Audio Name: Proteins and Enzymes Lecture 7

Duration: 24 Minutes
NT10086

[00:00:03]
CLASS DISCUSSION

Protein and Enzymes

● Proteins (Refer to the diagram below.)

○
■ They are chains of amino acids like string
■ Their complex 3-D shape comes from winding the chain in different ways
● Amino Acids (Refer to the image below.)

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■ Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
■ There are 20 Amino Acids
● All 20 contain the following:
○ Central carbon atom
○ Bonded to H
○ Amino group
○ Carboxyl group
○ R group
■ It is unique to each amino acid.
■ They are connected via a peptide bond
● Peptide Bond (Refer to the image below.)
 ○
■ This is when the carboxyl group binds with the
amino group
● Categories of Amino Acids based on their R-Group (Refer to the diagram below.)

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● Structures of Proteins (Refer to the images below.)

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 ○
■ Primary Structure
● It is the order of the amino acid
■ Secondary Structure
● It can either be the following:
○ Spiral or an alpha helix
○ Foldes or a beta-pleated sheet
■ Tertiary Structure
● It is a complex 3-D shape that gives the protein its function
● All functional proteins have a tertiary structure
■ Quaternary Structure
● Some proteins need more than one piece to make the final protein
● It needs two pieces to be functional.
○ Examples:
■ Dimer
■ Hemoglobin
● Enzyme
○ Many chemical reactions in the body require the “help” of an enzyme to complete
the reaction fast enough to sustain life.
○ They are a type of protein
■ They sometimes have additional substances in their composition
○ They speed up the rate of chemical reactions
○ Example:
■ Glucosidase (Refer to the image below.)

●
○
It binds to maltose to allow a chemical reaction to happen
to make glucose
■ It breaks down maltose to make glucose.
○ How do enzymes work?
 ■ Enzymes bring substrates together in a precise orientation at the active
site. (Refer to the diagram below.)

●
○ Maltose binds to the active site on glucosidase
■ They bind to the active site (Refer to the diagram below.)

●
○ It destabilizes the bonds in the substrates to allow new
bonds to form.
○ R-groups that line the active site form temporary covalent
bonds that assist with the transfer of atoms from one
reactant to another.
■ A final product is formed and released (Refer to the diagram below.)

●
○ How do enzymes and substrates fit together?
■ Induced fit
● The substrate induces a slight change in the shape of the enzyme
so that it can fit perfectly. (Refer to the image below.)
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 ■ This is like a hand changes the shape of a glove.
○ Regulatory Molecules
■ Controlling when and where enzymes will function is vital to maintain life.
■ Types of Regulatory Molecules:
● Neither type affects the protein’s primary structure
○ Allosteric regulation
■ It occurs when a regulatory molecule binds
somewhere other than the active site.
■ It is not quite as reversible
○ Competitive inhibition
■ It directly blocks the active site.
■ It is reversible
■ Some enzymes can be regulated by a chemical change to the primary
structure
● This may be reversible or irreversible.
○ Reversible
■ This is adding a phosphate group to inactivate or
activate the enzyme.
○ Irreversible
■ This refers to the cleavage of peptide bonds that
make up the primary structure of the enzyme.
● Quiz Questions
1. The magnesium transport pump uses ATP to transport
magnesium into the cell. In general, magnesium
transporters will pump all the surrounding magnesium ions
into a cell until the transporters are deactivated.
Magnesium transporters are deactivated when bound by
the product of the enzyme magnase and are activated
when not bound to the product. The environmental toxin
PFO inhibits magnate activity by severing the last amino
acid in its chain (so the product cannot be made).
■ What kind of macromolecule is the magnesium
transport pump? What kind is the enzyme
magnate?
● Both are proteins.
2. Harry has ingested a large amount of the environmental
toxin PFO in contaminated drinking water. As a result, his
magnesium transporters continuously pump magnesium
into the cell and cannot be deactivated. His cells are dying
due to the subsequent movement of water. Harry’s doctor
finds out that there is a new experimental treatment that
can remove PFO from the body. If the PFO is removed,
will the magnesium transport pumps begin operating
normally again?
■ No, because this type of inhibition is irreversible.
○ External or Environmental Factors
■ They can also regulate enzyme function.
● Temperature and ph affecting enzyme activity (Refer to the
diagram below.)
 ○

■
The bacteria that live in a cool and neutral
environment
● Chitinase has an optimal withdrawal
environment
■ The bacteria that live in a hot and environment
● Chitinase has an optimal activity in that
environment that it evolved in
○ Enzyme Pathways (Refer to the diagram below.)

■
● Enzymes usually work in pathways rather than alone.
● Enzyme 1 binds substrate A and makes product B.
● Enzyme 2 binds substrate B and makes product C
● Metabolic pathway
○ It is a specific molecule that is altered in a series of steps
that results in a final product.
● Each of these steps has its chemical reaction.
● Enzyme 3 is blocked by an allosteric inhibitor (Refer to the image
below.)
 ○
■The inhibition will eventually be reduced by the
excess
○ Chemical reactions completed by enzymes in a pathway (Refer to the
diagrams below.)

■
● Series of Chemical Reactions
 ○ Substrates are turned into products, which are then
substrates that are turned into new products
● The concentration of substrates or products will affect the rate of
the chemical reactions.
○ The increase in the concentration of C slows the rate of
enzymes 1 & 2
■ This increases the concentrations of A and B