Related Studies

Orange as renewable source of Biofuel

According to Husna et. Al. (2017), Oranges is one of the most abundant and

well-known fruit which can be eaten fresh as well as to create juice. However, around

50% of the raw processed fruit waste were generated in manufacturing orange juices.

Furthermore, orange peels, as a waste item, is one of the cause of problems in

environment due to the inclusion of biomaterials. In addition, Mandarin oranges are a

common local crop. Every year, 22,000 tons of squeezed lees from mandarin oranges

are discarded by orange juice companies in Ehime (Nikkei Business Daily, 2009).

Preparation of Orange Peel for Distillation

Fig : Preparation of Orange Peel for Distillation in a study conducted by Husna

In order to extract the biofuel in orange peels, Husna et. Al (2017) state that a

700g of orange peels were cleaned as well as manually split the pith of orange peels.

The peels were then cut into smaller pieces and were air dried in order to eliminate the

presence of moisture. The air-dried orange peels were then crush using an electric
crusher. In a jar or vessel, the petroleum ether is combined into the orange peels at a

ratio of 1:1.5 and was left to rest for a day. After 24 hours, it was filtered using a sieve.

Fig : Collected orange peel oil in

a study by Husna

Amount of Biofuel produced by Petroleum ether and orange peel

The data presented in a study by Husna et. Al. (2017) were determined by

testing 19 mL of oil samples into a pre-weighed measuring cylinder with a density of

842kg/m3. According to them, a 23.33% percentage of oil was obtained. Moreover, the

orange peel oil obtained to their study has a brownish-yellow tint.

 Table :

Fuel properties

The table above shows the comparison the fuel properties of orange peel oil in

comparison to Diesel and Petrol. Husna et. Al (2017) stated that, the higher the calorific

value, the higher the ability of utilizing oil as fuel. In the table above, it shows that

orange peel oil has a calorific value of 41543KJ/kg that is lower than diesel. However, it

may be utilized as fuel for other purposes. Viscosity is the most important feature of all

fuel qualities. Oil with a lower viscosity is easier to atomize as well as to pump in order

to obtain a smaller droplet for optimum mixing. The table shows that orange peel oil has

a higher kinematic viscosity than other oils. Thus, it can also be utilized as fuel for other

purposes as well.

References:

Husna, A., Ferajee, M., & Akhtar, K. (2017, December 30). [PDF] Extraction of Biofuel

from Orange Peel and its Characterization | Semantic Scholar. Semantic

Scholar. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Extraction-of-Biofuel-from-Orange-Peel-

and-its-Ferajee-Akhtar/3e0ba94f45fd89497b36a63a4986ba701ae88a30
Nikkei Business Daily. (2009, March). Survey Report on the Business Possibility of

Bioethanol Production Using Local Agricultural Produce and Revitalization of

Local Community. Nikkei Asia.

Cassava as renewable source of Biofuel

At the start of the 20th century, starch was used for the first time in the United

States to produce fuel ethanol. Utilizing around 205 active plants, the majority of the

59.8 BL of bioethanol generated in the USA in 2019 was made mostly from starch.

Because it is an eco-friendly renewable bio-based resource that helps reduce fuel

emissions that have an impact on climate change, bioethanol is a desirable alternative

fuel (Krajang et. Al, 2021). Moreover, cassava starch is used in a wide variety of

culinary and industrial applications because of its characteristics. Although the

fundamental properties of this starch are recognized, more study is necessary to

complete our understanding (Caballero, 2003).

According to Akaracharnaya et. Al (2010), One of the major trade crops in

Thailand is cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), which produces over 23 million tons of

cassava root annually. Half of this crop of cassava roots is exported as cassava chips

and pellets, which are primarily utilized to make ethanol fuel. The remaining portion is

used as a raw material for the manufacture of cassava starch, which alone produces

over 1.7 million tons of solid cassava pulp waste following starch extraction.
Extraction of Bioethanol on cassava pulp and peel

In a study conducted by Hauwa et. Al (2019) in order to investigate the ethanol

yield of the samples, determine the percent sugar content of the filtrate, the percent

alcohol content of the filtrate, determine the specific gravity of the filtrate, and determine

whether or not the peaks representing ethanol bonding were present in the pretreated

sample with H2S04 acid, they used different concentrations of 2 percent, 6 percent, and

10 percent sulfuric acid by fermentation method.

Materials

The tools used include a weighing scale, conical flasks, beakers, measuring

cylinders, spatulas, funnels, filter paper, cotton wool, and aluminum foil, as well as a

distillation setup, an autoclave, a water bath, a pH meter, and a refractormeter.

Chemicals

The substances include potassium dichromate(K2Cr2O7), sodium hydroxide

(NaOH), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

Sample Preparation

To remove soil and dust that had adhered to the cassava peel samples, they

were carefully washed with distilled water. The peels were exposed to the sun to dry

before being pounded into a powder using a pestle and mortar. To standardize the

particle size range of 1mm, the ground powder was then sieved through a 1mm screen.

The sample was maintained at room temperature in a container that was firmly sealed.

The organisms, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were taken from

stock cultures in the Kaduna State University Microbiology Laboratory (KASU).

Morphological and biochemical techniques were used to describe and validate the

cultures.

Bioethanol Production

Acid hydrolysis, filtering, neutralization of the filtrate, fermentation, and distillation

are the processes utilized to produce bio-ethanol.

Acid Hydrolysis

Each sample of cassava peel, weighing 20 g, was placed in a conical flask

measuring 500 cm3. Distilled water, 2 percent, 6 percent, and 10 percent sulphuric acid

were then added to the appropriate conical flasks. The flasks were filled with sterile

distilled water to the 200 cm3 mark, and sterile cotton wool wrapped in aluminum foil

was inserted to prevent contamination. The samples were then heated for 2 hours at

98°C in a water bath, sterilized for 15 minutes in an autoclave, allowed to cool, and then

filtered through No. 1 Whatman filter paper. Using 10% NaOH, the pH of the filtrate

sample was brought down to 4.5. For all treatments, distilled water was used to wash

the leftover samples and create a pH balance. The four samples were dried in an oven

at 90C for 12 hours and were examined in further detail. The samples were given the

following labels:

C1 = Samples of untreated cassava peels (control)

C2 = Sample of pretreated cassava peels with 2% H2SO4

C6 = Sample of pretreated cassava peels with 6% H2SO4

C10 = Cassava peel samples that have been pretreated with 10% H2SO4
Fermentation Process

The fermentation procedure was conducted concurrently with the saccharification

process (SSF). The hydrolyzed samples were placed in a conical flask, wrapped in

aluminum foil, cotton wool-lined, and autoclaved at 121C for 15 minutes. After the

autoclave, the samples were allowed to cool at ambient temperature. While the control

set continued to be used as a control, co-cultures of Aspergillus niger and

Saccharomyces cerevisiae were aseptically added to each flask holding the hydrolyzed

samples. The flasks were shaken and incubated for three days at room temperature (28

oC 2 oC) with cotton wool used as a stopper. To ensure a uniform distribution of the

organisms in the combination of substrates and a homogeneous solution, the flasks

were periodically shaken.

Distillation Process

Utilizing a distillation equipment setup, distillation was performed. The fermented

liquid was poured into a flask with a circular bottom, set on a heating mantle attached to

a distillation column, and submerged in flowing water. The distillate was collected at

78C (the normal temperature for ethanol production) in another flask that was fastened

to the other end of the distillation column. In accordance with the approach, this was

carried out for each fermented broth.

Analytical Techniques used in the Bioethanol produced from Cassava Peels

After distillation, bioethanol was further analyzed using a variety of analytical

techniques, including a pH test, measurements of the amount of ethanol produced, the

percentage of sugar content, the specific gravity and alcohol content of the filtrate, FTIR

analysis of the treated and untreated samples, and a confirmatory test for the presence

of bioethanol.

Table _: the amount of ethanol generated, the amount of sugar, the specific

gravity, and the percentage of alcohol in the filtrate.

The table above indicates the percentage of alcohol produced in cassava peels

as well as the quantity of ethanol, sugar content, and specific gravity as stated by

Hauwa et. Al (2019).

References:

Akaracharanya, A. (2010, November 15). Evaluation of the waste from cassava starch

production as a substrate for ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

- Annals of Microbiology. BioMed Central. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from

https://annalsmicrobiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s13213-010-

0155-8#citeas
Caballero, B. (2003, June 28). Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2nd

Edition. Science Direct. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/

cassava-starch

Efeovbokhan, V. E., Egwari, L., Alagbe, E. E., Adeyemi, J. T., & Taiwo, O. S. (2019).

Production of bioethanol from hybrid cassava pulp and peel using microbial and

acid hydrolysis :: BioResources. Bioresources. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from

https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/production-of-bioethanol-from-

hybrid-cassava-pulp-and-peel-using-microbial-and-acid-hydrolysis/

Krajang, M. (2021, March 16). Single-step ethanol production from raw cassava starch

using a combination of raw starch hydrolysis and fermentation, scale-up from 5-L

laboratory and 200-L pilot plant to 3000-L industrial fermenters - Biotechnology

for Biofuels and Bioproducts. BioMed Central. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from

https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-021-

01903-3

Hauwa, M., Dahiru, S., Abdulrahman, B., & Abdullahi, I.I. (2019). Ethanol Production

from Cassava ( Manihot Esculenta ) Waste Peels Using Acid Hydrolysis and

Fermentation Process BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM CASSAVA

( MANIHOT ESCULENTA ) WASTE PEELS USING ACID HYDROLYSIS AND

FERMENTATION PROCESS.
Corn as a Renewable Source of Biofuel

Corn grain is an efficient biofuel feedstock because of its high starch content and

ease of ethanol conversion. The corn ethanol industry benefits from a system that

allows it to produce, harvest, and store large amounts of corn. As one bushel of corn

grain produces 17 pounds of distillers’ grains and 2.8 gallons of ethanol. Farm Energy

(2019). According to the Alternative Fuels Data Center (n.d.), the starch in corn grain

produced 94% of ethanol in the US. Ethanol corn based has a positive energy balance,

which indicates that the process of generating the fuel does not consume more energy

than the fuel itself. With this, most of the gasoline in the US contains ethanol commonly

the E10 that oxygenates the fuel to reduce air pollution. Also, Ethanol is available as

E85 or flex fuel that is applied in flexible fuel vehicles while the E15 is eligible for use in

light-duty cars manufactured after 2001.

In the study of Aamri et al., (2018), it states that corn is a type of biomass

resource that can be found in farms then making it to extract biofuels. With that, the

researcher conducted an experiment where biofuels are extracted from corn and

sugarcane using the steam distillation. There is no included solvent in the process, just

the distilled water is used to dilute the required oil and disperse it with the water vapor.

The exposed material has been observed for fermentation to extract the fuel that is

added to some of the material in order to be efficient and affordable.

 Fig. : Steam Distillation Equipment in the experiment conducted by Aamri et. al.

The figure above simply shows the assembled experiment where the steam

distillation occurs. The methods of producing biofuel using corn are also presented.

First, the preparation for the fermentation of corn. As the dry corn is washed and

grinded into smooth consistency, it is weighed to get the needed quantity which is about

100 grams. Then, add the corn quantity to the distilled water and stir it well so it will not

get hard. By that, place the mixture into the electric heater until it is blended and when

removed from it let it cool for a while. After that, add the sulfuric acid to the solution of

the corn as well as add the prepared solution of sodium hydroxide and distilled with a

quantity of 10 ml. As the chemicals are added and to enhance the extraction of biofuels,

let it for a period of time to homogenize and interact with the solution thoroughly. With

this, prepare the yeast solution that is weighed by 8 grams. This yeast solution will be

added to the corn solution then leave it for 5 days until it ferments.  Lastly, the

fermentation solution of corn will be placed in the distillation equipment where the

boiling point is at 78°C that will take 4-5 hours to extract a large quantity of biofuels.
References:

Aamri, S., Adeeb, M., & Walke, S. (2018). Production of Biofuel Using Corn and

Sugarcane. IJTRD. Retrieved May 21, 2022, from

http://www.ijtrd.com/papers/IJTRD14620.pdf

Corn for Biofuel Production. (2019, April 3). FARM ENERGY. Retrieved May 21, 2022,

from https://farm-energy.extension.org/corn-for-biofuel-production/

Ethanol Fuel Basics. (n.d.). Alternative Fuels Data Center. Retrieved May 21, 2022,

from https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_fuel_basics.html
Lemon as Renewable Source of Biofuel

STUDIES

In agreement with (A.T Alisarei et al., 2016), Citrus waste (CW) contains a variety

of polymers of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, making it an excellent raw material

for the production of biological biofuels such as ethanol and biogas. In 2014, Iran's

horticultural product cultivation area was approximately 2.59 million hectares. In the

same year, citrus production was 4,320,041.29 t. Mazandaran Province has the highest

citrus production. Approximately 1,265,975.95 t of this product is processed as a low-

grade product in the processing industry, where citrus fruits generate 682,987.97 t of

waste. The findings indicated that citrus waste has a high potential for biofuel production

in Iran. CW's amount of ethanol and biogas is estimated to be 26.98 million liters and

37.08 million m 3, respectively.

In proportion to (B. Ashok et al., 2017), This study used a systematic approach to

determine the suitability of lemon peel oil for internal combustion engines and generator

applications. Extracted lemon peel oil is found to have a much lower viscosity, flash

point, and boiling point than conventional diesel. Various lemon peel oil blends were

prepared with traditional diesel at volumetric concentrations of 20%, 40%, 50%, and

100%, and their physical and chemical properties were evaluated for suitability for

indirect injection diesel engines.

As claimed by (B. Ashok et al., 2017), The steam distillation process extracts

lemon peel oil (LPO) from the lemon rinds. The steam vapor heats the lemon peels that
are placed on top of a grid inside the steam chamber. Fumes containing lemon essence

and steam vapor are routed to a condensing chamber to cool. A small ether is mixed

with liquid water and lemon peel oil. When this mixture is placed over a water bath, the

ether evaporates due to the heat of the water bath. This removes the volatile substance

in the oil, and filtration removes solid particles.

EXTRACTION OF CITRUS OIL FROM LEMON PEELS BY STEAM DISTILLATION

AND ITS CHARACTERIZATIONS BY D.C SIKDAR, NIKILAR R

According to D.C SIKDAR (2017), Lemon peel wastes can reduce environmental

pollution in India by reusing the peels for extraction using steam distillation. In 100 g of

Lemon peels, oil produces the best amount of citrus oil for about 1.4 ml at the optimum

temperature of 96 deg C in the time 60 min and a solid to solvent ratio of 100g/200ml.

The Gas chromatography of citrus oil states that D-limonene, Beta-Myrcene, Alpha-

Pinene, and Octanol content in the citrus oil is 94.13%, 3.79%, 1.24%, and 0.8%.

A. THE PREPARATION AND EXTRACTION OF OIL BY STEAM DISTILLATION

THE DISTILLATION SET UP

 Sikdar D. (2017) stated that the lemon peels came from local juice vendors in

Bangalore, India. It will be the compound for the steam distillation process. It is

manually Cleaned and pith the lemon peels that are pre-heated at a temperature of 45

deg C and kept for two hours. A distillation flask, basket heater, horizontal condenser,

and conical flask perform the distillation unit. The distillation flask has 100 g of pre-

treated lemon peels, then put a 200mL of water. The basket heater is temperature-

controlled that produces the heat for distillation.

In the initial stage, the temperature is 88 deg C for 60 min then the distillate is

contained in the conical flask. The distillate has two layers, and with the help of a

separating funnel, the less thick upper layer gets the citrus oil kept in a glass bottle.

B. RESULT AND CONCLUSION

The distillation continues, and the

time and the solid to solvent ratio start to vary the temperature at an interval of 2 deg C

from 88 to 98 deg C giving the optimum distillation temperature.

Based on the result, as the temperature increases, oil yield increases at the

constant temperature of 96 C. But as the temperature increases to 98 C, the oil yields

state nothing and are still the same due to having a high temperature that lemon peels

partially burned at the bottom of the flask.

 For the distillation time,

keeping the temperature and solid to solvent ratio constant starts to vary the distillation

time with an interval of 15 min from 15 min to 75 min giving the best distillation time.

In the given result, as the distillation time increases, the oil yield increases in the

maximum time of 60 min duration. But as the distillation time increases to 75 min, the oil

yields state nothing and are still the same.

For the last phase, keeping the distillation time and temperature constant to vary

the solid to solvent ratio from 100g/160 mL to 100 g/ 240 mL gives the best condition for

extraction of citrus oil from lemon peels using distillation.

The result shows that as the distillation content solid to solvent ratio increases,

the oil yield increases and reaches only 100g/200mL solid to solvent ratio. As it
increases, the oil yield decreases due to the bubbling that occurs, affected by the high

solid to solvent ratio.

LEMON PEEL OIL-A NOVEL RENEWABLE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE FOR

DIESEL ENGINE BY B. ASHOK

According to B. Ashok (2017), Lemon peel oil can be an alternative renewable

source of fuel by using the direct injection diesel engine without using any

transesterification process due to the low viscosity and low boiling point in nature. The

100% lemon peel oil fueled the diesel engine that gives a 12% higher brake thermal

efficiency an 9% lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to petroleum diesel

fuel in a full load condition. Significant reductions have been observed in BSCO, BSH

Can smoke emissions with 100% lemon peel oil in diesel engine without any

modifications.

A. LEMON PEEL OIL BIOFUEL PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF LEMON

PEEL OIL
 Ashok (2017) states that extracting the lemon peels will use a steam

distillation process from the lemon rinds. The water will be in the main steam

distillation chamber. The water converted to steam absorbs the heat through the

bottom walls, lemon peels are on the top of the grid inside the steam chamber

heated by the steam vapor, and lemon peel steam goes to condensing for

cooling purposes. The mixture of liquid water and lemon peel oil collected in the

tank will separate due to their density. Along with the certain impurities joined in

the lemon peel will be drained into the collecting tank and mixed with a small

quantity of ether. The mixture will be over a water bath, then the heat of the water

bath makes the ether evaporate, leaving the pure lemon peel oil left behind to

remove the volatile substance present in the oil. Finally, the solid particles are

removed by the filtration method utilizing a 40 um filter paper, providing the

abstraction of anhydrous lemon peel oil.

The table shows the properties of lemon

peel oil compared to diesel

Based on the given table, The experiment in a certified laboratory of B.Ashok (2017)

states the different physical and chemical properties of lemon peel oil and diesel fuels.

The boiling point is 176 deg C and the chemical used is Ethanol.

The result shows the comparative properties of tested fuels that various blends of

lemon peel oil-diesel have been prepared by increasing the concentration of LPO in the

volumetric proportion of 20%, 40%, 50% and 100%. It indicates that the LP020

preparation is blending 20% lemon essential oil with 80% diesel. The LPO20 biodiesel

was used as fuel in a compression-ignition engine and found that LPO20 performed

when it comes to combustion and emission analysis compared to regular diesel.

LITERATURE

According to (N. Mahato et al., 2021), Microbial fermentation and

physicochemical processes are examples of the latter. Due to its widespread

production, Citrus biomass serves as a renewable, sustainable, and cost-effective

feedstock for the production of environmentally friendly fuel. Citrus waste's

carbohydrates and fermentable sugars are converted into biogas and ethanol.

Compared to gasoline or petroleum fuel, biofuels can reduce carbon dioxide emissions

by up to 80%. In recent years, ethanol has been investigated as an alternative to

gasoline fuel, and as a result, demand has skyrocketed.

Corresponding to (M. Patsalou et al., 2019), In various countries, vegetable and

fruit waste account for 20–50% of household waste, while citrus peel waste (CPW) is a
significant residue under the specific category. Global citrus production (orange, lemon,

lime, know, sweet orange, and so on) exceeds 121 106 t per year, while the industrial

juice manufacturing sector generates approximately 25 106 t of CPW. CPW formed

during fruit processing consists primarily of peels and pressed pulp (seeds and segment

membranes), accounting for 50% of the fruit's weight.

As per Kesterson and Braddock (1975), a suitable method can extract 5–11.5 kg

of lemon peel oil and 3–5 kg of orange peel oil from one Metric Ton (MT) peel. In this

study, the standard cold-pressed distillation method extracts lemon peel oil from its

rinds. The various physical and chemical properties of lemon peel oil have been

critically and systematically examined to determine its suitability as a fuel in diesel

engines.

LEMON ESSENTIAL OIL AS A CLEANER, PARTIAL BIOFUEL SUBSTITUTE FOR

PETROLEUM DIESEL BY BIOMALL

Biomall (2017) indicates that scientists at the VIT University at Vellore in India

found a way to extract biofuel from lemon fruits. K Nanthagopal and the other

researcher extract the lemon essential oil from lemon rinds using the steam distillation

process. That successfully used it as biodiesel as an alternative to petroleum diesel.

The flash and fire point may have nearly similarities, but when it comes to handling and

transportation, a lemon essential oil is easy compared to diesel fuel because of its lack

of viscosity and fatty acid compositions easily atomized during the combustion process.

It is concluded that 50% lemon peel oil could be readily used in diesel engine and

that having a low viscous and low boiling point fuel like lemon essential oil blended with
diesel accelerates the air-fuel mixing process, enhancing the evaporation process in

more efficient and greener combustion.

REFERENCES (LITERATURE):

Biomall. (2017, November 20). Lemon essential oil as a cleaner, partial biofuel

substitute for petroleum diesel. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from Biomall Blog

website: https://blog.biomall.in/lemon-essential-oil-as-a-cleaner-partial-

biofuel-substitute-for-petroleum-diesel/

Mahato, N., Sharma, K., Sinha, M., Dhyani, A., Pathak, B., Jang, H., Park, S.,

Pashikanti, S., & Cho, S. (2021, January 25). Biotransformation of Citrus

Waste-I: Production of Biofuel and Valuable Compounds by Fermentation.

MPDI. Retrieved May 21, 2022, from https://www.google.com/url?

q=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/2/220/

pdf&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1653132007734297&usg=AOvVaw1WwYjR

wSAxp0WjRs4a51Yy

Patsalou, M., Samanides, C. G., Protopapa, E., Stavrinou, S., Vyrides, L., &

Koutinas, M. (2019, July 4). A Citrus Peel Waste Biorefinery for Ethanol

and Methane Production. MPDI. Retrieved May 21, 2022, from

https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.mdpi.com/1420-

3049/24/13/2451/
 pdf&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1653130202496920&usg=AOvVaw37bCCV

7MxENhmXqO_Bqtb7

Kesterson, J. W., & Braddock, R. J. (1975, September). Just a moment. . .

Ift.Onlinelibrary.Wiley. Retrieved May 21, 2022, from

https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1975.tb02236.x

Alisaraei, A. T., Hosseini, S. H., Ghobadian, B., & Motevali, A. (2016, October).

Biofuel production from citrus wastes: A feasibility study in Iran.

Researchgate.Net. Retrieved May 21, 2022, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309154314_Biofuel_production_f

rom_citrus_wastes_A_feasibility_study_in_Iran

Sikdar, D. (2017). EXTRACTION OF CITRUS OIL FROM LEMON (CITRUS

LIMON) PEELS BY STEAM DISTILLATION AND ITS

CHARACTERIZATIONS. International Journal of Technical Research and

Applications, 5(2), 29–33. Retrieved from https://www.ijtra.com/view.php?

paper=extraction-of-citrus-oil-from-lemon-citrus-limon-peels-by-steam-

distillation-and-its-characterizations.pdf

Ashok, B., Raj, R. T. K., Nanthagopal, K., Krishnan, R., & Subbarao, R. (2017,

February 26). Lemon peel oil – A novel renewable alternative energy

source for diesel engine. Https://Inis.Iaea.Org/. Retrieved May 21, 2022,

from

https://www.academia.edu/31622356/Lemon_peel_oil_A_novel_renewabl

e_alternative_energy_source_for_diesel_engine
Ashok, B. & Kasianantham, Nanthagopal & Balusamy, Saravanan & Muniappan,

SenthilKumar & Dandu, Madhu & Subhash, Randive & Pravin, Nashte &

Rayapati, Subbarao. (2018). Mitigation of NOx and smoke emissions in a

diesel engine using novel emulsified lemon peel oil biofuel. Environmental

Science and Pollution Research. 25. 10.1007/s11356-018-2574-1.

Soybean as a Renewable Source of Biofuel

According to Darko, K. et al. (2009), to reduce the costs associated with the

production of biofuel and the cost of electricity, it is highly recommended to use soybean

straw such as Neoplanta, Ika, Podravka, Tisa, and Vita as an alternative to more

expensive ensilage components in substances. Soybeans (Glycine max) are grown

extensively in North America, Asia, and South America. The United States began

expanding its oilseed crop in the 1940s and now accounts for 32% of global soybean

production, while Brazil accounts for 28%. Soybeans, which originated in Southeast

Asia, were first domesticated in China in the 11th century BC. Soybeans have spread

throughout the Corn Belt since their introduction in 1765 and reached their peak

acreage in the 1920s, when they were primarily used for forage (Gibson & Benson,

2005). As reported by the University of Minnesota (2006), soybean biodiesel produces

more energy than is needed to grow the crops and convert them into biofuels. It

produces 93% more energy than it consumes. In accordance with Boumahdi (2019),

soy oil extraction is required for the production of soybean oil, wherein the most

common form of this product is refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD). Cleaning and

degumming soybean oil are performed during the refining process to remove any

remaining impurities and lecithin. The following step is bleaching to remove any

remaining pigments and residues. And lastly, the oil is deodorized by going through a

process called steam distillation, which gets rid of any volatile components that are still

left.

References
Boumahdi, F. (2019, April 30). RBD Soybean Oil Applications. Eco Link.

https://ecolink.com/info/rbd-soybean-oil-applications/

Darko, K., Branko, S., Vlado, G., Voća, N., Rozman, V., & Luka, Š. (2009, December).

Soybean Biomass as a Renewable Energy Resource. Research Gate.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Neven-Voca/publication/41120409_Soybea

n_Biomass_as_a_Renewable_Energy_Resource/links/

5732f9df08ae9f741b25504e/Soybean-Biomass-as-a-Renewable-Energy-

Resource.pdf

Gibson, L. & Benson, G. (2005). Origin, History, and Uses of Soybeans (Glycine max).

Department of Agronomy. Iowa State University. http://www.agron.iastate.edu/

University Of Minnesota. (2006, July 11). Soybean Biodiesel has higher net energy

benefit than corn ethanol. Conservation News.

https://news.mongabay.com/2006/07/soybean-biodiesel-has-higher-net-energy-

benefit-than-corn-ethanol/amp/