INTRODUCTION

Statistics and Probability is a work text aligned to the K to 12 Curriculum of the Department of Education.
Lessons are organized using spiral approach, assuring that there are no gaps and overlaps from the Grade 10
curriculum and the higher education GEC math subjects.

Decisions or predictions are often based on data – numbers in context. These decisions or predictions would
be easy if the data always sent a clear message, but the message is often obscured by variability. Statistics provides
tools for describing in data and for making informed decisions that take it into account.

Data are gathered, displayed, summarized, examined, and interpreted to discover patterns and deviations
from patterns. Quantitative data can be described in terms of key characteristics: measures of shape, center, and
spread. The shape of a data distribution might be described as symmetric, skewed, flat, or bell shaped, and it might be
summarized by a statistic measuring center (such as mean or median) and a statistic measuring spread (such as
standard deviation or interquartile range). Different distributions can be compared numerically using these statistics
or compared visually using plots. Knowledge of center and spread are not enough to describe a distribution. Which
statistics to compare, which plots to use, and what the results of a comparison might mean, depend on the question to
be investigated and real-life actions to be taken.

Randomization has two important uses in drawing statistical conclusions. First, collecting data from a
random sample of a population makes it possible to draw valid conclusions about the whole population, taking
variability into account. Second, randomly assigning individuals to different treatments allows a fair comparison of
the effectiveness of those treatments. A statistically significant outcome is one that is unlikely to be due to chance
alone, and this can be evaluated only under the condition of randomness. The conditions under which data are
collected are important in drawing conclusions from the data; in critically reviewing uses of statistics in public media
and other reports, it is important to consider the study design, how the data were gathered, and the analyses
employed as well as the data summaries and the conclusions drawn.

Random process can be described mathematically by using a probability model: a list or description of the
possible outcomes (the sample space), each of which is assigned a probability. In situations such as flipping a coin,
rolling a number cube, or drawing a card, it might be reasonable to assume various outcomes are equally likely. In a
probability model, sample points represent outcomes and combine to make up events; probabilities of events can be
computed by applying the Addition and Multiplication Rules. Interpreting these probabilities relies on an
understanding of independence and conditional probability, which can be approached through the analysis of two-
way tables.

Technology plays an important role in statistics and probability by making it possible to generate plots,
regression functions, and correlation coefficients, and to simulate many possible outcomes in a short amount of time.

Welcome. You are now part of the class taking Statistics and Probability. As a novice learner, you must be eager
to try out what you have learned as you immerse yourself in the task of educating the future citizens of the land.

As a learner, your primary concern is to be able to learn and understand statistical concepts and procedures.
This module will help you understand how statistics and probability is used in daily living. As you go through this
module, you sharpen your critical thinking as a learner and gain confidence that will help you more productive.
 This module presents a systematic program of study intended for the learners of Statistics and Probability in the
K to 12 Curriculum. It maintains a consistent link bet concepts and procedures by providing learning activities to
illustrate and solve different real-life problems involving statistical concepts. As you go through the different lessons,
you will be able to analyze how statistical concepts and procedures apply to our day-to-day living.

At the end of this subject, you are expected to:

a.) Solves problems involving mean and variance of probability distribution.

b.) Computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table.

c.) Solves problems involving sampling distribution of the sample mean.

d.) Computes for the length of the confidence interval

e.) Computes for an appropriate sample size using the length of the interval.

f.) Solves problems involving sample size determination.

g.) Computes for the test-statistics value (population mean).

h.) Solves problems involving test of hypothesis on the population mean.

i.) Computes for the test-statistics value (population proportion).

j.) Solves problems involving test of hypothesis on the population proportion.

k.) Calculates the Pearson’s sample correlation coefficient.

l.) Solves problems involving correlation analysis.

m.) Calculates the slope and y-intercept of the regression line.

n.) Solves problems involving regression analysis.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Table of Contents

Post-Test (Module 1)

Module 2: Normal Distribution

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………….........1

Description of the module……………………………………………………………………………………………..……...…………………….1

Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………...1-2

General Instructions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…..1-2

Pre-Test…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………..…..3-4

Activity 1.1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………............................4

Discussion: Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution, Z-Score and Identifying the Regions of Areas Under
the Normal Curve ……………………..…………………………………………………………………………….……………...……………………….5-10

Self-Check1.1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………...………...11

Discussion: Determining Probabilities, Locating Percentiles Under the Normal Curve , Applying the Normal
Curve Concepts in Problem Solving ……………………………………….……………………………………………….…..……………….11-16

Self-Check1.2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………..……...17

Activity 1.2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………..…..….17

Points to Remember………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..................................................18

References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………...18
 POST-TEST
MODULE 1

Directions: Answer the following. Write your answer on a 1 whole sheet of paper.
A. Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.

1. The number of defective computers produced by a manufacturer.

2. The weight of newborns each year in a hospital.

3. The number of siblings in a family of a region.

4. The speed of a car.

5. The number of dropout in a school district for a period of 10 years.

B. Construct the probability distribution for the random variables described in the given situation.

6. Four coins are tossed. Let M be the random variable representing the number of heads that occur.
Find the values of the random variable M.

C. Solve the given problem.

7. The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 defective parts in one day are 0.75,
0.17, 0.04, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005, respectively. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

D. Complete the table below and find the variance and standard deviation of the given probability
distribution.

X P(X) X . P(X) X2 . P(X)

1 1/7
6 1/7
11 1/7
16 1/7
21 1/7
 MODULE 2: Normal Distribution

Introduction

The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is symmetrical on both

sides of the mean, so the right side of the center is a mirror image of the left side.

The area under the normal distribution curve represents probability and the total area under the
curve sums to one.

Most of the continuous data values in a normal distribution tend to cluster around the mean, and the
further a value is from the mean, the less likely it is to occur. The tails are asymptotic, which means
that they approach but never quite meet the horizon (i.e. x-axis).

For a perfectly normal distribution the mean, median and mode will be the same value.

Description of Module

Demonstrates understanding of key concepts of normal probability distribution.

Objectives

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

a. Illustrate a normal random variable and it’s characteristics

b. Identify regions under the normal curve corresponding to different normal values
c. Convert a normal random variable and vice versa
d. Compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table.

General Instructions:

At the start of the module you are to take the pre-test to see how much background
information and knowledge you have about the topics to be discussed.

This module is self- instructional. You can read, analyze concepts and ideas presented and
reflect on them. The Activities and Self-Check Questions will help you assess how you progress as you
go through the module.

Your answers on the Self-Check Questions and Activities will be evaluated by your teacher.
These will be part of your formative evaluation.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 1

 The post-test will be given in a separate booklet upon completion of this module. It will serve
as a summative evaluation of your performance.

Work on this module independently. Your teacher will not be around to supervise you as you
go through this module. It is expected that you will make the most of it.

This module shall be passed on ____________________. You can pass your output online through
philipalmarez@gmail.com but your teacher will collect your output if you can’t access online.

This module will be collected upon distribution of the new set of module.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 2

 Pre-test

Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the option that best answer the item. Write your
answer on your activity notebook.
1. Which of the following is not true about the properties of the normal probability
distribution?
a. The curve is not symmetrical about its center
b. The distribution curve is bell-shaped
c. The mean, median, and the mode coincide at the center
d. The area under the curve is 1
2. What is the first step in finding the areas under the normal curve given a z-value?
a. Express the given z-value into a three digit form
b. Using the z-Table, find the first two digits on the left column
c. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right
d. Read the area at the intersection of the row and the column
3. Convert 50% to decimal values.
a. 0.50
b. 0.05
c. 0.050
d. 0.005
4. Convert 46.5% to decimal values.
a. 0.465
b. 4.65
c. 0.46
d. 0.0465
5. It is a measure of relative standing.
a. percentile
b. normal curve
c. z-table
d. z-value
6. What is the symbol for population standard deviation?
a. 𝞼
b. s
c. 𝞵
d. z

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 3

 7. What is the symbol for sample standard deviation?
a. s
b. 𝞵
c. z
d. 𝞼
8. It is a continuous probability distribution that is symmetrical on both sides of the mean, so the
right side of the center is a mirror image of the left side.
a. Normal probability
b. Percentile
c. Z-value
d. Random variable
9. Using the z-table, what is the area that corresponds to z = 0.2?
a. 0.0793
b. 0.0832
c. 0.1179
d. 0.0398
10. Using the z-table, what is the area that corresponds to z = 1.3?
a. 0.4032
b. 0.3413
c. 0.4192
d. 0.4049

Activity 1.1
Directions: Determine whether the statement is True or False by checking
the appropriate box. Write your answer on your activity notebook.th

Statement True False

1. The areas under a probability distribution correspond to the
probabilities of a random variable x.
2. The normal curve is a bell-shaped probability distribution.
3. The expression 68% is equal to 0.68.
4. Probability value is a number from 0 to 1.
5. The probability that a random score occurs between z = 1 and z = 0 is
0.3413.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 4

UNDERSTANDING THE NORMAL CURVE DISTRIBUTION

Stating the Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

Understanding the Standard Normal Curve

The standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that is most commonly used
as a model for inferential statistics. The equation that describes a normal curve is:
𝟏 𝑿− 𝞵
− 𝟐( 𝞼 ) 𝟐
𝒆
𝜰=
𝞼√𝟐𝝅

Where:
𝜰 = height of the curve particular values of X
X = any score in the distribution
𝞼 = standard deviation of the population
𝞵 = mean of the population
𝛑 = 3.1416
𝙚 = 2.7183
The Standard Normal Curve
A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean 𝞵 = 0 and
standard deviation 𝞼 = 1.

By substituting the mean, 𝞵 = 0 and the standard deviation, 𝞼 = 1 in the formula,

mathematicians are able to find areas under the normal curve. Fortunately, these areas have already

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 5

 been determined for our use. The area between -3 and +3 is almost 100% (not yet 100%) because
the curve almost touches the horizontal line. Thus, there is a small fraction of the area at the tails of
the distribution.

The Areas under the Normal Curve

The Table of Areas under the Normal Curve is also known as the z-Table. The z-score is a
measure of relative standing. It is calculated by subtracting x̄ (or 𝞵) from the measurement X and
then dividing the result by s (or 𝞼). The final result, the z-score, represents the distance between a
given measurement X and the mean, expressed in standard deviations. Either the z-score locates X
within a sample or within a population.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 6

 Table of Areas under the Normal Curve

To find the area that corresponds to a z-value, simply find the area between z = 0 and the
given z-value using the z-Table in this book.

Four-Step Process in Finding the Areas under the Normal Curve Given a z-Value
1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit form.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 7

 2. Using the z-Table, find the first two digits on the left column.

3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right.
4. Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the row and the column. This is the required
area.
Examples:
1. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.
Finding the area that corresponds to is the same as finding the area between z = 0 and z = 1.
Steps Solution
1. Express the given into three-digit form z = 1.00
2. In the table, find the Row z = 1.0
3. In the table, find the Column with the heading
.00
4. Read the area (or probability) at the This area is 0.3413. This is the required area.
intersection of Row 1.0 and Column .00.

2. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.36

Steps Solution
1. Express the given into three-digit form. z = 1.36 (as is)
2. In the table, find the Row z = 1.3.
3. In the table, find the Column with the heading
.06.
4. Read the area (or probability) at the This area is 0.4131. This is the required area.
intersection of Row 1.3 and Column .06.

UNDERSTANDING THE Z-SCORE

We discussed the z-score briefly in the previous lesson. It is stated to be a measure of
relative standing. These score represent distances from the centre measured in standard deviations
units. There are six z-sores at the base line of the normal curve three z-scores to the left of the mean
and three z-scores to the right of the mean. You will learn more about it in this lesson.
Exploring the z-score
The z-score
The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z-values or scores. Either the z-score
locates X within a sample or within a population.
The formula for calculating z is:
𝑋− 𝜇
z= (z-score for population data)
𝜎
𝑋− 𝐱̄
z= (z-score for sample data)
𝑠

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 8

 where: X = given measurement
𝞵 = population mean
𝞼 = population standard deviation
x̄ = sample mean
s = sample standard deviation
Examples:
1. Reading Score
Given the mean, 𝞵 = 50 and the standard deviation, 𝞼 = 4 of a population of Reading scores.
Find the z-value that corresponds to a score X = 58.
Steps Solution
1. Use the computing formula for finding z- z=
𝑋− 𝜇
𝜎
scores of population data.
2. Check the given values. Since these are 𝞵 = 50, 𝞼 = 4, and X = 58
population values, the z-score locates X within a
population.
3. Substitute the given values in the computing z=
58− 50
4
formula.
4. Compute the z-value z=4=2
8

Thus, the z-value that corresponds to the raw

score 58 is 2 in a population distribution.

2. Score in PE
Locate the z-value that corresponds to a PE score of 39 given that 𝞵 = 45 and 𝞼 = 6.
Steps Solution
1. Use the computing formula for finding z- z=
𝑋− 𝜇
𝜎
scores of population data.
2. Check the given values. Since these are 𝞵 = 45, 𝞼 = 6, and X = 39
population values, the z-score locates X within a
population.
3. Substitute the given values in the computing z=
39− 45
6
formula.
4. Compute the z-value z=
−6
= -1
6

Thus, the z-value that corresponds to the raw

score 39 is -1 in a population distribution.

IDENTIFYING REGIONS OF AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 9

 We have learned that the area under the curve is 1. So, we can make the correspondence
between areas and probability. We have also learned how to use the z-table so that we can identify
areas of regions under the normal curve. When we speak of a region under the curve, we are in fact
interested in the area of that region.

Identifying Regions under the Normal Curve

Understanding Proportions of Areas Under the Normal Curve

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 10

 Self-Check 1.1
Directions: Answer the following. Write your answer on your activity notebook.
A. State whether the z-score locates the raw score X within a sample or within a
population.
1. X = 50, s = 5, x̄ = 40 2. X = 40, 𝞼 = 8, 𝞵 = 52
3. X = 36, s = 6, x̄ = 28 4. X = 82, 𝞼 = 15, 𝞵 = 75
B. Use the z-table to find the area that corresponds to each of the following:
5. z = 0.56 6. z = 1.32 7. z = -1.05 8. z = -2.18
C. Given x̄ = 62 and s = 8. Find the z-score value that corresponds to each of the following scores up
to two decimal places:
9. X = 70
10. X = 78

DETERMINING PROBABILITIES

You have learned that a standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with 𝞵 = 0 and
𝞼 = 1. You have also learned that a random variable with a standard normal distribution, denoted by
X, is called a standard normal random variable.
Further, you have also seen that all probabilities associated with the standard normal
variables can be shown as areas under the standard normal curve. Let us learn how to use the
probability notation in equating desired probability to an area.
Learning the Probability Notations Under the Normal Curve
The following notations for a random variable are used in our various solutions concerning
the normal curve. Mathematical notations are convenient forms of lengthy expressions.
P(a < z < b) denotes that the z-score is between a and b.
P(z > a) denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a.
P(z < a) denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a.
Where a and b are z-score values.
Modified Steps in Determining Areas Under the Normal Curve
1. Use a cardboard model to draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the given z-value or values at the base line.
3. Draw a vertical line through these values.
4. Shade the required region. Find the models if any.
5. Consult the z-Table to find the areas that correspond to the given z-value or values.
6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form an equation showing an
appropriate operation to get the required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the required area.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11

 Illustrative Examples
Case 1. The required, as depicted by the shaded regions under the curve.
‘greater than z’
‘at least z’
‘more than z’
‘to the right of z’
‘above z’

Example.
Find the proportion of the area above z = -1.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z=value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.

5. Consult the z-Table and find the area that
correspond to z = -1
6. Examine the graph and use probability
notation to form an equation showing the
appropriate operation to get the required
area.
7. Make a statement indicating the required
area.
z = -1 corresponds to an area of 0.3413
The graph suggests addition.
The required area is equal to 0.3413 + 0.5000 =
0.8413.
That is,
P(z > -1) = 0.3413 + 0.5000 = 0.8413
The proportion of the area above is 0.8413.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 12

 Case 2. The required area is:
‘less than z’
‘at most z’
‘no more than z’
‘not greater than z’
To the left of z’s

Example.
Find the area to the left of z = -1.5
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z=value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.

5. Consult the z-Table and find the area that
correspond to z = -1.5
6. Examine the graph and use probability
notation to form an equation showing the
appropriate operation to get the required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the required
area.
z = -1.5 corresponds to an area of 0.4332
The graph suggests subtraction.
The required area is equal to 0.5000 – 0.4332 =
0.0668.
That is,
P(z < -1.5) = 0.5000 – 0.4332 = 0.0668.
The proportion of the area to the left is 0.0668.

Case 3. Models when the required area is between z1 and z2.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 13

 Example.
Find the area between z = -2 and z = -1.5.

Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z=value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.

5. Consult the z-Table and find the area that
correspond to z = -2 and z = -1.5.
6. Examine the graph and use probability
notation to form an equation showing the
appropriate operation to get the required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the required
area.
z = -2 corresponds to 0.4772
z = -1.5 corresponds to 0.4332
The graph suggests subtraction.
The required area is equal to 0.4772 – 0.4332
That is,
P(-2 < z < -1.5) = 0.4772 – 0.4332 = 0.0440
The proportion of the area to the left is 0.0440.

LOCATING PERCENTILES UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

For any set of measurements 9arranged in ascending or descending order), a percentile (or
centile) is a point in the distribution such that a given number of cases is below it. A percentile is a
measure of relative standing. It is a descriptive measure of the relationship of measurement to the
rest of the data.
For example, in a test in algebra, you got a score 82 and you want to know how you fared in
comparison with your classmates. If your teacher tells you that you scored at the 90 th percentile, it
means that 90% of the grades were lower than yours and 10% were higher. If the relative frequency
histogram were used to show the scores, the 90 th percentile would be located at a point such that
90% of the total area under the relative frequency histogram lies below the 90th percentile and 10%
lies above.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 14

 In a previous lesson, we learned how to compute the z-scores based on means and standard
deviations. For both sample and population. The resulting z-scores allowed us to read the
corresponding areas (or probabilities) using the standard normal table.
Suppose that we know the probability this time. What is the corresponding z-score?
For example, where is 95% under the normal curve?
There are three important things to remember when we are given probabilities and we want
to know their corresponding z-scores.
 First, a probability value corresponds to an area under the normal curve.
 Second, in the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve, the numbers in the extreme
left and across the top are z-scores, which are the distances along the horizontal
scale. The numbers in the body of the table are areas or probabilities.
 Third, the z-scores to the left of the mean are negative values.
Thus, when we are given the area and we wish to find the corresponding z-value, we
locate the given area at the body of the table. If the exact area is not available, we take
the nearest area. Then, we look up the corresponding z-value in the Table of Areas
Under the Normal Curve or z-Table.
Example.
Find the 95th percentile of the normal curve.
Analysis: By definition of P95, this means locating an area (or below) the point. We want to know
what the z-value is at this point.
Steps Solution
1. Draw the appropriate normal curve.
2. Express the given percentage as probability. 95% is the same as 0.9500
3. Split 0.9500 into 0.5000 and 0.4500 0.9500 = 0.5000 + 0.4500
4. Shade 0.5000 of the sketch of the normal
curve in step 1.
5. Refer to the Table of areas Under the Normal This area is not found in the table. It is between
Curve. Locate the area 0.4500 in the body of the the values of 0.4495 and 0.4505.
table.
6. Find the z-score that corresponds to 0.4500 Find the z by interpolation, as follows.
on the leftmost column.
7. Find the z-value that corresponds to 0.4505 0.4505 ---- z = 1.65
8. Find the z-value that corresponds to 0.4495 0.4495 ---- z = 1.64
9. Find the average of the two z-values. 1.65+1.64
z= = 1.645
2
10. Locate z = 1.645 under the curve in step 1 The p5th percentile is z = 1.645.
and make a statement.
11. Draw a line through under thecurve inStep1 Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 1.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 15

 12. Shade the region to the left of z = 1.645. Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 1.
13. Describe the shaded region. The shaded region is 95% of the distribution.

APPLYING THE NORMAL CURVE CONCEPTS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

In the discussion of the normal curve, there are situations when we are given the area and
we want to know the corresponding raw score. We can modify the computing formula for the z-score
to determine the raw score.
Example.
The results of the nationwide aptitude test in mathematics are normally distributed with
mean 80 and standard deviation 15. Find the raw score such that 70% of the case are below it.
Analysis Questions:
1. What are the given?
2. What are you going to find?
3. What is suggested by the given to help you solve the problem?
4. Will the application of the normal curve concepts be useful?
The problem involves a normal distribution. So, we can apply the normal curve concepts to
solve the problem. The expression 70% implies that we are given the area and that we are looking for
a raw score. We can find this by determining first the corresponding z-score from the Table of Areas
Under the Normal Curve. If 70% of the cases lie below the raw score, then 30% of the cases are below
it. You can choose which probability to deal with. In this example, 30% is selected.
Steps Solution
1. Sketch the diagram of a normal curve.
2. Selecting 30%, express this as area. This is 30% is the same as 0.3000
the area to the right z-value we want to locate.
3. Find the area between z = 0 and 0.2000. 0.5000 – 0.3000 = 0.2000
4. Find the area 0.2000 or the value nearest to it The nearest area is 0.1985
in the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve.
5. Find the z-value that corresponds to 0.1985 z = 0.52---- the area 0.1985
6. Find a computing formula for determining z=
𝑋− 𝜇
𝜎
raw scores.
7. Modify the formula to solve for X. X = 𝞵 + z𝞼
8. Substitute the given values in the modified X = 𝞵 + z𝞼
formula to solve for X. X = 80 + (0.52)(15)
X = 87.8 or 88
9. Make a concluding statement. In the distribution, 70% of the scores are below
the score 88.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 16

 Self-Check 1.2
Directions: Answer the following. Write your answer on your activity notebook.
A. Determine each of the following areas and show these graphically. Use probability
notation in your final answer.
1. above z = 1.46
2. below z = -0.58
B. Find each of the following percentile points under the normal curve. Complete your procedures.
3. P99
4. P40
5. The results of the nationwide aptitude test in mathematics are normally distributed with mean
80 and standard deviation 15. Find the raw score such that 99% of the case are below it.

Activity 1.2
Directions: Answer the following. Write your answer on your activity notebook.
A. The random variable X is best described by a normal distribution with 𝞵 = 30
and 𝞼 = 6. Find the z-score that corresponds to the following X values:
1. X = 21
2. X = 26.5
3. X = 35
B. Find the area between:
4. z = -2 and z - -1.5
5. -1.32 and 2.37
6. The results of the nationwide aptitude test in mathematics are normally distributed with mean
68 and standard deviation 7. What are the scores that bound the middle of 95% of the
distributon?

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 17

 Points to Remember
 A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean, 𝞵 = 0
and standard deviation, s = 1.
 The normal probability distribution has the following properties:
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the
distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis,
always approaching the axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic
to the base line.
6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion
or the percentage associated with specific sets of measurement values.
 Useful computing formulas:
𝑋− 𝜇
 z=
𝜎

 X = 𝞵 + z𝞼 for computing a raw score above the mean.

 X = 𝞵 + (-z) for computing a raw score above the mean.

References:

Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay and Efren B. Mateo, 2016, Statistics and Probability,
(1st ed.), 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St. and 1977 C.M. Recto Avenue, Manila Philippines,
REX PRINTING COMPANY, INC.

Fetalver, Mario R. LPT, General Mathematics, Module 2: Functions, John Paul College
Corp, Odiong Roxas, Oriental Mindoro, 2020. Pages 1-20. Soft Copy.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/normal-distribution.html

https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr9JnFLDP1fP6YAh2NXNy
oA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZANDMDY3Ml8xBHNlYwNwaXZz?p=the+ar
eas+under+the+normal+curve&fr2=piv-web&fr=mcafee

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 18

 Prepared by: Checked by:

PHILIP R. ALMAREZ, LPT MARILOU C. MENDOZA, LPT

Subject Teacher SHS Module Coordinator

AIMIE O. ALCANTARA, LPT

SHS Head Teacher

Recommending Approval: Approved by:

NERISSA S. DELOS REYES, MAEd, SMRIEdr DR. RAMON E. WOO, JR. CPA,
DFRIEdr
VP/Basic Education Principal Dean of Studies

Noted by:

DR. ROSALINA S. ANDAYA ED. D.. DFRIEdr.

President

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 19