Name:

11 ABM- Ayala

Bioenergetics, Photosynthesis and Energy Flow Handout

What is Bioenergetics?
The Study of in (environments) and the (plants and
animals) that utilize them.
Energy
Energy
■ Required by all organisms 1st Law of Thermodynamics ATP
■ May be or energy ■ Energy
(glucose) can be and
transformed, but it cannot be created
Kinetic Energy or .
■ Energy of Motion ■ Also known as the
■ and energy are .
examples 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
■ Each energy transfer or
Potential Energy transformation the
■ Energy of Position entropy of the universe.
■ Includes energy stored in chemical ■ = a measure of disorder
bonds or randomness
■ is energy in its most
Two Types of Energy Reactions random state.
Enzymes
Endergonic Reactions ■ Enzymes that are
■ that requires a net responsible for many chemical
input of . reactions that are necessary to
■ Absorbs and stores it sustain life.
■ Photosynthesis ■ Enzyme is a and are
Light ■ Enzymes of the
SUN Energy reaction.
■ Enzymes are , they
photons function with only one reactant to
produce specific products.
6CO2 +6H2OC6H12O6 + 6O2 ■ Enzymes have a three-dimensional
structure and they utilize organic
(glucose) molecules like and inorganic
Exergonic Reactions molecules like metal ions
■ Chemical reactions that (Magnesium ions) for assistance in
releases energy catalyst.
■ Cellular Respiration ■ is the reactant in an
enzyme catalyzed reaction. The
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+ portion of the molecule that is
responsible for catalytic action of
Law of thermodynamics enzyme is the .

Classification of enzymes
Enzymes are classified based on the
reactions they catalyze into 6 groups:
Oxidoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolases,
Lyases, Isomearses, Ligases.
- are the enzymes that
catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions.
These enzymes are important as these
reactions are responsible for the production
of heat and energy.
- are the enzymes that
catalyze reactions where transfer of
functional group between two substrates
takes place.
- are also known as
hydrolytic enzymes. They catalyze the
hydrolysis reactions of carbohydrates,
proteins and esters.
- are enzymes that
catalyze the reaction involving the removal
of groups from substrates by processes
other than hydrolysis by the formation of
double bonds.
- are enzymes that
catalyze the reactions where
interconversion of cis-trans isomers is
involved.
– are also known as
synthases, these are the enzymes that
catalyze the reactions where coupling of
two compounds in involved with the
breaking of pyrophosphate bonds.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in the organelle
of the plant cell known as the chloroplasts.
are one of the main
differences between plant and animal cells.
Light Reactions
■ Photosynthesis begins with
. It is during these reactions that the
energy from sunlight is absorbed by
the pigment in the
thylakoid membranes of the
chloroplast.
■ The energy is then temporarily
transferred to two molecules, ATP
and NADPH, which are used in the
second stage of photosynthesis. ATP
and NADPH are generated by two
electron transport chains.
■ During light reactions, water is used
and oxygen is produced. These
reactions can only occur during
daylight as the process needs
sunlight to begin.
Calvin cycle
The second stage of photosynthesis is the
production of glucose from carbon dioxide.
This process occurs in a continiuos cycle,
named after its discover, Melvin calvin.
The calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide and the
energy temporarily stored in atp and nadph
to make the sugar glucose.