Audio Name: Lecture fri may 7 plant and animal

Duration: 31 Minutes
NT10086

[00:03:16]
CLASS DISCUSSION

Plants
● Cell Wall
○ Secondary Cell Wall
■ It is bigger than the primary cell wall
■ The cellulose and associated proteins in the cell wall give it strength
● Plasma Membrane
○ In looking at it in 3D, cell-cell communication can be understood easily
○ Communication between neighboring cells is highly ordered
● Cellulose Synthase
○ It is an enzyme that makes cellulose
○ There is a direct correlation between the microtubules and the cellulose synthase
complexes.
■ Microtubules
● They are directing the laying down of the cellulose microfibrils that
are synthesized and all the components are synthesized by
cellulose synthase
○ There is an association with the cytoskeleton on the
cytoplasmic side of the plant cells that is directing an event
outside the cell.
● It is important to have an ordered cellulose microfibrils array in the
cell wall
● The arrangement of the microtubules determines the division of
cells
● Embryonic Development
○ 3 Layers of Undefined Cell Types
1. Ectoderm
● It is a sheet of cuboidal cells
● There is no organization
● These cuboidal cells start to elongate as the microtubules start to
organize
● Nucleus
○ It is held in place by the intermediate filaments
● As the actin filaments start to contract, the following occurs:
○ The actin-myosin complex forms and pulls these ends of
the cell closer together,
○ The distance between the individual microtubules is
changing
○ On the dorsal face of the embryo, the arrangement is
changing in terms of how these cells interact.
● The continued contraction of the actin microfilaments causes the
migration of the cells towards each other
○ Cells that clip off become part of the neural tube
■ Neural tube
● It ultimately becomes the spinal cord
 ● Neural crest cells
○ They migrate all over the place such as:
■ Peripheral nerves
■ Muscle development
● Based on cues that these ectodermal cells are getting, a complete
rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and cells occur
○ Those cells create new neighbors
○ Nodal cord
■ It influences cells to behave differently
○ Chemical cues
■ Cells change their behavior and look
■
2. Mesoderm
3. Endoderm
● Embryogenesis
○ Change in communication
■ As cells converge, part of their address is changing
■ Extension
● Cells start to push their way through
■ With changing cell address, the cell communication is completely different
○ Cadherin
■ They result in a major intercellular link
■ They control actions between the same and different actions
● Homophilic or heterophilic
■ Cadherins that extend into the extracellular matrix on the embryonic cells
facilitate community communication between the other cells
● They are facilitating the actin cytoskeleton to anchor
● Results
○ Cells organize because of the talking between neighboring
cells
○ They make adhesins junctions
■ They are based on the calcium-dependent cadherin
● Mesoderm
○ It starts infiltrating around the regions dividing and forming a continuous layer.