and Contrast

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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
Synchronicity
There is an old story that says you can't kill a frog by putting him in boiling water. He reacts so
quickly to the sudden heat that he jumps before he is burned. But if you put him in cold water and
then warm it up gradually, he never decides to jump until it is too late. By then, he is cooked. Men
are just as foolish. Take away their freedom overnight, and you have a violent revolution. But steal it
from them gradually in the guise of security, peace and progress, and you can paralyze an entire
nation.
Adapted, Lundberg in Manalo 133

Analogy
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Question 7
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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
The last paragraph of Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" helps to answer the question if the
story actually took place or if it was just a dream that Brown had. The sentence preceding the final
paragraph asks that exact question, in fact; but whether it was a dream or a real-life experience the
rest of his life would never be the same. He didn't look at the preacher, his wife, or anyone else in
town the same again and died a bitter old man. He didn't even regard his children or grand-children
with much more respect than he did others because his trust of other people being what they seem
was gone afterwards. he never recovered from seeing people that he thought were pure and
innocent actually have hidden secrets of sin even though he himself was on the same path of
temptation (What a hypocrite, huh?). His bitterness, self-righteousness, and pride held him back
from forgiving others, accepting people for who they are, and living a life of happiness. Acting like
that doesn't score any friends because, "they carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone, for his
dying hour was gloom".

Interpretation
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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
Emotional Intelligence
Are you a person who graduated with honors yet cannot keep or advance in a job? Are you a person
with a dream of becoming an entrepreneur but lacks the courage to pursue a project that is clearly
within your area of expertise? If you are, then you are wanting in emotional intelligence - abilities
involving emotional discipline and control. It involves the abilities to motivate oneself and persist in
the face of frustration; to control one's impulse and delay gratification; to regulate one's moods; and
to keep distress from swamping the ability to think, to empathize, and to hope. While IQ has its
nearly one-hundred-year history of research on hundreds of thousands of people, emotional
intelligence is a new concept. No one can yet say exactly how much of the variability from person to
person in life's course it accounts for. But data suggest that EQ can be as powerful as IQ and at
times, more powerful in shaping the destiny of man. While there are those who agree that IQ cannot
be changed much by experience or education, these crucial emotional competencies can indeed be
learned - if we bother to teach them. 
Adapted, Goleman 36-37

Classification
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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
The Structure of a Book
A book is like a single house. It is a mansion of many rooms - rooms on different levels, of different
sizes and shapes, with different outlooks, rooms with different functions to perform. These rooms are
independent, in part. Each has its own structure and interior decoration. But they are not absolutely
independent and separate. They are connected by doors and arches, by corridors and stairways.
Because they are connected, the partial function, which each performs, contributes its share to the
usefulness of the whole house. Otherwise, the house would not be genuinely livable. The
architectural analogy is almost perfect. A good book, like a good house, is an orderly arrangement of
parts. Each major part has a certain amount of independence. As we shall see, it may have an
interior structure of its own. But it must also be connected with the other parts - that is, related to
them functionally - for otherwise, it could not contribute its share to the intelligibility of the whole. The
most readable book is an architectural achievement on the part of the author. The best books are
those that have the most intelligible structure and, I might add, the most apparent. As houses are
more or less livable, so books are more or less readable. 
Adler, "How to Read a Book"

Analogy
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Identify whether the technique used in writing the following passage is Classification, Cause and
Effect, Comparison and Contrast, Analogy, Definition, Persuasion, Process Description,
or Interpretation. 
 
Synchronicity
Synchronicity, popularized by James Redfield's "The Celestine Prophecy" and later by Neal Donald
Walsch's "Conversation with God," is a new word for serendipity. It is not so much a coincidence or a
discovery by chance as a natural result of being aligned with God's will. It answers a need of the
moment, and the more aware you are of it, the more often it manifests in your life. Your question or
problem is answered by a billboard you pass by, a song on the radio or a snatch of conversation. An
accidental meeting may be the beginning of romance, the landing of a contract, or the discovery of a
business opportunity. It could be the timely occurrence of the same idea in two different people, a
phone call from someone whom you had been thinking much about lately. It could be as banal as
"where did I read such- and -such information," and the book might have just dropped on your lap.
So, in order to be in synch with God's will, you must be the best person you can be, and inevitably,
you will be drawn into the pathway of God where celestial droppings occur. Of course the important
thing is that your lap must be there at the right moment to drop on.
Adapted, Cordero-Fernando I 1-2

Classification
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