Drilling Engineering Manual

钻井工程简明手册
DRILLING ENGINEERING MANUAL
中油长城钻井有限责任公司钻机管理分公司
Drilling Branch of Greatwall Drilling Company .Ltd，

ABSTRACT
摘要
长城钻井公司钻机管理分公司代表公司负责自营钻机管理，目前绝大多数自营钻机在海
外为客户提供陆地钻机的日费服务，钻（修）井队的作业管理重点是如何预防和避免由乙方
责任造成的各类工程复杂和事故，为客户提供优质服务。
本着简明、易懂、实用和便于自学的原则，使自营钻机员工不但能学到钻井工程知识，而
且能锻炼、提高英语能力，本手册主要介绍了多种钻井工程的复杂情况，如井眼稳定、井眼
清洁、与页岩和盐层有关的各种钻井难题等；并详细讲解了卡钻、井漏、下套管固井事故的征
兆、现象和预防、处理办法；还简单介绍了泥浆污染和处理；还有井控的基本知识；在附录
中，本手册还给出了现场常用的多张工程报表，现场经常查用的数据表格，如接头扣型、紧
扣扭矩、排量表等；最后还精选了现场常用的计算公式，并给出了例题，比较容易掌握。
On behalf of GWDC, Drilling Branch is the main affiliated department for the running&
managing of GWDC self-owned drilling & workover rigs. Most of these rigs are supplying
onshore drilling services for different overseas clients on day-rate basis. The key of rig
operation management is how to prevent, avoid all kinds of down-hole trouble or accidents
due to contractor’s failures or mistakes and thus rig can provide excellent drilling services
for clients.
On the principle of being brief, easily-understandable, effective and capable of self-
teaching, this manual aims at helping rig crew members not only to learn basic drilling
engineering knowledge but also practice, enhance English communication skill. This
manual introduces most common kinds of drilling dowbhole difficulties,such as: hole
stable, hole cleanness, drilling problems related with shale or salt formation. It also
explains the sign, phenomena, prevention and treatment of different downhole accidents,
such as: pipe sticking, lost circulation, cementing and running casing accidents. Moreover,
It briefly introduces mud contamination and treatment, some basic knowledge of well
control.
In appendix, it introduces some mostly-common site-used drilling data forms and reports,
like connection thread type convertion, make-up torque, flowrate sheet, trip sheet, tour
sheet, pipe tally and so on. Finally, it specificies some common-used calculations or
formulas and clearly offers the examples.
Comments 目录
SECTION ONE: SHALE PROBLEMS 与页岩有关的各种钻井难题

1-0 Background 背景介绍 …………………………………………………………………… 7
1-0-1 Mechanical Effects: 机械因素 ………………………………………………………………… 8
1-0-2 Chemical Effects: 化学影响 ………………………………………………………………………… 8
1.1 Problems in Soft/Firm Shales 软 / 较硬页岩中的事故…………………………… 9
1-1-1 Bit Balling 钻头泥包 ……………………………………………………………………………… 9
1-1-2 Mud Rings 泥饼环 …………………………………………………………………………………… 10
1-1-3 Tight Hole 井眼缩径 ……………………………………………………………………………… 10
1-1-4 Erosion / Washout 地层侵蚀 / 冲蚀 ……………………………………………………………… 11
1.2 Problems in Hard/Brittle Shales 坚硬 / 脆性页岩中的事故 …………………… 12
1-2-1 Tight Hole 井眼缩径 ……………………………………………………………………………… 12
1-2-2 Sloughing, Cavings and Packing-off 地层坍塌、掉块和井眼埋堵 ………………………… 13
SECTION TWO: WELLBORE STABILITY 井眼稳定

2.0 Introduction 介绍 ……………………………………………………………………… 15
2.1 Common Misconceptions 常见的错误观念 ……………………………………… 15
2.2 The Mechanisms of Wellbore Instability - Mechanical Aspects
井眼不稳定的机理- 机械方面 ………………………………………………………… 16
2-2-1 Unconsolidated Formations 欠压实地层 ………………………………………………………… 16
2-2-2 Competent Formations 致密地层 ……………………………………………………………… 16
2.3 The Mechanisms of Wellbore Instability - Chemical Aspects
井眼不稳定的机理- 化学因素 ………………………………………………………… 18
SECTION THREE: Special Cases 特殊情况

3.0 Salt Formations 盐层 …………………………………………………………………… 20
3.1 Coal Formations 煤层 …………………………………………………………………… 20
SECTION FOUR: HOLE CLEANING 井眼清洁

4.0 Introduction 介绍 …………………………………………………………………………22
4.1 General Factors Effecting Hole Cleaning 影响井眼清洁的一般因素 …………… 22
4-1-1 Cuttings Transport 钻屑携带 ……………………………………………………………………22
4-1-2 Rheology 泥浆流变性能 ………………………………………………………………………………23
4-1-3 Yield Stress 屈服应力 ………………………………………………………………………………23
4-1-4 Pump Rate 排量 ……………………………………………………………………………………23
4-1-5Hole Geometry 井眼几何尺寸 …………………………………………………………………………24
4-1-6 Mud Weight 泥浆比重 ………………………………………………………………………………24
4-1-7 Cuttings Properties 钻屑性能 ……………………………………………………………………24
4-1-8 Rate of Penetration 钻速 …………………………………………………………………………24
4-1-9 Drillpipe Rotation 钻具转速 …………………………………………………………………………24
4.2 Rig Site Monitoring 井场监测 ……………………………………………………………24
4.3 Vertical and Near Vertical Wells 直井 …………………………………………………25
4-3-1 Hole Cleaning in Near Vertical Wells – Guidelines 直井的井眼清洁—一般指导原则 …… 25

4-3-2 High Angle, Extended-Reach Wells 大斜度、大位移定向井 ……………………………………26
SECTION FIVE: BARITE SAG 重晶石沉淀

5.0 Introduction 介绍 …………………………………………………………………………30
5.1 Occurence 事故发生 ……………………………………………………………………30
5.2 Symptoms 事故症状 ……………………………………………………………………31
5.3 Operational Practices to Prevent Barite Sag 在现场操作中如何防止重晶石沉淀… 31
SECTION SIX: TORQUE AND DRAG 扭矩和摩阻

6.0 Introduction 介绍 ………………………………………………………………………… 33
6.1 Factors Which Affect Torque and Drag 影响扭矩和阻力大小的因素 …………… 33
6.2 Ways to Minimise Torque and Drag 减少扭矩和阻力的方法 ………………………34
SECTION SEVEN: STUCK PIPE 卡钻

7.0 General Rules of Stuck Pipe Prevention 预防卡钻的一般规则 ………………… 37
7-0-1 Teamwork, Planning & Actions 集体配合、计划和措施 ………………………………………… 37
7.0-2 Bottom Hole Assemblies 下部钻具组合 ………………………………………………………… 37
7-0-3 Drilling 正常钻进…………………………………………………………………………………… 38
7-0-4 Tripping 起下钻 …………………………………………………………………………………… 38
7-0-5 Casing and Cementing 下套管和固井 ……………………………………………………………… 39
7.1 Specific Stuck Pipe Causes and Avoidance Measures
卡钻原因和预防措施 ……………………………………………………………………39
7-1-1 Hole Cleaning 井眼清洁 ………………………………………………………………………………39
7-1-2 Wellbore Instability 井眼的不稳定 ………………………………………………………………40
7-1-2-1 Unconsolidated formation 欠压实地层 …………………………………………………………………………40
7-1-2-2 Mobile formation 移动性地层 ………………………………………………………………………………………41
7-1-2-3 Fractured/faulted formation 裂缝（断层）地层 ……………………………………………………………………42
7-1-2-4Geopressured formation 构造应力地层 …………………………………………………………………………42
7-1-2-5 Reactive formation 化学活性地层 …………………………………………………………………………………43
7-1-3 Differential Sticking 压差卡钻 ……………………………………………………………………43
7-1-4 Other Causes of Stuck Pipe 其它卡钻原因 ……………………………………………………44
7-1-4-1 Undergauge Hole 欠尺寸的井眼 ………………………………………………………………………45
7-1-4-2 Wellbore Geometry 井眼几何特性 …………………………………………………………………………………45
7-1-4-3 Minimise doglegs 减少狗腿 ………………………………………………………………………………45
7-1-4-4 Junk 井下落物 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………45
7-1-4-5 Green Cement 水泥浆没有完全凝固 …………………………………………………………………………………45
7-1-4-6 Cement Blocks 水泥掉块 ……………………………………………………………………………………………46
7-1-4-7 Collapsed Casing 套管破裂 ………………………………………………………………………………………46
7.2 Prevention of Stuck Pipe During Routine Operations 常规作业的卡钻预防 ……46
7-2-1 Reaming & Backreaming Guidelines 划眼和倒划眼提示 …………………………………… 46
7-2-1-1 Planning 计划 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………46
7-2-1-2 Organisation 组织 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………46
7-2-1-3 Parameters 参数 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………47
7-2-1-4 General/Operation 一般操作 ………………………………………………………………………………………48
7-2-2 Tripping - Deviated Hole 定向井的起下钻 …………………………………………………………48
7-2-2-1 Planning 计划 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………48

7-2-2-2 Parameters 参数 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………48
7-2-2-3 General Operation 一般操作 …………………………………………………………………………………… 49
7-2-3 Connection Guidelines 接单根提示……………………………………………………………… 49
7-2-4 Surveying -- Stuck Pipe Avoidance While Surveying Planning
测斜—测斜期间如何避免卡钻 ……………………………………………………………………49
7-2-4-1 General/Operation 一般操作 ………………………………………………………………………………………50
7-2-5 Drilling 钻井期间……………………………………………………………………………………50
7-2-6Casing & Cementing 下套管和固井 ………………………………………………………………51
7-2-6-1 Running Casing / Liners 下套管/尾管 …………………………………………………………………………………51
7-2-6-2 Coring 取芯 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………51
7-2-6-3 Well Control 井控 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………51
7-2-6-4Lost Circulation 井漏 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………51
7-2-6-5 Air/Foam Drilling 空气 / 泡沫钻井 …………………………………………………………………………………52
7.3 Preventing Drill String Failures - a Cause of Stuck Pipe
预防钻具事故—卡钻的原因之一 ……………………………………………………………52
7-3-1 Care of Tubulars 管材的防护 ……………………………………………………………………52
7-3-1-1 BHA Connection Fatigue Prevention BHA联接失效预防………………………………………………………53
7-3-1-2 Drill Pipe Tube Fatigue Prevention 钻具疲劳失效预防 ………………………………………………………53
7-3-2 Drill String Inspection criteria 钻具检查标准 ……………………………………………………54
7.4 Freeing Stuck Pipe 解卡 ………………………………………………………………54
7-4-1 Mechanical Freeing (All Stuck Pipe) 机械方式解卡（所有的被卡钻杆） ……………………54
7-4-1-1General guideness 一般指导原则 …………………………………………………………………………………54
7-4-1-2 Overpull Calculations 上提拉力的计算 …………………………………………………………………………57
7-4-2 Differential Sticking 压差卡钻 ……………………………………………………………………58
7-4- 3 Packed-Off Hole ( Wellbore Instability and Hole Cleaning)
环空埋堵（井眼失稳和井眼清洁所致） ………………………………………………………………59
7-4-4 Salt: Freshwater Pill 盐层：使用清水解卡剂 ……………………………………………………59
7-4-5 Cement / Limestone Chalk: Inhibited HCl Pill ……………………………………………………59
SECTION EIGHT: LOST CIRCULATION 井漏

8.0 Causes of Lost Circulation 井漏的原因 ……………………………………………61
8.1 Prevention of Lost Circulation 预防井漏 ……………………………………………61
8.2 DETERMINING THE TYPE OF LOSS ZONE 井漏类型的判断 ………………………62
8.3 Procedures for Curing Lost Circulation 处理井漏的程序 ……………………………63
8-3-1 Reducing Mud Weight 减小泥桨比重 ………………………………………………………………63
8-3-2 Use of Lost Circulation Material 使用堵漏材料 ………………………………………………63
SECTION NINE: MUD CONTAMINANTS 泥浆污染

9.1 Solids 固体 ………………………………………………………………………………64
9.2 Calcium and Magnesium 钙和镁 ………………………………………………………65
9.3 Anhydrite 硬石膏 …………………………………………………………………………66
9.4 Salts Formations and Brine Flows 盐层和盐水层 ……………………………………67
9-4-1 Source 来源 …………………………………………………………………………………………67
9-4-2 Symptoms 症状 ……………………………………………………………………………………67
9-4-3 Preventative Measures and Remedial Action 预防和处理措施 ………………………………68
SECTION TEN: APPENDIX 附录

10.1 Basic Geology 基础地质知识 ………………………………………………………69
10.2 Identification Marking On Drill Pipe Tooljoint 钻杆接头标识 …………………71
10.3 Operation Guideline for Drilling Jar 随钻震击器使用说明 ………………………72
10.4 Basic Well Control Knowledge 井控基本知识 …………………………79
10.5 Bit Common Knowledge 钻头常识 …………………………………………………84
1. Bit Groups 钻头类别 ………………………………………………………………………………84
2. IADC Codes IADC 代码 …………………………………………………………………………85
10.6 Common Form 常用表格 ………………………………………………………………86
10.6.1 API 接头扣型与国内名称对照表 ……………………………………………………………………86
10.6.2 Flow Rate 排量 ……………………………………………………………………………………86
10.6.3 Bit Make-up Torque 钻头上扣扭矩 …………………………………………………………87
10.6.4 Drill pipe/Drill collar torques& capacity 钻杆/钻铤上扣扭矩及容量 …………………………87
10.6.5 Drilling tour sheet 钻进报表 ……………………………………………………………………88
10.6.6 Trip Sheet ：起下钻报表 …………………………………………………………………………89
10.6.7 Driller Handover Sheet 司钻交接报表 …………………………………………………………90
10.6.8 Mud Record 泥浆报表 ………………………………………………………………………………91
10.6.9 Shakerman Handover Sheet：场地工交接记录 ………………………………………………91
10.6.10 Pipe Tally 钻具记录 ………………………………………………………………………………92
SECTION ELEVEN: FORMULAS AND CALCULATION 公式和计算 …… 93

钻井工程简明手册第一部分与页岩有关的各种钻井难题
SECTION ONE: SHALE PROBLEMS 与页岩有关的各种钻井难题

1.0 Background 背景介绍
Shales can be defined as clay-rich sedimentary rocks. They are sensitive to both mechanical and chemical
influences. A useful classification of shales can be made in terms of hardness. Soft shales tend to be
relatively young and are usually located near to surface. Harder shales are older and usually more deeply
buried. Each type can be associated with a particular set of drilling problems. For example, soft shales are
more likely to cause tight hole, bit balling and hole erosion problems. Hard or brittle shales suffer more from
sudden cavings and breakout due to failure at the wellbore wall. It is also seen from the shale that hardness
correlates with other properties such as MBT, water content and shale density.
页岩是一种以粘土为主的沉积岩。页岩对机械、化学影响都很敏感。根据硬度可以对页岩进行分类。软页岩的地
质年代比较短，通常靠近地表。硬页岩地质年代较长，埋藏较深。每一种页岩引发的钻井难题都是不一样的。例
如：软页岩会引发井眼缩径、钻头泥包、井眼侵蚀等。硬、脆性的页岩则会导致掉块或井壁的突然坍塌等。另外，
页岩的硬度还与页岩的亚钾基兰测定值大小、含水量和密度等性能有关。
In tackling drilling problems in shales, both mechanical and chemical aspects should always be borne in
mind. The following provides a brief summary of the key points.
应对与页岩有关的各种钻井难题，应该从机械和化学两个方面来考虑，下面提供一些要点归纳。
CLASSIFICATION OF SHALES ACCORDING TO HARDNESS
按照页岩硬度分类
Shale Typical Hole Problems MBT* Water Content Clay Types Density
Type 典型井下事故 (meq/100g) (wt%) 粘土类型 (g/cc)
页岩类型亚钾基兰测定值含水量密度
Soft 1. tight hole due to swelling 20-40 25-70 smectite + illite 1.2-1.5
软膨胀引起地层缩径蒙脱土+伊利石
2. hole enlargement due to
washout (dispersion)
井眼冲刷或页岩分散引起大井眼
3. ledges if interbedded with

sandstones
有砂岩夹层易形成台阶
4. bit balling, mud rings,
blocked flow lines
钻头泥包、泥饼环、泥浆出水管堵塞
Firm 1. tight hole due to swelling 10-20 15-25 illite + mixed 1.5-2.2
较硬膨胀引起地层缩径 layer
2. possible washout (with 伊利石+
poorly inhibitive mud) 混合地层
可能的井眼冲蚀（抑制性差的泥浆）
3. particularly prone to bit

balling 容易发生钻头泥包
4. occasional cavings
偶尔的掉块
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第一部分与页岩有关的各种钻井难题钻井工程简明手册
Hard 1. cavings 掉块 3-10 5-15 illite + poss. 2.2-2.5

坚硬 2. cuttings beds leading to Smectice
packing off 伊利石+可能少
岩屑床引发环空堵塞量蒙脱土
3. tight hole in stressed
formations
高应力地层引发缩径
Brittle 1. cavings 掉块 0-3 2-5 illite, kaolinite 2.5-2.7

脆硬 2. hole collapse chlorite
井眼坍塌伊利石、高岭土、
3. time-delayed failure 绿泥石
后续事故
*MBT = methylene blue test - a measure of cation exchange capacity; high MBT equates to smectite-rich
shale. 亚钾基兰试验，衡量阳离子交换能力大小，MBT 值高表明页岩中蒙脱土含量高。
1-0-1 Mechanical Effects: 机械因素

There are a large number of variables. Those which can be controlled, and have a significant influence over
hole stability are:
机械因素的影响有很多变数，下面的参数是可以控制的，对井眼的稳定性有明显的影响：
 Well Trajectory 井眼轨迹
 Bit Type 钻头类型
 Nozzle Size 钻头水眼尺寸
 Weight on Bit 钻压
 Swab/Surge Pressures 抽吸压力 / 激动压力
 Drill string vibration 钻具震动
 Mud Weight 泥浆比重
 BHA Design 井底钻具组合设计
 Jet Velocity 钻头喷射速度
 ROP (rpm) 转速
 Mud Flow Rate 泥浆排量
 Mud Rheology 泥浆流变性
Mud weight is probably the most fundamental with respect to hole condition. If the mud weight is too low,
tight hole or wellbore breakout can occur. Too high a mud weight can fracture the formation.
泥浆比重对井眼的影响最明显，如果泥浆比重太低，就可能引发缩径，或者井眼坍塌。如果泥桨比重太高则可
能压漏、压裂地层。
1-0-2 Chemical Effects: 化学影响

Water will hydrate the clay minerals in shale. This can lead to swelling, softening and dispersion in softer
types, or rock failure (fracturing) in the harder materials.
水对页岩中的粘土矿物会产生水化作用，这样会引起软地层发生膨胀、软化和分散，硬地层发生破碎。
It is crucial to minimise the reaction with water (i.e., create good inhibition) utilising appropriate drilling fluids.
For water based muds, this is done using a combination of mud additives such as salts and polymers. Salts,
第8页
e.g. kcl, reduce clay swelling and dispersion, and polymers may encapsulate the shale to hold it together or
have a chemical strengthening effect. The action with water can be eliminated completely by using oil based
mud, but the salinity of the mud must be sufficient to prevent water entering the shale by osmosis.
使用合适的钻井液来减少页岩与水的反应（产生好的抑制性），对于水基泥桨，可以通过泥浆添加剂（如：盐
和聚合物）来实现，盐或氯化钾，可以减少粘土的膨胀和分散。聚合物可以包被粘土，让粘土具有较强的化学
强度。使用油基泥浆则可以完全消除粘土与水的反应，但泥浆必须有足够的矿化度防止水通过渗透的方式进入
到页岩内。
1.1 Problems in Soft/Firm Shales 软 / 较硬页岩中的事故

1-1-1 Bit Balling 钻头泥包
Occurrence 事故发生
Some shales can adhere to the BHA, causing clogging of the drill bit, stabilisers and drill collars.This is most
likely with soft-firm, and especially with plastic shale sequences, and when poorly inhibited water based
muds are used. Bit balling is extremely rare in oil based muds.
有些页岩会粘在井下钻具，使得钻头、扶正器和钻铤泥包，这种情况容易发生在使用水基泥浆情况下的软和较
硬页岩，尤其是那些塑性页岩。在使用油基泥浆情况下，钻头泥包很少发生。
Preventative Measures 防范措施
 Review previous incidence of balling in the area and adopt similar procedures if they were successful.
参考以前在该地区处理钻头泥包的成功做法。
 Use inhibiting mud package (e.g. KCl/polymer rather than lime or gyp/PAC mud, consider KCl/glycol
muds).
采用抑制泥浆体系（如氯化钾/聚合物，不要使用石灰、石膏/ PAC 泥浆—高粘度聚应离子衍生物泥浆，可
以使用氯化钾 / 乙二醇泥浆）。
 Add film-forming lubricant. 加入能够形成保护膜的润滑剂。
 Avoid excessive weight on bit.避免钻压过大
 Ensure good hole cleaning to avoid excessive cuttings build-up at the bit.
保持井眼清洁，避免钻屑堆积。
 Use appropriate bit type - PDC bits are more prone to balling than tri-cone.
使用合适的钻头类型，PDC 钻头比三牙轮钻头更容易产生泥包。
Symptoms 事故症状
 Increased pump pressures as pathways become blocked. 因泥浆循环不畅，泵压增加。
 Reduced ROP due to balled bit. 钻头泥包，钻速降低。
 Less cuttings coming over shakers (lower ROP + possible blockages).
振动筛上的钻屑返出量减少。（钻速降低+ 筛布可能的堵塞）
 Blocked shaker screens indicative of clay with balling tendency.
振动筛筛布堵塞是发生泥包的前兆。
 Overpull on trips due to restricted fluid pathway. 泥浆循环不畅，上提钻具遇卡。
 Possible stuck pipe. 可能引发卡钻。
Cure 事故排除
 Reduce weight on bit. 减少钻压。
Add drilling detergent to WBM to disperse the balled clay. If this works, maintain detergent in the
mud. If it fails, consider freshwater pill to disperse the clay. Addition of glycol has also been known to
cure balling. If still unsuccessful, POOH slowly whilst rotating, clean BHA, adopt preventative
measures.
第9页
往水基泥浆加入处理剂以分散泥包粘土。如果此法见效，继续往泥浆中加入处理剂。如果没有效果，可
以考虑使用清水来分散粘土。使用乙二醇来消除泥包也是很有效的手段。如果仍然不见效果，旋转并慢
慢上提，清洁 BHA 并采取处理措施。
 In OBM (rarely a problem), increase mud salinity to draw more moisture from the shale and increase its
hardness.
如果在油基泥浆中产生泥包（这种情况很少发生），增加泥浆中的矿化度，吸走页岩中的水分以增加
其硬度。
1-1-2 Mud Rings 泥饼环

Soft cuttings may agglomerate in the annulus to form a 'doughnut' ring which impedes mud flow and cuttings
transport. The ring of cuttings can migrate up or down depending upon mud flow, and may lead to blocked
flow lines. Restriction of cuttings flow could ultimately lead to pack-off.
软钻屑会聚集在井眼环形空间，形成泥浆环，从而阻碍泥浆的流动和携带岩屑。泥浆环会根据泥浆的流动向上
或者向下移动，可能堵塞泥浆出水管，最终造成环空堵塞。
 Use sufficient mud inhibition to avoid sticky cuttings. 使用有效的泥浆抑制剂来避免粘性钻屑
 Circulate annulus clean before trips. 起下钻前，循环清洁井眼
 Use large diameter flowlines. 选择大直径泥浆泥浆出水管
 Avoid excessive ROP's. 控制机械钻速
 Ensure good hole cleaning to prevent cuttings build-up. 保持井筒清洁，避免岩屑堆积
 Increase in pump pressures as the annulus partially blocks. 因为井眼环空部分堵塞，泵压增加
 Reduction in cuttings flow rate, seen at the shakers. 从震动筛观察，岩屑变少
 Increase in torque due to braking effect of mud ring. 由于泥浆环的阻力，钻进扭矩增加
 Decrease in ROP and hook load as mud ring acts as piston to lift the drillpipe.
由于泥浆环的活塞效应，钻速减少，大钩载荷减少
 Blocked flow line/plugged shaker screens. 泥浆出水管线堵塞，震动筛堵塞
Cure 事故排除
 Circulate annulus clean by increasing flow rate (if ECD's permit). Increase size of flowlines if possible to
prevent blockage. If necessary, use viscous pill to circulate clean.
增加排量，将环空循环干净（如果当量循环密度允许），如果可能增加泥浆出水管线尺寸从而防止堵
塞。如果需要，使用高粘段塞循环井眼干净
 If mud ring is severe, adding detergent may help to disperse the aggregated clay making it easier to
remove. If detergent is successful, maintain this in the mud system to prevent recurrence.
如果泥浆环现象很严重，加处理剂可以帮助分散聚集的粘土，继续使用处理剂以避免类似事故再发生。
1-1-3 Tight Hole 井眼缩径

Reactive shales can swell, causing a reduction in the diameter of the wellbore. This is common with soft
shales due to their frequent high swelling clay content. There may be some time delay (the shale takes some
time to react). Thus, the bit may be free at the time of drilling, but subsequently could be difficult to pull out of
hole.
活性页岩会产生膨胀，使得井眼的直径变小。在软页岩中最常见，因为在软页岩中，容易产生膨胀的粘土含量
往往较高。粘土的膨胀需要一些时间，在钻井时钻头活动自如，一旦发生膨胀，就出现起钻困难。
Note that tight hole becomes more severe in deviated wells, due to increased drillpipe friction.
第 10 页
Tectonic movement and high pore pressures can also contribute to tight hole. However, their role is generally
more significant in the harder more deeply buried shales.
注意：在斜井段，由于钻杆的摩擦力增加，井眼缩径会更加严重。地质构造和高孔隙压力也会引发缩径，在埋
藏较深的硬页岩中，作用更加明显。
Preventative 防范措施
 Use inhibiting mud systems in soft reactive formations. 在活性软地层，使用抑制性泥浆体系
 Use sufficient mud weight to balance downhole stresses. 使用足够的泥浆比重来平衡井下压力。
 Maintain around 20-30ppb KCl in WBM when drilling highly swelling shales.
当钻遇高膨胀性的页岩时，保持水基泥浆中的氯化钾含量为 20-30ppb
 Use sufficient salinity when OBM is used. 使用油基泥浆时，要有足够的矿化度
 Make regular wiper trips. 定期进行短起下钻
 Use proprietary lubricant additive in deviated wells. 在斜井中使用润滑添加剂
 Minimise open hole exposure time (casing design). 减少裸眼段裸露时间（套管设计）
 Increased torque. 扭矩增加
 Higher pump pressures. 泵压增大
 Difficult to POOH, high overpull/drag. 起钻困难，上提拉力和下放阻力大。
Cure 事故排除
 Backream through tight sections. 倒划眼缩径井段
 Increase mud weight to force wellbore back (provided fracture gradient allows).
增加泥浆比重，使井眼复原。（前提是破裂压力梯度允许）
 Check mud salinity. 检查泥浆矿化度
WBM's: Ensure sufficient salt is present (salt is the single most important additive for reducing swelling). KCl
is the most effective salt; levels of around 50ppb have been used. NaCl is less effective. Lime (CaC0 3) is
limited by low solubility; CaCl2 is very soluble but not recommended due to incompatibility with other
additives. Acetate or formate salts can be used where use of chlorides is restricted.
水基泥浆：确保泥浆中矿化度足够高（盐在减少泥岩膨胀的最重要添加剂），KCl 是最有效的盐类，通常要保
持 50ppb，NaCl 次之，CaC03 受其溶解性差的限制，CaCl2 溶解性较好，但与其它添加剂不相容。在氯化物受
到限制的地方，可以使用醋酸或者甲酸盐类。
OBM's: Ensure mud salinity is high enough to prevent shale swelling by osmosis. Mud salinity must be equal
to or higher than the pore fluid salinity.
油基泥浆：要保证泥浆中矿化度足够，避免由于渗透作用使页岩产生膨胀。泥浆中矿化度要等于或者高于地层
孔隙流体的矿化度。
 Add lubricant to mud. 往泥浆内加入润滑剂。
1-1-4 Erosion / Washout 地层侵蚀 / 冲蚀

This is the result of the dispersive nature of soft reactive shales, leading to enlarged hole. It is possible to
experience washed out sections and tight hole simultaneously. Washout can lead to problems of hole
cleaning and difficulty running into hole, plus poor cementing jobs, etc.
这是活性软页岩的分散性导致的，结果是井眼扩大。很多时候井眼冲蚀和缩径是同时出现的。冲蚀会导致井眼清洁、下钻困
难和固井质量差等问题。
HOLE WASHOUT 井眼冲蚀
第 11 页

 Establish shale reactivity prior to drilling (e.g. by reviewing offset data, and/or running lab. tests).
钻井前，了解页岩的活性程度。（通过参考邻井资料和实验等）
 Select appropriate level of mud inhibition. Use glycol mud in soft reactive shale, if WBM is used.
选择合适的泥浆抑制剂。如使用水基泥浆，在活性软页岩中使用乙二醇泥浆
 Use mud with good hole cleaning properties. 选择清洁井眼能力强的泥浆
 If there is a high probability of washout, and particularly in deviated holes, consider well-inhibited high
XC polymer systems.
如果发生冲蚀的可能性很大，尤其是在斜井眼，考虑使用抑制性很强的 XC 聚合物泥浆体系。
 Increase in cuttings volumes. 岩屑返出量增加
 Difficulty running in hole due to ledges. 由于井眼台阶形成，下钻困难
 Poor hole cleaning leading to packing-off of the BHA. 井眼清洁差，埋堵 BHA
 Packing off increases over-pull and drag. 井眼不畅通增加上提和下放阻力的增大
 Directional problems. 出现井斜
 Bottoms-up time increases. 迟到时间增加
Cure 事故排除
 Increase mud inhibition (WBM's ), by using appropriate salt/raising salt level and, if available, by adding
glycol. Glycols harden soft shales, so reducing dispersion/erosion.
通过增加泥浆的矿化度来增加泥浆的抑制性(水基泥浆)，如果可能，还可以加入乙二醇使页岩变硬，从而
减少页岩的分散和侵蚀。
 Improve low shear rheology of mud (higher YP and higher gels) to ensure good hole cleaning. This will
help to clean washed-out sections and prevent cuttings slip. Alternative regime is to use turbulent flow
conditions (low viscosity mud).
改善泥浆剪切流变性（高屈服值和切力），从而保证井眼清洁。这样有助于清洁冲蚀井段和防止钻屑滑落，
让低粘度泥浆保持紊流状态。
 Maintain mud circulation to prevent cuttings slip. 保持泥浆循环，避免岩屑滑落。
 When making trips, POOH slowly to minimise swab/surge pressures.
当起下钻时，慢慢上提钻具，减少抽吸压力 / 激动压力。
1.2 Problems in Hard/Brittle Shales 坚硬 / 脆性页岩中的事故

1-2-1 Tight Hole 井眼缩径
Tight hole due to chemical swelling is less common in harder shales, due to lower swelling clay (smectite)
content. However, high downhole stresses can lead to tight hole, especially if accompanied by high pore
pressures. Oval-shaped (elliptical) holes may occur in some cases.
第 12 页
在坚硬的页岩段，很少发生化学膨胀引发的缩径，因为膨胀性粘土的含量较低（蒙脱石），但井下的高应力会
引起缩径，尤其伴随高孔隙压力时。在某些情况下，会出现椭圆形状的井眼。
 Establish mud weight window using available data/rock mechanics models. Utilise resistivity and gamma
log data if available.
根据现有的数据和力学模型，制定泥浆密度窗口，可使用现成的电阻测井和伽吗测井数据资料。
 Strength tests will give better handle on maximum permissible mud weights.
通过强度试验得出允许使用的最大泥浆比重。
 Screen shale samples to determine chemical reactivity and use results to select drilling fluid.
通过震动筛上的岩样来确定页岩的化学反应性数据，并依据该数据选择将要使用的泥浆类型。
 Consider optimum direction for deviated and horizontal wells, to minimise hole closure due to stress
effects. 优化斜井段和水平段的方向设计，尽量减少应力因素引起的井眼不稳定。
 Increased torque. 扭矩增加。
 High pump pressures. 泵压增加。
 Increased drag/overpull. 上提拉力和下放阻力增加。
Cure 事故排除
 If chemical reactivity is suspected, reduce swelling by improving shale inhibition.
如果怀疑页岩的化学反应性，可通过改进页岩的抑制性来减少膨胀。
 If mechanical (i.e. due to downhole stresses), raise the mud weight.
如果是机械或力学方面的原因（如井下应力），可增加泥浆比重。
 Do not raise mud weight if the formation is naturally fractured as this could destabilise the wellbore (fluid
will enter the fractures and 'lever' rock away).
如果地层有天然裂缝，则不能增加泥浆比重，这样会使地层不稳定。（流体会进入裂缝，岩石失稳。）
 Add lubricant. 加入润滑剂。
 Run 4-arm caliper to check for elliptical hole which is indicative of unsymmetrical rock stresses.
下入 4 臂测径规，检查井眼是否是椭圆形（地应力不均匀的迹象）。
1-2-2 Sloughing, Cavings and Packing-off 地层坍塌、掉块和井眼埋堵

Many hard/brittle shales tend to fragment into cavings at the wellbore wall, leading to sloughing and
sometimes causing packing-off. This is particularly likely in naturally fractured formations and in very brittle
shale types. Highly stressed formations are the most problematic.
坚硬、脆性的页岩容易由掉块发展成为大井眼，从而导致坍塌和埋堵，在自然裂缝的地层和脆性地层更为显著。
高应力的地层也非常容易出现此类事故。
 Establish mud weight window using available data/rock mechanics models. Strength tests will give better
handle on maximum permissible mud weights.
根据现有的数据和力学模型，制定泥浆比重方案。通过强度试验，得出允许使用的最大泥浆比重。
 Consider optimum direction for deviated and horizontal wells, to minimise hole instability due to stress
effects.
在斜井段和水平段，考虑优化设计方向来减少应力引起的井眼不稳定。
 Choose casing points carefully to reduce exposure time of unstable sections to drilling fluid.
选择套管的下深来减少奴稳定井段的泥浆浸泡时间。
 Screen shale samples to determine chemical reactivity and use results to select drilling fluid.
通过震动筛上的岩样来确定页岩的化学反应性数据，并依据该数据选择将要使用的泥浆类型。
第 13 页
 Use mud with well-defined and understood rheology profile. Consider high XC polymer system for
superior hole cleaning.
使用分散泥浆并了解其流变模式，考虑使用井眼清洁能力强的 XC 聚合物泥浆。
 Add particles (e.g. gilsonites, asphaltenes, micas, calcium carbonates) to seal fractures in naturally
fractured shales. Selection of appropriate particles requires screening tests as particle size distribution
and shape are important.
加入颗粒来封堵页岩地层中的裂缝（如：硬沥青、云母、碳酸钙等）, 选择颗粒时，需要作筛网试验，因为
颗粒的尺寸和形状非常重要。
 Take steps to minimize /reduce drillstring vibration in brittle shales.
采取措施减少钻具在脆性页岩井段的跳动和振荡。
 Production of characteristically-shaped cavings at the shakers - appearance of smooth curved surfaces
indicative of pieces once at the wellbore wall.
振动筛上出现外观平滑、圆润形状的钻屑。
 Sudden increase in cuttings volumes, possibly large hard chunks.
钻屑返出量突然增加，有时大块较硬岩屑剥落。
 Difficulty running in hole due to jamming on ledges.
由于钻屑在井内台阶上堆积，下钻困难。
 Cuttings fall back due to poor hole cleaning, causing pack-off.
由于井眼清洁能力差，钻屑下落而引发埋堵现象。
 Torque/pump pressures increase. 扭矩和泵压增加。
 High torque and drag due to trapped cavings. 由于滞留在井内的岩屑影响，扭矩和阻力较大。
 Bottoms up time increased. 迟到时间增加。
 Directional problems. 出现井斜。
Cure 事故排除
 Raise mud weight. 增加泥浆比重
 Do not raise mud weight if the formation is naturally fractured as this could destabilise the wellbore (fluid
will enter the fractures and lever rock away).
如果地层有天然裂缝，则不能增加泥浆比重，这样会使地层不稳定。（流体会进入裂缝，岩石失稳。）
 Improve the low shear rheology of mud (higher YP and higher gels) to ensure good hole cleaning. This
will help to clean washed-out sections and prevent cuttings slip. Alternative regime is to use turbulent
flow conditions (low viscosity mud). Hole cleaning is particularly important in deviated holes.
改善泥浆低剪切流变性（高屈服值和切力），从而保证井眼清洁。这样有助于清洁冲蚀井段和防止钻屑滑
落，让低粘度泥浆保持紊流状态。斜井段的井眼清洁尤为重要。
 Maintain mud circulation at all times to prevent cavings settlement. When making trips, POOH slowly to
minimise swab/surge pressures.
保持循环泥浆防止钻屑堆积，控制起下钻速度以减少抽吸压力 / 激动压力。
第 14 页
钻井工程简明手册第二部分井眼稳定
SECTION TWO: WELLBORE STABILITY 第二部分：井眼稳定

2.0 Introduction 介绍
The maintenance of wellbore stability is one of the most critical considerations in any drilling operation. As a
minimum, an unstable wellbore will reduce drilling performance and in the worst case could result in the loss
of the hole through borehole collapse.
保持井眼的稳定是任何钻井作业中最重要的因素之一。井眼不稳定，轻则降低钻井效率，重则可由井眼失稳而
报废井眼。
Wellbore instability can occur as a result of mechanical effects, chemical effects, or a combination of both. In
simple terms, mechanical effects are usually related to mud weight (too high or low) or drilling practice (ROP,
vibration effects, torque and drag and frequency of trips), whereas chemical effects are mud type related
(inappropriate mud type or inhibition level for the formation being drilled).
机械或化学因素单方面或者两者的综合原因，都可能使井眼不稳定。简单地说，机械因素通常与泥浆比重(太高
或者太低)、钻井操作有关（机械钻速、跳钻、扭矩、摩阻和起下钻次数），化学因素则与泥浆种类等有关（泥浆
类型不合适、对所钻地层的抑制性）。
2.1 Common Misconceptions 常见的错误观念

 Many in the drilling industry believe that well control purposes alone dictate the required mud weight.
They often also assume that hole collapse is simply a result of drilling with insufficient mud weight. Thus,
the perception is that drilling with a nominal overbalance for well control will also ensure hole stability.
The logic behind these beliefs is flawed. Weak formations may need overbalance in excess of 1000 psi
to prevent hole collapse, whereas some mudstones can be drilled problem free in 'underbalanced'
conditions.
很多人认为井控的唯一要求是使用需要的泥浆比重，井眼坍塌仅仅是泥浆比重不够的结果，只要泥浆比重
采用满足井控要求的名义附加值就可以使井眼稳定。这是不全面的，脆弱地层往往需要 1000 psi 的过平衡
来防止地层坍塌，而一些泥岩地层使用欠平衡钻井也不会出现事故。
 It is common to assume that increasing mud weight is always the answer to hole instability problems.
This is not always correct. Increasing mud weight can amplify problems. For instance, more rapid failure
could occur in fractured rocks, whereas in some porous formations the resulting higher fluid losses and
thicker mud cakes could promote differential sticking.
提高泥浆比重就可以解决井眼的稳定性问题，这种观点不总是正确。增加泥浆比重有时还会使问题更加严
重，如在裂缝性地层；在高孔隙度地层，还会加剧井漏、泥饼加厚而发生压差卡钻。
* Many believe that the use of an oil based mud will prevent any problems occurring while drilling in shales.
Hole instability can still occur particularly if mud weight or water phase salinity is inappropriate.
很多人认为使用油基泥浆，就可以杜绝在页岩钻井过程中的所有事故。其实，如果泥浆的比重和矿化度不
合适，井眼失稳也会发生。
 It must be recognised that mud recommendations based on theoretical models are liable to be unreliable
and often require 'fixing' to give sensible, practical mud weights. Area experience is a better guide.
必须认识到理论推荐使用的泥浆有时候是不可靠的，经常需要调整为更合理、实用的泥浆比重，现场经验
更加具有指导意义。
 Too great an emphasis is often placed on the role of annular velocity in the process of hole enlargement.
Reducing API filtrate and increasing inhibition and overbalance will often have a more beneficial effect
than reducing annular velocity.
讨论井眼扩大时，常过分强调泥浆环空返速；减少泥浆滤失、增加抑制性和井底过压等常常比减少环空返
速更有效。
2.2 The Mechanisms of Wellbore Instability - Mechanical Aspects
第 15 页
第二部分井眼稳定钻井工程简明手册
井眼不稳定的机理- 机械方面
2-2-1 Unconsolidated Formations 欠压实地层
This type of formation would usually be associated with top hole intervals, but may also be encountered in
fault zones or in unconsolidated reservoirs. Unconsolidated formations have no cohesive strength.
Consequently when they are drilled with a clear fluid that exerts no confining stress on the wall of the hole
the formation will slough into the hole. Most commonly the unconsolidated formation will be a sand.
However, in some tectonically active areas, a fault zone will be encountered that contains rock flour and
unconsolidated rubble.
这类地层通常出现在浅层，有时候也可能出现在断层或者欠压实的储层。欠压实的地层往往没有足够的粘结强
度。因此在钻进中遇到在井壁上没有造成围压的流体，井壁就会坍塌。最常见的欠压实地层是砂岩，在一些地质
构造地区，往往会遇到含有岩石碎层和欠压实碎石的断层。
Preventative and Remedial Action 防治措施
 Drilling this type of formation with mud that has good filtration characteristics will produce a filter cake on
the rock. The pressure drop across this cake will impart cohesive strength and a gauge, or near gauge,
hole can often be achieved. Mud should contain bridging solids (calcium carbonate or fibrous seepage
loss material) to promote the rapid build up of a filter cake. If a cake is not quickly established the
turbulent flow at the bit will produce washed out hole.
钻这类地层，使用失水量小的泥浆就会在岩石上产生很好的泥饼。泥饼上的压力差会提高粘结强度，就会
形成尺寸规则的井眼。泥浆中含有桥堵材料（碳酸钙或者纤维防漏材料）会促使泥饼的快速形成，如泥饼
不能很快形成，钻头处的紊流很快就会形成冲蚀井眼。
 Use the minimum flow rate that will clean the hole to prevent the erosion of the filter cake.
在满足井眼清洁的条件下，尽量使用小排量，防止泥饼的侵蚀。
 Consider the use of a mud with good low shear rheology that high pump rates are not required.
使用低剪切、流变性好的泥浆，这样就不需要大排量。
 Do all that is possible to avoid the mechanical removal of the filter cake - minimise trips, minimise
reaming & backreaming, avoid rotating stabiliser next to the unconsolidated formation.
采取一切措施来避免破坏泥饼—减少起下钻次数、减少划眼和倒划眼、避免在靠近欠压实地层处旋转扶正器。
 The use of a mud known to have enhanced fracture sealing capabilities may help to stabilise fault zone
rubble beds. 使用能够有效封堵裂缝地层的泥浆，有助于稳定断层中的碎石层。
2-2-2 Competent Formations 致密地层

There are two extremes of mechanical hole instability, referred to as compressive failure and formation
breakdown. Compressive failure occurs when the mud weight is too low - this results in hole closure (tight
hole) or hole collapse. In contrast to this, formation breakdown occurs if the mud weight is too high. Mud
pressure may then induce a fracture or open a natural fracture system, leading to massive mud losses.
机械因素造成井眼不稳定的极端有：压稳失效和地层破裂。泥浆比重太小会导致压稳失效，通常是缩径或者井
塌。相反，泥浆比重太大使地层破裂，液柱压力会诱发裂缝或者打开天然裂缝，导致重大井漏。
In general, hole sections will contain shales/mudstones which will collapse if given insufficient support, and
sands/carbonates which will lead to mud losses and/or differential sticking if drilled with too high an
overbalance. To drill a hole section with little or no instability problems requires the maximum mud weight
tolerated by the sand/carbonates to exceed the minimum mud weight required to support the mudstones.
These upper and lower bounds to the mud weight define the 'mud weight window' (see Figure 1a). The wider
the window the easier the well is to drill.
第 16 页
一般来讲，如没有足够的支撑，页岩段和泥岩段就会失稳；如井底压力过平衡过大，砂层和碳酸盐地层出现漏
失。在钻井中，为了不出现或较少井眼失稳，砂层和碳酸盐地层的最大承受泥浆比重要高于泥岩段的最小允许
泥浆比重。泥浆比重的上、下限值构成了泥浆密度窗口，（见图 1a）, 泥浆密度窗口越宽，钻进越容易。
In certain highly tectonically stressed regions, the collapse gradient in the shales can exceed the fracture
gradient in the sands, even for nominally vertical wells. In such cases there is no drilling window and it is
impossible to select a mud weight to simultaneously avoid both losses and collapse. Hence, one or both
forms of instability must be tolerated to some extent.
在一些高地质构造应力地区（甚至在直井中），页岩中的失稳压力梯度大于砂岩的破裂压力梯度，没有泥浆密
度窗口，不可能选择出一个泥浆比重同时避免井漏和井塌，所以，两者之一要做适当让步。
In general, a mud weight window will exist. The 'width' of the window will depend on a number of operator
controlled factors, but primarily well inclination. Increased well inclination will usually reduce the width of the
mud weight window (Figure 1b), thus increasing the risk of straying from the region of safe mud weights.
Hence, ERD wells are typically more prone to instability than other more conventional wells drilled in the
region.
一般来讲，泥浆密度窗口是存在的，它的宽度取决于一系列油公司控制的因素，最主要的是井斜。井斜增加会
减少泥浆密度窗口的宽度（见图 1 b），增加了偏离安全泥浆比重的风险。所以，大位移井比直井更容易发生井
眼失稳现象。
FIGURE 1
Another factor strongly influencing the integrity of the hole is the open-hole time. Even stable shales are
seldom stable for an indefinite period and the longer the open-hole time the greater the risk that instability will
occur. This is particularly the case when using water based muds. Increased hole section length and
therefore increased open-hole time are a natural consequence of drilling ERD wells. Where possible, a
gradual increase in mud weight can be effective in combating this time element and can stabilise the
formation for a longer period.
另一个影响井眼稳定性的因素是裸眼段的暴露时间，如过长，即使稳定的页岩段也会出现失稳，时间越长，风
险就越大，特别是使用水基泥浆。对于大位移井，井段增加和裸眼段暴露时间的增加是必然的，逐渐增加泥浆
比重，有助于抵消暴露时间的影响，保持井眼校较长时间的稳定。
第 17 页
第二部分井眼稳定钻井工程简明手册
When assessing ERD options in a region previously drilled with conventional wells, the primary hole stability
consideration is to assess the impact of trajectory on the mud weight window. If conventionally drilled wells
have proved difficult to drill due to a narrow mud weight window, then serious thought must be given to if a
casing program can be designed to combat the increased risks in the ERD well.
在以往钻常规井的地区做大位移井设计时，考虑井眼稳定的主要因素是评估井眼轨迹对泥浆密度窗口的影响。
如果以往钻常规井时，由于泥浆密度窗口较小而造成钻井难度大，这就要套管程序的设计以减少钻大位移井的
风险。
Symptoms and Remedial Action 症状和补救措施
 The onset of cavings from a formation while it is being drilled may indicate underbalance conditions. An
increase in mud weight or a reduction in ROP may help.
在钻进过程中出现掉块，是欠平衡的征兆，增加泥浆比重或者减少机械钻速可能有一些帮助。
 The onset of cavings more than a few hours after drilling a shale indicates that the benefit of the initial
overbalance has been lost. This is a result of migration of filtrate into the formation causing near wellbore
pressure increases. An increase in mud weight and/or a reduction in fluid loss are likely to help.
钻页岩后一段时间出现掉块，表明最初的超平衡已经丧失。由于滤液侵入地层后，地层压力增加。适当增加
泥浆比重/ 或者减少泥浆的滤失量可能是有效的解决途径。
 Often an improvement in LOT value can be observed as the section is drilled. Consider repeating the
LOT where low values have originally been obtained.
地层破裂压力值可随着钻进过程而提高，在原始漏失压力低的地方，可重复进行地层漏失试验。
 Even in normally stressed regions the mud weight window may be influenced by well azimuth. Be
prepared to increase the mud weight in wells with azimuths sub-parallel to the maximum horizontal
stress direction.
即便是在正常应力的地区，泥浆密度窗口还会受到井斜方位的影响。在钻至井斜方位与最大水平应力方向
不平行的井眼时，要适当增加泥浆比重。
 Controlling mud filtrate loss to a minimum is particularly important in ERD wells and all hole sections, not
simply the reservoir section.
对于大位移井，不仅仅限于油气层目的层段，在整个井段都应控制好泥浆滤失量，这点非常重要。
 Swab and surge pressures may trigger off instability in weak or highly fractured shales. Particular care is
required when running in and pulling out of hole sections with such formations present. Pressure while
drilling (PWD) measurements indicate that surge pressures equivalent to 1.5 ppg (0.18 SG) can be
generated not just when tripping but also on connections made with a top drive.
脆弱或裂缝严重的页岩，抽吸压力和激动压力可引发地层失稳，存在这些地层的情况下，起下钻要格外小
心，随钻压力测量表明，在起下钻和顶驱接单根时，压力激动值都会达到 1.5 ppg (0.18 SG)。
 Unless absolutely necessary, do not reduce the mud weight while drilling if a shale is present in the open
hole section, otherwise the risk of hole instability is greatly increased. If operational difficulties
necessitate a mud weight reduction then the slower this is done the better.
在裸眼段钻遇页岩时，除非绝对需要，一般不要减少泥浆比重，否则井眼失稳的风险会大大增加，如果遇
到作业困难一定要减少泥浆比重，降低的速度越慢越好。
2.3 The Mechanisms of Wellbore Instability - Chemical Aspects

井眼不稳定的机理- 化学因素
Chemical wellbore instability is due to chemical interaction between the formation being drilled and the
drilling fluid. This can occur in two main types of formation:
使井眼不稳定的化学因素是钻遇的地层与钻井液之间的化学反应，两种主要的地层中为：
 Shales 页岩
 salt formations 盐层
第 18 页
In both cases, it is an interaction with water which causes instability. When shales react with water, they can
soften, disperse, swell and crack. These effects can cause a wide range of operational problems ( tight hole,
hole enlargement, ledging, bit balling and caving).To minimise these problems, it is important to characterise
the shale type at the planning stage of a well, and to use an appropriately-designed drilling fluid.
两种地层都与水反应而导致地层失稳。页岩与水反应时，页岩会软化、分散、膨胀和破裂，进而引起多种事故
（缩径、井眼扩大、井内出现台阶、钻头泥包、和掉块等）。为了减少这些问题，在作钻井设计时，要了解页岩特
点，并使用适合该井段的泥浆体系。
Preventative Action – Chemical 防范措施—化学方面
Symptoms and Remedial Action 症状和诊治
Having planned the well using all available data the risk of mechanical and/or chemical borehole instability
will be limited. It is, however, important that should instability occur it should be identified and suitable
remedial action should be quickly adopted.
根据现有资料而做好钻井设计，可以减少机械和化学因素导致的井眼失稳，然而，一旦井眼失稳发生，重要的
是要及时进行分析识别，采取排除措施。
Indication of the condition of the hole can be inferred from torque and drag measurements, the condition and
quantity of cuttings seen at the shale shakers and variations in mud volumes.
可通过以下情况分析判断井眼情况，如：扭矩和摩阻大小、振动筛的钻屑数量和情况、泥浆体积的变化。
 When drilling shales, monitor cuttings quality as a qualitative measure of inhibition. Very soft cuttings will
mean insufficient chemical inhibition or, in the case of OBM, would suggest that the water phase salinity
is too low.
钻进页岩时，钻屑的性质可以定性地反映抑制性的效果，如果钻屑太软，则表明化学抑制性不够，如果是
油基泥浆，则表明水相中的矿化度太低。
 High torque values would suggest a tight hole possibly requiring increase in mud weight or an increase
in inhibition to reduce the swelling of clays.
钻进扭矩大表明井眼可能缩径，需要增加泥浆比重，或者增加泥浆的抑制性而减少粘土的膨胀。
 A sudden appearance of large or increased volume of 'cuttings' at the shale shakers is indicative of well
bore caving.
震动筛上钻屑颗粒变大和返出量增多，表明井眼可能掉块太多而形成大井眼。
 An unplanned increase in mud rheology could be due to a build up of fine solids in the mud which in turn
could be an indication of poor inhibition or hole washout.
泥浆流变性的增加可能是由于泥浆中细颗粒的聚集，表明泥浆的抑制性差，或者是井眼发生冲蚀。
 The downhole loss of whole mud would indicate that the formation was being fractured by the use of too
high a mud weight.
泥浆的漏失表明泥浆比重太高，可能把地层压裂。
 Difficulty running in the hole could be attributed to ledges, swelling clays or caving formations.
井眼内形成台阶、粘土膨胀和井塌都会使得下钻困难。
第 19 页
第三部分特殊情况钻井工程简明手册
SECTION THREE: Special Cases 第三部分：特殊情况

3.0 Salt Formations 盐层
 Drilling near a salt diapir presents a special case due to the altered in situ stresses near to the diapir.
The behaviour of wells within a few hundred meters of a diapir may be totally different to wells only a
kilometre or so away. In general hole problems are accentuated near a diapir.
当钻达盐层构造时，由于在盐层附近地应力的变化，从而出现特殊的情况。距盐层的远近会严重影响井眼
的状态，一般情况下，距盐层较近的井的井下情况会更复杂。
 The maintenance of gauge or near gauge hole is important when drilling massive salt formations. Greatly
washed out hole will probably result in a poor cement job. This in turn will allow salt behind the casing to
creep, impinging on the casing and, in extreme cases cause the casing to buckle.
当钻遇厚盐层时，保持井眼直径规则非常重要。冲蚀出现的大井眼会影响固井质量，固井后，套管外侧的
盐层会产生蠕动，挤压套管，严重的时候会挤坏套管。
 Stuck pipe is a common problem when drilling in salt formations. Salt formations tend to creep and
impinge on the drillstring. The only way to stop this process is to drill with a SS(salt saturated) mud
weight equivalent to overburden pressure. In practice the rate of creep can often be reduced to
acceptable levels at lower mud weights. The use of eccentric bits to slightly increase the diameter of the
hole has proved beneficial in some operations.
在钻遇盐层时，卡钻是常见的事故，盐层会蠕动而挤压钻具，唯一有效的办法是使用饱和盐水泥浆，泥浆
比重相当于上覆岩层压力，在需要泥浆比重较低的情况下，盐层蠕动的速率可以降低到可以接受值。使用
偏心钻头，可稍微扩大井眼尺寸，在一定情况下有好处。
3.1 Coal Formations 煤层

Coal is a very brittle formation with low compressive strength. It is usually highly fractured and in areas of
high tectonic stress can instantly collapse into the bore hole when the horizontal stress is relieved by the bit -
stuck pipe is often the end result.
煤层非常脆弱，抗压强度低，通常裂缝发育，在一些构造应力高的地区，当钻头钻遇煤层时，水平应力释放，
煤层会立即跨塌，最终导致卡钻。
High mud weights can rarely be used to stabilise the coal formations because of their inherent low fracture
gradients. The recognised technique to drill coal is to limit penetration so that the stresses are given chance
to equilibrate and so that the blocky pieces of coal can be removed from the hole.
因为煤层固有的低破裂压力梯度，高比重泥浆很少能用来稳定煤层。钻遇煤层，公认的办法是限制钻速，这样
应力有时间来平衡或恢复，斑驳的煤块可以及时从井内清除。
Good hole cleaning is essential - it may be necessary to modify the cleaning capacity of the mud while
drilling coals. The properties can be restored to normal when the coal has been drilled. Alternatively viscous,
weighted sweeps can be used to enhance hole cleaning - this is particularly appropriate if the coal seam is
anticipated to be thin.
良好的井眼清洁是非常必要的，钻遇煤层时，有必要调整泥浆的清洁能力，钻完煤层后可恢复泥浆性能，高粘
度、加重的排屑液可以被用来进一步清洁井眼，尤其是煤层比较薄时特别有效。
Should the pipe become stuck in coal, and circulation is possible, experience shows that spotting a high pH
pill around the coal can help to free the pipe.
一旦在煤层中卡钻，并可建立循环，经验证明，在煤层段注入高 PH 值的段塞有助于解卡。
Where the coal seam is not tectonically stressed and geological information regarding the seam is required
care must be taken with fluid properties and drilling practices. Seat earths and marine bands both provide
valuable information about the coal but both are easily washed out. When coring with water based muds a
low filtrate should be utilised and jet velocity should be minimised.
第 20 页
钻井工程简明手册第三部分特殊情况
当煤层的构造应力不发育，需要获得地质资料时，一定要关注泥浆性能和钻进措施。底粘土和海相带可以提供
宝贵的信息，但是都容易被冲蚀。使用水基泥浆进行取芯时，泥浆的滤失量要低，喷射速度要尽量小。
第 21 页
第四部分井眼清洁钻井工程简明手册
SECTION FOUR: HOLE CLEANING 井眼清洁

Removal of cuttings from the wellbore is an essential part of the drilling operation. Efficient hole cleaning
must be maintained in all wells. Failure to effectively transport the cuttings can result in a number of drilling
problems including:
钻井作业的一个重要部分就是将钻屑从井眼带出，所有的井眼都要保持有效的清洁。如果钻屑不能够有效地清
除，则可能引发以下钻井事故：
 Excessive overpull on trips 起下钻上提严重遇阻
 High rotary torque 扭矩过大
 Stuck pipe 卡钻
 Hole pack-off 井眼埋堵
 Formation break down 地层破裂
 Slow ROP 机械钻速降低
 Lost Circulation 井漏
Successful hole cleaning relies upon integrating optimum mud properties with best drilling practices. When
difficulties are encountered it is essential to understand the nature and causes of the problem. This allows
options to be focused to determine the most appropriate actions.
要成功地保持井眼清洁，就必须要让泥浆性能和钻井习惯达到最优组合。遇到事故时，首先要分析事故的性质
和原因，这样可以采取最佳的处理方法。
4.1 General Factors Effecting Hole Cleaning 影响井眼清洁的一般因素
There are a large number of drilling variables that influence the hole cleaning process. Some variables driller
has a direct control on, others are pre-determined by the constraints of the drilling operation.
很多钻井因素影响井眼的清洁，有些因素司钻可以直接控制，而一些因素则受到钻井作业的先天限制。
4-1-1 Cuttings Transport 钻屑携带
The figure below is a schematic representation of the cuttings transport mechanisms for a range of well
inclinations.
下面的图示说明了在不同井斜情况下，钻屑的运动机理。
FIGURE 2 图 2
In holes inclined less than 30 degrees, the cuttings are effectively suspended by the fluid shear and cuttings
beds do not form (zones 1 and 3). For such cases conventional transport calculations based on vertical slip
第 22 页
钻井工程简明手册第四部分井眼清洁
velocities are applicable. Generally for these shallow angles annular velocity requirements are typically 20-
30% in excess of vertical wells. Beyond 30 degrees the cuttings form beds on the low side of the hole which
can slide back down the well, causing the annulus to pack-off. Cuttings which form on the low side of the
hole can either move en-masse as a sliding bed (zone 4) or alternatively may be transported at the bed/mud
interface as ripples or dune (zone 2).
斜度小于 30 度的井眼，泥浆能够很好地悬浮钻屑，形成不了钻屑床，以直井中岩屑下滑速度为基础的钻屑运
移常规计算可适用，环空返速按比直井高出 20-30%。如井斜大于 30 度，在下井壁形成钻屑床并往井内滑落，
造成环空埋堵。钻屑床会整体下滑，也会和泥浆混合以波纹或者沙丘状下滑。FIGURE 3 图 3
Flow patterns in the annulus depend strongly upon flow rate and mud rheology. Thin fluids with low YP's
tend to promote turbulence and cuttings saltation. Thick fluid with high YP's increase the fluid drag force and
causes the cuttings bed to slide.
泥浆在环空中的流动模式取决于排量和泥浆流变性。低屈服值的稀泥浆会导致泥浆紊流和钻屑的翻动。高屈服值
的稠泥浆则会增加泥浆的阻力，使得钻屑床下滑。
4-1-2 Rheology 泥浆流变性能
The effect of mud rheology on hole cleaning depends on the annular flow regime. In the laminar regime,
increasing mud viscosity will improve hole cleaning and it is particularly effective if the low shear rheology
and YP/PV ratio are high. In the turbulent regime reducing mud viscosity will help remove cuttings.
泥浆流变性对于井眼清洁的影响取决于泥浆在井眼环空的流态。如果是层流，增加泥浆的粘度可以改善井眼清
洁，低剪切、高动塑比的泥浆，效果尤其好。如果是紊流，减少泥浆粘度则有助于清砂。
4-1-3 Yield Stress 屈服应力
This is a measure of the low shear properties of the mud. This property controls the size of cuttings which
can be suspended by the flowing mud (dynamic suspension). The dynamic suspension will be affected by
cuttings size and mud density. In practice the optimum level required is best established based on field data
and experience.
这是泥浆低剪切性能的指标，这个性能控制了可在泥浆中悬浮的钻屑尺寸（动态悬浮），动态悬浮受到钻屑尺
寸和泥浆密度的影响。在实际工作中，可根据现场数据和经验建立最优指标。
4-1-4 Pump Rate 排量
The mud flow rate provides the lifting force on cuttings to carry them out of the well. In highly deviated wells
mud flow rate is the most important factor for hole cleaning. For vertical wells the rate of cuttings removal
increases with increasing annular velocity and/or increased rheology.
排量提供岩屑带出井眼的上举力，对于大斜度井，排量是决定井眼清洁最重要的因素。对于直井，泥浆环空的
返速增加和泥浆的流变性增加，岩屑的清除速度同样会增加。
4-1-5 Hole Geometry 井眼几何尺寸
Hole diameter has a very significant effect on annular velocity. Reducing hole diameter from 17 1/2 to 16
inch will for example increase annular velocity by approximately 20%.
第 23 页
井眼直径对泥浆的环空返速有很大影响，如井眼直径从 17 1/2 减到 16 英寸，环空返速就会增加 20%。

4-1-6 Mud Weight 泥浆比重
Mud weight influences hole cleaning by affecting the buoyancy of the drilled cuttings. As mud weight
increases, the cuttings will tend to 'float' out of the well making hole cleaning easier. In practice the mud
weight window will be constrained by drilling factors other than hole cleaning (wellbore stability, ECD,
differential sticking etc).
泥浆比重影响钻屑的浮力，进而影响井眼的清洁情况。随着泥浆比重的增加，钻屑就会被容易悬浮力，井眼清
洁变得容易。实际上，泥浆比重受到密度安全窗口的限制，而不是井眼清洁的限制（比如井眼稳定性、当量循环
密度、压差卡钻等）。
4-1-7 Cuttings Properties 钻屑性能
Hole cleaning is dependent upon both cuttings size and density. Increasing size and density both tend to
increase the cuttings' slip velocity. This makes transport more difficult. The effects of higher slip velocity can
be combated by an appropriate increase in yield stress and mud gel. In extreme circumstances bit selection
can be used to generate smaller cuttings and, hence, reduce slip velocity.
井眼清洁和钻屑的尺寸、密度有关，增加钻屑尺寸和密度会增加钻屑的下沉速度，使得钻屑的运移变得困难，
适当增加泥浆的屈服应力和切力，会抑制下沉速度。在一些特殊情况下，选择产生较小尺寸钻屑的钻头，可以
减少钻屑的下沉速度。
4-1-8Rate of Penetration 钻速
Increases in penetration rate result in a higher cuttings concentration in the annulus. This will lead to a higher
effective mud density in the annulus and higher circulating pressures which may, in turn, limit flow rates.
机械钻速增加导致井眼环空钻屑浓度增加，导致环空中有效泥浆密度和循环压力增高，限制了排量。
4-1-9 Drillpipe Rotation 钻具转速
In deviated wells high pipe rotation speeds provide an effective means of mechanically disturbing cuttings
beds and reintroducing them into the main mud flow for removal. Drillpipe rotation has little effect on hole
cleaning in near vertical wells.
对于定向井，高钻具转速能够有效的扰乱钻屑床，并将钻屑带入循环而排出。对于直井，钻杆转速对井眼清洁
影响不大。
4.2 Rig Site Monitoring 井场监测

There are a number of rig-site indicators that should be used to monitor the hole condition and allow
preventative action to be taken. These should normally be examined for trends and sudden departures rather
than absolute values.
在钻井现场应有很多手段可以监测井眼的清洁，以便采取防范措施。监测结果是趋势和突发的变化，而不是绝
对正确值。
 The shape and size of the cuttings coming over the shaker should be regularly monitored. Small rounded
cuttings indicate that cuttings have been spending extended periods downhole being reground by the
BHA.
要随时监测振动筛上钻屑的形状和尺寸，如果是小的、圆形的钻屑则表明钻屑在井内滞留一段时间，而且
被井下钻具重复研磨。
 The cuttings return rate at the shakers should also be measured and compared with the volume
predicted from ROP. Simple devices are available to automate the measurement.
可以对振动筛上的返回钻屑量与根据钻速的预计值比较。一些简单的设备就可以记录测量这些数据。
 Torque and drag can be used to determine whether cuttings beds are adding to the wellbore friction.
Deviations from the normality can be indicative of cuttings bed forming.
通过摩阻和扭矩来确定钻屑床是否增加了裸眼的摩阻，异常的阻力和扭矩表明有钻屑床形成。
 Erratic signal in torque or SPP can also be an early warning of cuttings beds.
第 24 页
扭矩和立管压力的不规则变化也是井内出现钻屑垫层的早期症状。
4.3 Vertical and Near Vertical Wells 直井

Rheology plays a very important role in transporting cuttings in vertical & near-vertical holes. Large diameter
holes cannot be cleaned by velocity alone. However, assuming that the mud has the correct rheology, hole
cleaning on these wells is not normally a problem. The mud annular velocity is generally far greater than the
cuttings slip velocity and so the cuttings are carried out of the hole. To ensure that a low slip velocity is
achieved these wells are usually drilled with viscous, high yield point muds.
泥浆的流变性对于直井的携屑非常重要。大直径的井眼清洁仅仅靠泥浆返速是不够的，然而，如果泥浆流变性
能很好，井眼的清洁应不是问题。环空的泥浆上返速度一般要远大于钻屑的下沉速度，这样钻屑能被带出井外。
为了降低钻屑的下沉速度，则要使用具有高粘度和高曲服值的泥浆。
4-3-1 Hole Cleaning in Near Vertical Wells – Guidelines 直井的井眼清洁—一般指导原则
 Select mud properties to provide optimum hole cleaning whilst drilling. The specific properties will
depend upon available pump rate. In all cases mud rheology should be maintained at a level that will
reduce slip velocity to acceptable levels.
在钻井过程中，要选择好泥浆性能，以达到最优的井眼清洁。泥浆性能取决于可用的排量。在所有的情况下，
泥浆流变性能应该能够将钻屑的下沉速度控制在可以接受的数值上。
 Poor hole cleaning will result in high cuttings loading in the annulus. When circulation is stopped these
cuttings can fall back and pack-off the BHA. When packing-off occurs this means the flow rate is too low
or the well has not been circulated for sufficient time (assuming that the above criteria for mud properties
has been met).
井眼清洁差会使井眼环空钻屑浓度高，一旦停止循环，钻屑就会下落而埋堵下部钻具，如果埋堵事故出现，
则表明泥浆返速太低，或者井眼循环时间不够（假设泥浆性能符合要求）。
 Circulate the hole thoroughly prior to tripping - A single bottoms-up is not sufficient. The minimum
recommended volume for vertical wells is 1.3 x bottoms-up (1.5 for holes > 8 1/2"). Monitor the shakers
to ensure the cuttings return rate is reduced to an acceptable background level prior to commencing
tripping.
起下钻前要充分循环井眼，一个迟到时间是不够的，对于直井，至少要循环 1.3 倍的迟到时间（如井眼大
于 8 1/2"，要循环 1.5 倍的迟到时间）。起钻前要观察震动筛的岩屑返出量少到满足要求。
 Limit use of high viscosity pills to supplement hole cleaning. Rather adjust the properties of the active
mud in circulation to provide optimum cleaning capacity. High weight pills should not be used in vertical
wells.
要尽量少用高粘的泥浆塞，要着重调整泥浆性能以提供最优的清洁能力。对于直井，不要使用加重的泥浆
塞。
 For vertical holes reciprocate rather than rotate the pipe during circulation prior to tripping - this helps
remove cuttings from stagnant zones near the wellbore wall.
对于直井，起下钻前循环时，要上下活动钻具而控制钻具的旋转，这样有助于携带走靠近井壁的停滞地带
的钻屑。
 Pulling through tight spots is OK provided the pipe is free going down. Agree a maximum allowable
overpull in advance with the Company Man/Drilling Superintendent. Do not go immediately to the
maximum overpull, but work up progressively ensuring that the pipe is free to go down on every
occasion.
如果钻具可以自由下放，就可以试图起出遇卡井段，提前得到甲方监督许可的上提钻具的最大吨位。各种
情况下都不要一下子提到最大吨位，要逐渐增加，保证每次上提后钻具都能自由下放。
 Stop and circulate the hole clean if overpulls become excessive.
如果上提钻具遇卡太大，则要停止上提而循环泥浆。
第 25 页
 Avoid precautionary backreaming. Understand the nature and causes of any problems encountered on
tripping. Only backream when essential.
除非必须时，尽量避免倒划眼。要清楚起下钻遇到的各种麻烦的性质和原因。
4-3-2 High Angle, Extended-Reach Wells 大斜度、大位移定向井
Much of the information given above relating to hole cleaning in near vertical wells is relevant to ERD wells.
However it is far more difficult to maintain clean hole in deviated wells.
以上针对直井的井眼清洁措施，大多可以适用于斜井，但要保持斜井井眼的清洁，要远比直井困难。
Hole Cleaning in Deviated Wells – Guidelines 定向井的井眼清洁— 一般指导原则
 Flow Rate 排量
The single most important factor relating to hole cleaning in deviated wells is flow rate (ie annular
velocity). During directional drilling operations, drilled cuttings will settle on the low side of the hole
and form a stationary bed if insufficient annular fluid velocity is used. Typical flow rates to aim for in
ERD wells are as follows:
影响斜井井眼清洁最重要的因素是排量（环空返速）。斜井钻进时，如果泥桨返速不够，钻屑会沉积在
井眼低边而形成钻屑床，大位移井适用的泥浆排量如下：
TABLE 1 表 1
HOLE SIZE 井眼尺寸 TYPICAL FLOW RATES 适用排量
17 1/2" 1100 gpm minimum（1gpm=0.063l/s）
12 1/4" Aim for 1100 gpm (although 800 - 1000 gpm is typically achieved)
8 1/2" Aim for 500 gpm
 Selection of Flow Regime 泥浆流态的选择

In general increasing the viscosity of a fluid in laminar flow will improve hole cleaning as will a reduction of
the viscosity of a fluid in turbulent flow.
一般来讲，对于层流状态，增加粘度可改进井眼清洁，对于紊流状态，减少粘度可改进井眼清洁。
Generally viscous fluids in laminar flow are preferred because:
一般来讲，泥浆处在粘度高的层流状态是可取的，这是因为：
 It is possible to achieve higher cleaning capacity (rheology factor).
有希望得到较高的井眼清洁能力。（泥浆流变性因素）
 Viscous fluids give better transport in the near-vertical sections.
在直井，高粘度的泥浆有更好的钻屑携带能力。
 Viscous mud has better suspension characteristics when circulation is stopped.
停止循环时，高粘度的泥浆对钻屑有更好的悬浮性能。
 Its difficult to achieve 'turbulent flow' except in small hole sizes.
除非是小尺寸井眼，泥浆很难达到紊流状态。
Turbulent flow effectively prevents the formation of cuttings beds on the low side of highly deviated
wells and helps to minimise ECD. For these reasons turbulence may be preferred in deviated holes
where there is a small window between mud weight and fracture gradient. It is however difficult to
achieve turbulence in large diameter holes (12 1/4" and greater) particularly when weighted muds
are being used.
对于大斜度定向井，紊流可有效防止在井眼低边形成钻屑床和减小泥浆当量循环密度。因此，对于定
向井，如果泥桨比重和破裂压力梯度的安全窗口较小，宜选用紊流状态。但是，对于大尺寸的井眼
（大于 12 1/4"）尤其使用加重泥浆时，很难达到紊流状态。
第 26 页
Turbulent regimes should not be used in friable, non competent formations. Subsequent wash-out of
the rock will reduce annular velocities to a point where laminar flow will develop in a fluid with
properties specifically designed for turbulence. Cuttings bed formation and barite sag will almost
inevitably follow. Effectively the same process can occur as the fluid, designed for turbulence in
small diameter hole, enters larger diameters further up the hole. All fluids designed for turbulence
must have, as a minimum, sufficient suspension characteristics and carrying capacity to clean these
larger hole (casing) sizes.
对于易碎、不稳定地层，不宜使用紊流。因为岩层冲蚀后，使环空返速降低，使原本设计的紊流状态变
成了层流状态，钻屑床和重晶石沉淀很少避免。这种情况还会发生在原本在小尺寸井眼设计的紊流泥浆
进入上部大尺寸井段后的情形。所以，进行紊流泥浆设计时，要保证泥浆在进入大尺寸井段（或套管）
后，仍然具有足够的悬浮和携屑能力。
 Mud Rheology 泥浆流变性
Experience has shown that good mud rheology is extremely important to hole cleaning when drilling
a high angle well. Studies show that the effects of mud rheology and annular flow regime are
mutually dependent. For hole sizes above 8 1/2", the annular flow is laminar under most
circumstances. Therefore it is desirable to specify a minimum Yield Stress.
经验表明当钻大斜度井时，好的泥浆流变性对于井眼清洁十分重要，研究表明泥浆的流变性和环空流
态是互相独立的，当井眼尺寸大于 8 1/2"时，大多数情况下，环空流态是层流，因此希望获得较小的
屈服值。
 Hydraulics 水力参数
Conventional drilling hydraulics rely upon optimising hydraulic horsepower or hydraulic impact at the
bit. This requires approximately 60-70% of the system pressure loss to be dissipated at the bit. For
ERD wells where the flow rates for hole cleaning are higher, it is often necessary to reach a
compromise and reduce the energy spent at the bit. This is achieved by selecting larger nozzle
diameters. The distribution of pressure losses throughout the circulating system depends upon well
geometry and fluid properties. In conventional drilling the annular pressure drop is generally < 5% of
the overall system loss (this proportion increases dramatically for slimhole configurations). The
annular pressure loss, whilst only a small fraction of the total loss is critical for determining ECD.
常规井水力参数依据两种方式获得：最大水马力或者最大钻头冲击力方式。这需要整个系统水马力的
60-70%都消耗在钻头上。对于大位移井，井眼清洁要求的泥浆排量较高，对钻头上的水马力要求会有
一些让步，以减少在钻头上的能量消耗，一般选择尺寸大的钻头水眼来实现。水马力在整个循环系统
上的分配取决于井眼的几何尺寸和泥浆性能。在常规井中，井眼环空压力降只占整个循环系统压力降
的 5%以下，（对于小井眼，比例会增加很多），井眼环空压力降确定泥浆的当量循环密度，尽管只
占整个系统循环压力的一小部分。
 Use of Mud Pills 使用泥浆净化塞
Proper use of mud pills may improve hole cleaning in a high angle well. High viscosity (preferably
weighted) pills are often effective in hole sizes larger than 8 1/2" whilst low viscosity pills are
beneficial in smaller holes. When using a low viscosity pill, it is important to maintain the normal high
flow rate and minimise the stagnant circulation time. Also it is often necessary for a low viscosity pill
to be followed by a high viscosity (weighted) pill in order to ensure adequate hole cleaning in the
larger vertical hole section. The specific pill volumes should be determined based on the hole size
and the calculated effect on hydrostatic head. Typical volumes used are:
TABLE 2 表 2
17 1/2 and 16 Intervals 12 1/4 Intervals 8 1/2 Intervals
第 27 页
50 bbl 30 - 50 bbl 20 bbl
对于大斜度井，适当使用泥浆净化塞会改进井眼清洁。高粘度加重泥浆塞对于 8 1/2"以上的井眼非常
有效，低粘度的泥浆塞对于小尺寸井眼更有效。当使用低粘度泥浆塞时，保持正常排量和减少循环停
止的时间非常重要。为了保证大尺寸的直井井眼清洁，可以使用低粘度泥浆塞后，紧跟着配合使用高
粘度的泥浆塞。泥浆塞的用量取决于井眼尺寸和泥浆静水压力的计算结果。表 2 列出了现场的典型用量。
Note: 注意
The use of low viscosity, turbulent flow pills is not recommended in weakly consolidated formations
as washout or destabilisation may occur.
对于不胶结脆弱地层，不建议使用低粘度、紊流态泥浆塞，因为地层冲蚀和不稳定事故可能发生。
 Steady ROP 稳定的机械钻速
A higher ROP requires a higher flow rate to clean the hole. It is a good practice to drill the hole with
a steady ROP and select the required flow rate for hole cleaning accordingly. In cases where this
can not be achieved, the average ROP over a 30 m (100 ft) interval should be used to select the
flow rate.
高钻速需要大排量来清洁井眼，选择稳定钻速和相应的排量是好的作业习惯。如果现场上无法实现，
可依据 30 米的平均钻速来确定泥浆排量。
 Drillpipe Rotation/ Reciprocation 旋转/上下活动钻具
Experience has shown that drillpipe rotation/reciprocation is very effective in improving hole
cleaning, in particular at high speeds. Discuss limitations of rotary speeds when using downhole
motors with the directional drilling company.
现场经验表明，旋转和上下活动钻具，对于改进井眼清洁很有效，尤其是速度较快时。当使用井下动
力钻具时，要与定向司钻一起讨论井下动力钻具的最大转速。
 Large Surface Hole Section 大尺寸的上部井段
When drilling ERD wells, it is often necessary to kick off in the large surface hole section. However,
as a deviated large sized hole requires a very high flow rate to remove the cuttings, it is necessary to
limit the maximum angle in the hole section, often in the range of 20~30 deg. Also, minimising the
hole size will greatly improve hole cleaning, e.g. by drilling a 22" hole instead of 24" or 26" if
possible. Drilling a pilot hole and then opening up to the full size only marginally reduce the required
flow rate for effective hole cleaning.
当钻大位移井时，通常在上部大井眼段造斜，由于大尺寸的斜井段需要较高的泥浆返速来清除钻屑，
必要控制最大井斜角，一般是 20-30 度。另外，减小井眼尺寸可以有效地改善井眼清洁。例如，能钻
22"井眼，就不要钻 24" 或者 26"井眼。也可以先钻一个较小尺寸的领眼，然后再扩眼至所需尺寸，这
样有利于用较小流量达到井眼清洁。
 Use of Larger Drillpipes 使用大尺寸钻杆
The pump pressure is often the limiting factor for achieving the required flow rate for hole cleaning.
However, as use of a larger drillpipe size results in higher surface torque, its length should be
optimised.
泵压通常是井眼清洁需要的排量的限制因素，然而，使用大尺寸钻杆，地面钻进扭矩就会更高，钻杆
强度需要进行优化。
 Circulation Prior to Connections or Tripping 接单根或起下钻前循环泥浆
Before making a connection, the hole should be circulated at the normal flow rate to clear the
cuttings from around the BHA. Depending upon the hole angle and the length of BHA, a circulation
time of 5 to 10 min is often necessary.
接单根以前，要用正常排量循环以清洁 BHA 周围的钻屑，根据井斜和 BHA 的长度，循环时间可以是
5 至 10 分钟。
第 28 页
Before tripping out, the hole should be circulated at the normal flow rate until the shakers are clean,
and the drillpipe be rotated at maximum speed/reciprocated in the mean time. Table 3 lists the
recommended number of calculated bottoms ups prior to tripping.
起钻前，用正常排量循环，直到振动筛上干净，同时要用高转速旋转并上下活动钻具。表 3 给出了在
起钻前应该循环的时间。（迟到时间的倍数）
TABLE 3 表 3
Hole Angle 井眼角度 8 1/2" 12 1/4" 17 1/2"
0 - 10 1.3 1.3 1.5
10 - 30 1.4 1.4 1.7
30 - 60 1.6 1.8 2.5
60 + 1.7 2.0 3.0
 Wiper Trips 短起下钻

Wiper trips or pumping-out-of-hole are often effective in eliminating hole cleaning problems. So it is a
good practice to have regular wiper trips say every 150 or 200m back into the previous casing when
drilling a high angle section. 短起下钻和开泵起钻对于井眼清洁十分有效，在钻大斜度井时，每钻
150-200 米进行定期短起钻到上层套管，是非常好的做法。
第 29 页
第五部分重晶石沉淀钻井工程简明手册
SECTION FIVE: BARITE SAG 重晶石沉淀

In oilfield terminology 'sag' describes the process which results in significant mud density variations
being seen at the flowline after the mud has been static for extended periods, most commonly during
trips. Flow loop testing has proved that the majority of density variations are due to dynamic settling of
weight material to the low side of a deviated hole. The beds of weight material then slump during
periods when the mud is static. Some static (hindered) settling can, and does occur, but is less likely to
produce large scale density differences.
油田专业术语“沉淀”指泥浆在停止循环一段时间后，泥浆出水管中的泥浆比重变化明显,尤其起下钻期间。循
环周监测表明：大多数的比重变化是在斜井低边的加重材料的动态沉淀。随后，静态沉淀也会发生，但是没有
动态沉淀产生较大的比重变化。
 Sag is a DYNAMIC phenomenon which may not occur when mud is static.
重晶石沉淀是一种动态现象，当泥浆静止状态时，可能不会发生。
 Sag is exacerbated by low annular velocities.
井眼环空返速低，会加剧重晶石沉淀。
 Hole inclinations close to 75 degrees are most critical.
井斜接近 75 度，重晶石沉淀现象最严重。
 Drillpipe rotation significantly reduces sag.
旋转井内钻具可以明显减少重晶石沉淀现象。
 Mud rheology at low shear plays a key role in controlling sag.
低剪切应力的泥浆流变性，对控制沉淀起重要影响。
5.1 Occurence 事故发生
The following parameters have been shown to contribute to the occurrence of barite sag.
下面参数被证明会影响重晶石沉淀。
 Flow rate: The greatest sag occurs at the lower annular velocities.
排量：当泥浆返速低时，就会出现严重的沉淀现象。
 Mud rheology: The experimental study indicated that increased low shear rheology assists in reducing
sag.
泥浆流变性：试验研究表明，泥浆的低剪切流变性有助于减少沉淀现象。
 Hole angle: Sag is shown to occur at all angles between 30 and 90 degrees. Sag tendency is lower in
the range 30-50 degrees compared with 60-90 degrees. The worst angle for sag is 75 degrees.
井斜：井斜角在 30-90 度之间会发生沉淀现象，30-50 度之间，沉淀现象较轻，60-90 度之间较重，75 度
沉淀最严重。
 Drill pipe rotation: Non rotation of the pipe when orienting/sliding is conducive to barite sag. Rotation of
the drill pipe reduces the sag tendency in all conditions. The effect is particularly noticeable in the range
60-75 degrees where sag is at a maximum. Rotation at 150 rpm virtually eliminates sag under all
conditions.
钻具旋转：钻具停止旋转会加剧重晶石沉淀的发生。钻具旋转可以减缓重晶石沉淀，尤其当井斜角为 60-
70 度而重晶石沉淀最严重时，这种效果更明显。钻具转速达到 150 rpm 时,可最大限度地抑制
重晶石沉淀现象。
 Eccentricity: When the drill pipe lies on the low side of the hole without rotation, sag occurs over a
wider range of flow rates. This is due to the reduction in annular velocity in an eccentric annulus.
井眼偏心度：当钻具不旋转且在井眼低边，不管排量大小如何，重晶石沉淀都会发生。这是由于在偏心的
大井眼环空里的泥浆返速减小。
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钻井工程简明手册第五部分重晶石沉淀
 Time: at most angles an equilibrium is established between the rate of barite deposition and the rate at
which the bed is eroded. In general the time taken to establish the bed increases with hole angle.
However for intermediate angles (60-75 degrees) deposition rates are higher and generally no
equilibrium occurred within the time frame of the experiments.
时间：对于绝大部分范围的井斜角，重晶石沉淀的产生和消除有一个平衡，一般而言，沉淀产生的时间随
着井斜的增加会增长。井斜角为 60-70 度时，沉淀最严重，且试验表明在没有平衡点。
5.2 Symptoms 事故症状
Mud weight - At critical stages of the well, ensure that the mud weight in and out is measured at 15 minute
intervals. Any significant variation, unexplainable by other mechanisms, will be an indication of barite sag.
Heavy spots can sometimes be correlated to circulating the slug out of the hole. Light spots are often the first
indication of barite sag.
泥浆比重：关键井段，每隔 15 分钟要测量泥浆的进出口比重。如果泥浆比重有明显变化且其它原因无法解释，
就可能是重晶石沉淀，比重高的测量段可能是重晶石沉淀段，比重低的测量段通常是重晶石沉淀的
表示。
Stand pipe pressure - Fluctuations in stand pipe pressure may occur as slugs of light and heavy mud pass
through the bit nozzles. Changes can occur from both changes in hydrostatic (U-tube effect) and differences
in frictional pressure loss.
立管压力：如果有比重不均匀的泥浆循环过钻头水眼，立管压力会产生波动，静液柱压力（U 形管效应）摩擦
压力降都可能发生变化。
Torque and drag - Settled barite beds may behave in a similar manner to cuttings beds in deviated wells.
High over-pulls may indicate that barite is forming a restriction on the low side of the hole.
扭矩和阻力：斜井中，重晶石沉淀垫层和钻屑床的影响方式相似，上提钻具摩阻过大可能表明重晶石沉淀在井
眼低边形成阻力。
Mud losses and gains - Ensure mud loggers accurately monitor active pit volumes. Unexpected losses may
occur as heavy spots of mud in the annulus reach the near-vertical sections of the well and rapidly increase
the hydrostatic pressure. The opposite effect can occur with light mud, which may cause the well to flow.
泥浆漏失和增加：泥浆录井人员要准确监测泥浆循环的体积变化，当环空中的重泥浆循环至直井段而泥浆静液
柱压力急剧增加时，会出现非正常的井漏。相反的情况会发生在比重轻的泥浆段，可能出现溢流。
5.3 Operational Practices to Prevent Barite Sag 在现场操作中如何防止重晶石沉淀
Rotary versus Sliding - Data clearly demonstrates that sag is worst when drillpipe is stationary. Particularly
important for wells 60-75 degrees where even high annular velocities do not eliminate sag. Minimise sliding
in these intervals. If extended periods of sliding, without rotation, are operationally unavoidable the drilling
fluid rheology should be adjusted to have a Yield Stress > 10. Use pipe rotation to disturb cuttings beds - pull
back one stand and rotate at up to 150 rpm after extended periods of sliding - design the BHA to allow for
this high rotation rate.
钻具转动和滑动：数据表明：当钻具静止时，重晶石沉淀现象更加严重，尤其井斜在 60-75 度之间，甚至很高
的环空返速也不能排除重晶石沉淀的发生。如果较长时间的钻具滑动难以避免，就应该调整泥浆性能，让泥浆
的屈服值大于 10，上提一个立柱，转动钻具至 150 rpm 来扰乱钻屑床，设计 BHA 时，要考虑钻具结构能够达
到这个转速。
Rotary wiper trips - Between extended periods of sliding consider use of rotary wiper trips to stir-up any
deposited barite beds.
旋转短起下钻：在两段钻具滑动时间长的井段，考虑采用旋转短起下钻来扰动重晶石沉淀层。
Time between trips - Recognise that sag increases with time. The effect is particularly pronounced in the
range 60-75 degrees. It may be necessary to stage in the hole after extended trips to reduce the impact of
reintroducing settled barite or other weight material into the system.
第 31 页
第五部分重晶石沉淀钻井工程简明手册
起下钻的时间间隔：时间间隔越久，重晶石沉淀床越严重，尤其当井斜在 60-70 度之间。为了减少将沉淀的重

晶石和其它加重材料循环进系统的影响，有必要采取分段下钻操作后。
Conditioning mud - If excessive swings in mud density are observed at surface, stop and condition the
mud. Allow a minimum of 2 total mud circulations to enable chemical treatments to be effective and to ensure
that all density fluctuations are eliminated.
调整泥浆性能：如果从地面上观察到泥浆的比重变化幅度大，就应该停钻调整泥浆性能，要至少保证 2 个循环
周，使得泥浆处理剂有效并减少泥浆比重的波动。
Mud conditioning prior to cementing - Avoid over treatment of the mud prior to running casing and
cementing. Excessive dilution or chemical treatment in OBM can dramatically increase the likelihood of sag.
As the mud will usually be thinner under downhole conditions than at the standard 120°F surface test it is
advisable to plan cement jobs using HTHP rheology (Fann 70 or equivalent) results.
固井前处理泥浆：下套管和固井前不要过度处理泥浆，对油基泥浆做过分稀释和处理剂处理，会引发重晶石沉
淀。泥浆在井下会比地面 120°F 的条件下更稀，建议使用高温高压下流变性较好的泥浆（范氏读数 70 或者等效
值）。
Operations under low shear conditions：Recognise that barite sag is a dynamic phenomenon which
occurs under conditions of low shear in the annulus. Any operation which induces low shear (e.g.running
casing or running logs) has the potential to accelerate sag. Ensure the mud is in good condition prior to
conducting such operations, particularly if they occur for significant time periods.
低剪切应力下的作业：重晶石沉淀是一种动态现象，它容易发生在环空低剪应力条件下。任何导致剪应力
降低的作业都能使沉淀更加严重（比如：下套管或电测等），尤其作业时间较长时。
第 32 页
钻井工程简明手册第六部分扭矩和摩阻
SECTION SIX: TORQUE AND DRAG 扭矩和摩阻

Torque refers to a measurement of the force required to rotate the drillstring in the borehole.
Drag refers to a measurement of the incremental force required to move the drillstring up or down in the
borehole.
扭矩是指让井眼中钻具旋转的力，摩阻是指让钻具在井内上下移动需要克服的力。
Excessive torque and drag can result in a number of problems including:
摩阻或者扭矩过大，会引发下列事故：
 Twist Offs 钻具脱扣
 Stalling 钻具失速
 Downhole Make-Up 钻具在井下上扣
 High Break-Out Torques 卸扣所需扭矩过大
 Stuck-Pipe 卡钻
 High Overpulls 上提钻具遇卡大
 Inability to Slide 滑动钻进困难
Although torque and drag are usually problematical features of the drilling process, they can also be used as
indicators of hole condition. During drilling, monitoring torque and drag is a method for optimising drilling
performance and may provide indications of other potential problems such as:
尽管在钻进过程中，扭矩和摩阻通常是事故有关的参数，但还是分析判断井下情况的重要指标。在钻进中，监
视扭矩和摩阻，可以优化钻井作业，还可以帮助分析判断其它钻井事故，例如:
 Differential Sticking 压差卡钻
 Key Seating 健槽卡钻
 Poor Hole Cleaning 井眼清洁差
 Hole Instability 井眼不稳定
 Ledging 井眼出现台阶
6.1 Factors Which Affect Torque and Drag 影响扭矩和阻力大小的因素
The main influences on torque and drag are:
影响扭矩和阻力的主要因素有：
 The wall force 井壁力
 The nature of the surfaces in contact (e.g. type and roughness) 接触面的性质（类型和粗糙度）
 Mud lubricity 泥浆润滑性
 Wellbore stability 井眼稳定性
 Hole Cleaning 井眼清洁
The wall force 井壁力

The wall force is effectively the force which pushes the drillstring or BHA against the wellbore. The greater
this force, the higher will be the torque and drag. The influences on this are primarily the wellbore inclination
and tension around doglegs.
井壁力是将钻柱或 BHA 推向井壁的力，井壁力越大，则摩阻和扭矩也越大。影响井壁力的因素主要是井斜度、
井眼狗腿周围的张力。
Wellbore Inclination 井斜
As wellbore inclination increases, more of the drillstring's weight is supported by the wellbore wall. This is
why high angle and ERD wells have higher torque and drag than vertical wells.
随着井斜的增加，更多的钻具重量被井壁支撑。这是大斜度井和大位移井的摩阻和扭矩比直井大的原因。
Tension around Doglegs 狗腿附近的张力
第 33 页
第六部分扭矩和摩阻钻井工程简明手册
A drillstring under tension is pulled into doglegs as it tends to 'straighten itself out'. These doglegs can be
either build or drop sections or unintentional tortuosity. Some wallforce may be generated by the bending of
the drill pipe around curvatures. Calculations show that these forces are much smaller than the wallforces
described above, even for stiff drill collars.
进入狗腿的钻具处于拉伸状态，有一种自然变直的趋势。狗腿可能在增斜段，或减斜段，或无意弯曲的井
段。在弯曲井段由于钻具的弯曲产生一些井壁力，计算表明这些力比上面描述的张力要小的多，甚至对于
刚性钻铤也是如此。
Surface properties 表面特性
Smooth surfaces will tend to produce lower torques than rough ones. There is also evidence that drilling
harder sandstones leads to higher torques than when drilling softer shale formations.
光滑的接触面较粗糙的产生的扭矩小，因此，钻进较硬的砂岩较软的页岩地层的钻进扭矩大。
Mud lubricity 泥浆润滑性
The type of fluid present in the hole can have a significant influence on torque and drag. It is also important
to note that the concentration and type of solids in the mud can influence torque, as can the presence of
lubricant additives.
泥浆类型对扭矩和摩阻的影响很大。泥浆中固体的浓度、类型和是否添加润滑剂对扭矩的影响也很大。
Wellbore stability/Shale Inhibition
井眼稳定性 / 页岩抑制
 Insufficient mud weight may lead to breakout/cavings which fall into the hole and pack-off. In plastic
formations, such as salts and some shales, low mud weights can allow the formation to deform (creep)
into the hole. In tectonically stressed areas, in-situ stresses can have a similar effect, possibly leading to
oval hole if the stresses are not symmetrical around the borehole.
泥浆比重不够可能引发地层破裂/坍塌，进而埋堵环空。对于塑性地层，比如盐层和页岩地层，泥浆比重低，
会导致地层塑性变形或流动，在构造应力发育的地层，地应力有类似效果，井眼处不对称的应力会导致椭
圆型井眼。
 In reactive shale sequences, mud chemistry will influence wellbore condition. A water based mud with
low inhibition may allow shale to swell, leading to tight hole and hence increased torque& drag. Poor
inhibition can cause shale softening, which could have some lubricating effect, but can also make shale
more 'sticky'. In hard-brittle shales, insufficient shale inhibition can lead to cavings and packing off.
对于活性页岩地层，泥浆的化学性能会影响到井眼状况。抑制性差的水基泥浆会引发页岩膨胀，导致缩径，
增加摩阻和扭矩，还会导致页岩软化，或许会产生某些润滑性，但是也使得页岩更加具有粘性。对于硬脆
性的页岩，抑制性不够会导致井眼出现掉块和环空埋堵事故。
Hole Cleaning 井眼清洁
Failure to clean the hole properly will allow cuttings beds to build, interfering with pipe rotation and movement
of the pipe in and out of the hole.
如果井眼不清洁，则导致形成岩屑床，影响钻具转动和起下钻。
6.2 Ways to Minimise Torque and Drag 减少扭矩和阻力的方法
Well profile design 井身轨迹设计
Well profile design to minimise torque and drag involves minimising wallforces. Since string tension is always
highest at surface, the way to minimise wallforces is to minimise doglegs (build rates) at surface, and to build
angle towards the target further downhole where string tension will be less. This is achieved by drilling the
well with a tangent angle as close to the critical sliding angle as possible, causing the string to 'glide' under
its own weight.
第 34 页
钻井工程简明手册第六部分扭矩和摩阻
该设计和减少井壁力有关，在井口钻具承受的拉力最大，减少井壁力就要求减少上部井段的狗腿度，尽量在靠
近靶点的下部井段造斜、增斜，下部井段的钻具受拉力较小。所钻井眼尽量成为抛物线剖面，钻具可靠自身重量
进行滑动钻进或进入下部井段。
The ideal profile 理想的井眼轨迹
Note that in deep wells, it is particularly important to drill the top sections as smoothly as possible to minimise
the torque contribution from tortuosity. Excessive use of steerable assemblies can worsen tortuosity, rotary
assemblies are beneficial.
注意：对于深井，钻进上部井眼尽可能地光滑尤其重要，可减少弯曲产生的扭矩。过多地使用造斜钻具会加剧
井眼弯曲，尽量使用正常的旋转钻具组合。
Drillstring design 钻具设计

By using the smallest and lightest weight drillpipe weight and tension is minimised. Tapered drillstrings are
particularly effective where stronger 6 5/8" or 5 1/2" drillpipe is only used at the top of the string where loads
are lightest.
钻柱设计：使用最小、最轻的钻杆，钻具重量和所受拉力可以减小。使用塔式钻具效果尤其好，6 5/8"或 5
1/2"的钻杆尽量在上部钻具结构使用，钻具承受载荷最轻。
BHA design 下部钻具结构设计
BHAs have historically been designed to ensure that WOB can be applied to the bit without putting drillpipe
into compression. Experience with horizontal wells where compressive forces in drillpipe cannot be avoided
have shown these assumptions to be overly conservative. BHAs should be designed for directional control
and of minimal weight in ERD wells.
传统的 BHA 设计是确保给钻头施加钻压而不能钻杆受压缩。钻水平井的经验表明，钻杆受压在所难免，
传统的理论太过保守。BHA 设计应方便于定向控制和在大位移井中减少钻具重量。
Mud design 泥浆设计

Water based muds 水基泥桨
 The coefficient of friction will depend on the formation type being drilled. For water based muds where
shale softening is possible due to poor inhibition, decreased values of friction may be observed. In hard
sandstone etc. higher values of friction may be observed for an identical mud system.
摩擦系数取决于所钻地层，对于水基泥桨，抑制性差会引起页岩变软，摩擦系数会降低；坚硬的砂岩地层，
摩擦系数会较高。
 Baryte improves lubricity when used in weighted systems possibly due to the formation of a soft 'bearing
layer' modifying the surface contacts.
加重泥浆体系中，重晶石可以改善润滑性，因为形成了较软的‘润滑层’改善了井壁接触面。
 Polymers in water based muds can have a beneficial effect on lubricity .
水基泥桨中的聚合物可以增强润滑性。
 The coefficient of friction is less for a steel/steel contact than a steel/rock contact (cased hole has a
lower coefficient of friction than open hole).
第 35 页
第六部分扭矩和摩阻钻井工程简明手册
钢材之间的摩擦系数要小于钢材与岩石之间的摩擦系数。（下过套管的井眼比裸眼井摩擦系数低）
Oil based muds 油基泥桨
The positive effect of baryte is less pronounced for oil based muds but oil/water ratio does noticeably affect
lubricity: lubricity decreases as the water content of the oil mud is increased.
油基泥桨，重晶石润滑效果不明显，油/水比会明显影响润滑性，水含量增加则降低润滑性。
Lubricating Beads 润滑珠
It has been trialled with some success resulting in torque reductions of up to 20%.
现场试验表明，使用润滑珠扭矩最多可以降低 20%。
Drillpipe Coatings 钻杆表面涂层
it could be applied to steel to reduce the steel/steel friction coefficient and casing wear.
使用在涂层可以减少钢材之间的摩擦系数和套管磨损。
第 36 页
钻井工程简明手册第七部分卡钻
SECTION SEVEN: STUCK PIPE 卡钻

7.0 General Rules of Stuck Pipe Prevention 预防卡钻的一般规则
 Teamwork, Planning and Actions 集体配合、计划和措施
 Bottom Hole Assemblies 下部钻具组合
 Drilling 钻井
 Tripping 起下钻
 Casing and Cementing 下套管和固井
7-0-1 Teamwork, Planning & Actions 集体配合、计划和措施

 Communicate effectively . Keep rig crew regularly informed of what the hole is saying. Ensure hole
condition is recorded and handed over at shift change.
有效的沟通：定期向井队人员通报井下情况。详细纪录井下情况，交接班时要介绍清楚。
 Plan ahead. Always know what formations and potential problems are coming up. Have contingency
plans ready in case trouble strikes (application of overpulls, mud changes etc).
预先计划：要清楚将钻遇的地层和潜在的事故。由事故应急方案（如：提拉钻具，改变泥浆等）
 Listen to the hole constantly. Torque, drag, cuttings, pump pressure are all indicators of hole condition.
Record all information; this will help identify important trends.
关注井眼情况：扭矩、摩阻、钻屑、泵压都反映井下情况，记录相关信息有助于判断重要趋势。
 Maintain good mud. Keep all mud properties within specification, especially density, rheology, low gravity
solids and fluid loss. Analyse reasons for change in any mud properties.
维护好泥浆性能：各项泥浆指标都要合格，尤其是比重、流变性、低固相和低失水。认真分析泥浆性能的变
化。
 Keep the pipe moving. Whenever possible when in open hole. Reciprocation is preferable to rotation.
连续活动钻具：裸眼井段中，最好上下活动钻具而不是转动钻具。
 Clean the hole as fast as you drill it. Remember that overgauge hole and directional holes require faster
circulation to clean them effectively. Always circulate clean before tripping.
及时清洁井眼：大井径井眼和定向井需要较快的循环、清洁井眼，起钻以前要循环。
 Take action early. To fix stuck pipe problems: don't let them get bigger. Stuck pipe and hole cleaning
problems will hardly ever cure themselves-you must do it.
及早采取措施：不要拖延事故造成更严重，卡钻和井眼清洁的事故不会自动消除。
7.0-2 Bottom Hole Assemblies 下部钻具组合
 Operate the bit, BHA and drillstring within the limits specified by the suppliers. Only use equipment that
has been inspected.
使用钻头、BHA 和钻柱时，不要超出生产厂家的要求和规定，没有探伤检查的工具不能使用。
 Keep the BHA as simple as possible; only run the equipment that is necessary to drill the hole. Minimise
BHA changes, but anticipate reaming if a locked assembly follows a flexible one.
尽量使用简单的 BHA，不要下入多余钻具和工具，尽量减少 BHA 变化，刚性钻具变为柔性组合后，要考
虑到以后的扩划眼。
 Design the BHA to run the jar in either tension or compression ; never at the neutral point.
设计 BHA 时，要确保震击器要么是受拉，要么是受压，千万不要处在中和点上。
Whenever possible use spiral drill collars. Only run sufficient drill collars to give the designed WOB.
Higher WOB is always available by running the jar and HWDP in compression. Remember that tapered
BHA's give greater weight over shorter length but reduce annular clearance.
第 37 页
第七部分卡钻钻井工程简明手册
尽量使用螺旋钻铤，只要钻铤数量满足设计钻压即可。使震击器和加重钻杆处于受压状态可以保证较高的
钻压。塔式 BHA 在较短的长度情况下，可提供较大的钻压，但是减少了井眼环空间隙。
 Stabilise the BHA to minimise wall contact. Undergauge stabilisers can be used further up the BHA as
only the first three stabilisers really affect directional control. Do not run any stabiliser above the jar
unless specifically instructed to do so.
为 BHA 增加扶正以减低与井壁的接触面，BHA 最下部的三个扶正器影响定向控制时，可以在它们上方增
加 1 个欠尺寸扶正器。除非特别规定，不要在震击器上方装扶正器。
 Always gauge bits and stabilisers accurately when tripping out. Ensure the correct gauge ring is used
and that the gauge ring is checked regularly. An undergauge bit is a good indicator of an undergauge
hole.
起钻后，要测量钻头和扶正器的尺寸，确保使用正确的量规，定期检查量规。如果发现钻头尺寸变小，则表
明井眼直径也变小。
7-0-3 Drilling 正常钻进
 Failure to clean the hole as fast as it is being drilled can cause serious hole problems. Select hole
cleaning to match the maximum instantaneous penetration rate.
如果不能尽快清洁井眼，可能造成严重的井下事故，以井眼清洁保证最大的钻速。
 Monitor the hole constantly for changes in drilling trends. Record the magnitudes and depths of high
torques and drags. Always know the bit and stabiliser depths relative to trouble spots. Check the shakers
regularly for changes in shape and volume of cuttings.
密切关注钻井变化情况，记录高扭矩和摩阻的大小和井深，要了解相应的钻头、扶正器的位置，定期检查
震动筛上钻屑形状和数量的变化。
 Perform wiper trips as hole conditions dictate. A wiper trip interval can be based on either time or footage
(e.g. every 1000ft drilled, or every 12 hours in mobile formations). Specify a wiper trip interval in any
instructions but be prepared to alter this if hole conditions change.
根据井下情况进行短起下钻。短起下钻的间隔可以根据时间或者进尺来决定（如，每 1000 英尺或对于不
稳定地层每 12 小时）。指令中要说明短起下钻的周期，如果井眼情况变化，要及时修改。
 Wipe/ream the last single before making a connection in difficult hole conditions (last stand with a top
drive). Circulate for as long as possible before a connection. Avoid turning pumps off before picking up
(Note: the hole may need wiping more often than once per stand with a top drive as fewer connections
are made).
井下情况复杂时，接单根前，最后一个单根要划眼（用顶驱时划眼一个立柱）。接单根前循环尽可能长的
时间，避免上提钻具前停泵。（注意：使用顶驱时，接单根次数减少，每柱钻具应划眼不止一次。）
 Wipe the last single or stand before taking a survey. Keep the pipe moving for as long as possible during
the survey. If the hole is in poor condition the survey can wait.
测斜前要划眼一个单根或者立柱，测斜期间要尽可能保持活动钻具，如井下情况不好，测斜要推迟。
 When drilling to casing point, calculate a target depth based on the casing tally. Minimise the rathole
below the casing shoe (generally 3-5 ft). Excessive rathole can cause hole cleaning problems,
keyseating, and is almost always the cause of the casing shoe joint getting backed off.
钻至套管深度，根据套管数据表确定下深。尽量减少口袋（一般是 3 至 5 米），如口袋过长，容易发生井
眼清洁问题、键槽等，还会导致下部套管串脱开。
7-0-4 Tripping 起下钻
 Plan the trip: know where all the potential trouble spots are from drilling and from previous trips.
Compare drags/fill volumes with previous trips to monitor hole improvement/deterioration. Ensure trip
notes are recorded and handed over at shift change.
做好起下钻计划：通过钻进和以往起下钻的情况，了解可能出现复杂的井段。与以往起下钻作比较对比摩
阻/灌泥浆量，观察井眼情况的改善或恶化。确保起下钻记录完好并交接班。
第 38 页
 Know the swab and surge pressures (get these from the mud loggers). Do not exceed the maximum
allowable pipe speed when tripping, otherwise well control or formation instability problems may result.
从泥浆录井处得到抽吸压力和激动压力，起下钻时不要超过所允许的最大钻杆速度，否则，会出现井控或
者地层不稳定等方面的复杂。
 Agree on a first response to tight hole and maximum allowable overpull prior to each trip. Generally pull
back/run in one stand (depending on trip direction) and establish circulation. Note: tight hole is defined
as drag in excess of half of the buoyant BHA weight below the jars.
起下钻前，要知道遇到阻卡后的应急措施和所允许的上提、下压力。通常的做法是起出或下放一个立柱建立
循环。注意：阻卡井眼通常定义为摩阻超过震击器以下钻具浮重的一半以上。
 Circulate clean prior to tripping. Rotate and reciprocate the pipe to avoid keyseating.
起钻前，循环井眼干净，旋转、上下活动钻具以避免键槽产生。
 Ream and condition the hole when tripping in. Wash and ream the last three singles to bottom if
directional parameters allow.
下钻时要划眼或处理泥浆，如果定向参数允许，循环和划眼最后三个立根到井底。
 If undergauge hole is suspected (from bit gauge or if in mobile formations) trip slowly and ream. If all the
stabilisers were pulled undergauge, ream all the new hole drilled with that bit otherwise ream the section
below the lowest unworn full-gauge stabiliser.
如果从旧钻头尺寸或补稳定性地层预测到井眼缩径，要控制起下钻速度或划眼。如发现起出的扶正器外径
缩小，要对该只钻头的进尺井段进行划眼，或最后一个没有发生缩径的扶正器钻以下井段进行划眼。
 Be particularly careful when running a PDC or diamond bit after a tricone bit. The more rigid
PDC/Diamond bit may become stuck if the tricone was slightly undergauge.
使用三牙轮钻头后，下入 PDC 或金刚石钻头要格外小心，因为 PDC 和金刚石钻头刚度更大，容易在三牙
轮钻头钻过的小井眼内发生卡钻。
7-0-5 Casing and Cementing 下套管和固井
 Ensure the hole is clean and mud properties are within specification prior to pulling out to run casing.
在起钻下套管前，保证井眼干净，泥浆性能满足要求。
 Calculate running speeds from swab/surge pressures (mud loggers). Do not exceed the maximum safe
casing running speed.
根据抽吸/激动压力计算好下套管的速度，不要超过最大安全下套管速度。
 Centralising the casing reduces the chances of becoming differentially stuck in addition to improving
cement placement.
下套管时，要让套管居中，这样不仅能够改善固井性能，而且能够减少压差卡钻的发生。
 Wash the casing through problem formations rather than slacking off weight. Always wash the last joint
to bottom.开泵循环通过事故层段，而不要盲目下压，最后一根套管要边循环边下到井底。
 Know the theoretical setting time of the cement and the theoretical top of cement. Before attempting to
drill out, run carefully to tag cement to see if it will take weight. Only drill out if cement can take weight.
要了解理论的水泥凝固时间和水泥返高，钻开水泥塞以前，要慢慢下钻，试探水泥能否承受重量，只有当
水泥凝固到可以承受重量后，才可以钻开水泥塞。
 When drilling out establish circulation above the top of cement. Drill out with low weight on bit and high
circulation rate. Observe the returns for green cement.
钻开前，在水泥塞顶部要建立循环，钻进时应用小钻压、大排量，观察水泥、泥浆的混合浆的返出。
7.1 Specific Stuck Pipe Causes and Avoidance Measures 卡钻原因和预防措施
7-1-1 Hole Cleaning 井眼清洁
Occurence 发生
第 39 页
Poor hole cleaning results in trapped cuttings downhole, and is a major contributor to stuck pipe. It is usually
caused by insufficient attention being given to pump rate, mud rheology, tripping/wiping procedures,
monitoring cuttings/cavings at the shakers, hole size (especially washouts) and hole inclination.
井眼清洁不好会导致钻屑在井内携带不出，这是卡钻的主要原因，原因有排量、泥浆流变性、起下钻/短起下钻
程序，对振动筛上的钻屑、井眼尺寸（尤其是冲蚀）和井眼斜度等重视不够。
Symptoms/Warning Signs 事故症状/迹象
 torque and drag increases especially while tripping out, making connections & when reaming out
钻头扭矩和阻力增加，尤其是在起钻、接单根和倒划眼时。
 decrease in ROP 机械钻速降低
 increase in pump pressure 泵压增加
 reduced overpull while pumping 循环时，起下钻具摩阻降低
 large returns of cuttings with viscous/heavy pills 用高粘泥浆塞循环时，岩屑返出量变大
 fill on bottom 井底有沉砂
Preventative Measures and Remedial Actions 防范和处理措施
 Clean the hole as fast as it is being drilled. Match the hole cleaning parameters to the instantaneous
penetration rate. Refer to hole cleaning charts available in the rig-site stuck pipe handbook.
钻井过程中要及时清洁井眼，使井眼清洁要求的技术参数与机械钻速相匹配，可参考卡钻技术手册。
 Ensure the mud is in specification. Rheology is very important for hole cleaning. Re-define the mud
rheology specification if the mud properties are inadequate for hole.
保证泥浆性能满足要求，泥浆流变性对于井眼清洁非常重要。如果泥浆性能不能满足井下情况，要重新调
整、确定泥浆流变性。
 Circulate clean prior to tripping. Bottoms-up does not ensure a clean hole. Always check that the shakers
are clean before tripping.
起钻前要循环干净，仅循环泥浆的迟到时间不能保证井眼清洁，起钻前，要检查振动筛的岩屑返出干净。
 Reciprocate and rotate the pipe continuously while circulating. Motion disturbs cuttings beds down hole.
Only rotate very slowly unless it is possible to reciprocate, otherwise key-seats and doglegs may form.
循环时要连续上下活动、转动钻具，干扰井底钻屑床。不能上下活动钻具时，要缓慢旋转钻具，避免形成
键槽和狗腿。
 Plan and perform wiper trips as hole conditions dictate. Wiper trips help to disturb cuttings beds further
up the hole. 视井眼情况，计划并进行短起下钻，可以干扰上部井眼的岩屑床。
 Monitor the shakers. Both volume and type of cutting are important indicators of hole condition. Know
what to look for. 密切监视震动筛，岩屑数量和类型是判断井下情况的重要依据，要知道观察的对象。
 Keep all circulating and solids control equipment in good working order. Subject to hole condition stop,
pull back inside the casing shoe and repair vital equipment (especially pumps) rather than drilling ahead
with insufficient hole cleaning capability.
保持循环固控设备运转正常，如遇到关键设备不能工作（尤其是泥浆泵），要将钻具起至套管内进行维修，
不要在井眼清洁能力不足的情况下继续钻进。
7-1-2Wellbore Instability 井眼的不稳定
Wellbore instability occurs in many different forms:井眼不稳定的表现：
 Unconsolidated formation 欠压实地层
 Mobile (plastic) formations 移动性（塑性）地层
 Fractured/faulted formations 裂缝（断层）地层
 Geopressured formations 构造应力地层
 Reactive formations 化学活性地层
7-1-2-1 Unconsolidated formation 欠压实地层
第 40 页
This type of formation would usually be associated with top hole intervals, but may also be encountered in
fault zones or in unconsolidated reservoirs. Unconsolidated formations have no cohesive strength.
Consequently when they are drilled with a clear fluid that exerts no confining stress on the wall of the hole
the formation will slough into the hole. Most commonly the unconsolidated formation will be a sand.
However, in some tectonically active areas, a fault zone will be encountered that contains rock flour and
unconsolidated rubble.这种地层通常在上部井段，也可能在断层或欠压实的储层。欠压实地层胶结强度不够，
因此用低粘、低比重流体钻进时，在井壁上没有产生围岩应力，地层就会垮塌。最常见的欠压实地层是砂岩，但
在结构活跃的区域，断层含有岩石碎块或碎石。
Preventative and Remedial Action 防范和处理措施
 Drilling this type of formation with mud that has good filtration characteristics will produce a filtercake on
the rock. The pressure drop across this cake will impart cohesive strength and a gauge, or near gauge,
hole can often be achieved. Mud should contain bridging solids (calcium carbonate or fibrous seepage
loss material) to promote the rapid build up of a filter cake. If a cake is not quickly established the
turbulent flow at the bit will produce washed out hole.
使用滤失性好的泥浆钻这种地层，井壁上会形成泥饼。泥饼的压力降会提高胶结强度，泥桨控制好，钻成
井径规则的井眼。泥浆应含一些桥堵漏材料（碳酸钙、纤维状堵漏材料等）来促进泥饼的快速形成。如果泥
饼不能很快形成，钻头处的紊流会冲蚀井眼。
 Use the minimum flow rate that will clean the hole to prevent the erosion of the filter cake.
采用能够保持井眼清洁的较低排量，避免泥饼的冲蚀。
 Consider the use of a mud with good low shear rheology that high pump rates are not required.
考虑使用低剪切流变性好的泥浆，以不需要大排量。
 Do all that is possible to avoid the mechanical removal of the filter cake - minimise trips, minimise
reaming& backreaming, avoid rotating stabiliser next to the unconsolidated formation.
尽量避免破坏泥饼的机械因素，尽量减少起下钻、划眼和倒划眼，避免在不稳定地层附近转动扶正器。
 The use of a mud known to have enhanced fracture sealing capabilities may help to stabilise fault zone
rubble beds.
采用具有较强裂缝封堵性能的泥浆，有助于稳定断层处的碎石层。
7-1-2-2 Mobile formation 移动性地层
Occurence 发生
The most common formations are halite (rock salt) and plastic shales. These formations deform plastically
and creep into the wellbore.
最常见的地层是盐层和塑性页岩。这些地层容易产生塑性变形，往井眼方向蠕变。
Symptoms/Warning Signs 征兆/警示
 Increased drag torque and pump pressure, especially when tripping out and making a connection.
摩阻、扭矩和泵压会增加，尤其是起钻和接单根的时候。
 ROP normally decreases but can increase if drilling halite 钻速通常会减少，但是钻遇盐层时会增加。
 possibly no fill 泥浆灌入不正常。
Preventative Measures and Remedial Actions 预防/处理措施
 Consider drilling with an eccentric PDC bit to drill a slightly overgauge hole. Drill with low WOB and high
RPM. Consider using a roller reamer in the BHA.
考虑使用偏心 PDC 钻头，以钻成井径稍大一点的井眼，使用小钻压、高转速，BHA 使用滚珠扩眼器。
 Ream when running in. Ream each single or stand when drilling.
下钻时划眼。钻进中，每单根或者立柱都要坚持划眼。
 Keep the pipe moving in open hole. Perform regular wiper trips. Set a maximum time rather than
distance between trips.
在裸眼段要连续活动钻具，依据时间而不是井尺的原则，进行常规的短起下钻。
第 41 页
 Increase the mud weight before entering a known mobile formation. The greatest risk of becoming stuck
is in the first few meters.
进入确认的移动性地层之前，要提高泥浆比重，卡钻的最大风险是刚钻开时的最初井段。
 To free the pipe in halite, pump freshwater pills around the BHA to dissolve the salt and pull/jar on the
string. Once free, ream and condition the hole.在盐层段解卡，可泵入淡水，以溶解 BHA 周围的盐，并上
提/震击钻具，一旦解卡，要划眼和循环处理泥浆。
 To free the pipe in shale, pump base oil and detergents or lubricants. Pull/jar on the string. Ream and
condition the hole when free.
 在页岩段解卡，可泵入原油、解卡剂或者润滑剂，并上提/震击钻具，一旦解卡，要划眼和循环处理泥浆。
7-1-2-3 Fractured/faulted formation 裂缝（断层）地层
Occurence 发生
Almost anywhere, but more common in limestone/chalk. 在任何地层都可能出现，但最常见在石灰岩。
Symptoms/Warning Signs 征兆/警示
 Increased drag, torque and ROP 摩阻、扭矩和钻速增加
 Possible losses 可能发生漏失
 Irregular fragments on shakers 振动筛上的钻屑形状不规则
 Refer to lost circulation section if losses are experienced. 如果发生井漏，参考漏失的有关内容。
 Check hole condition constantly when drilling. Be prepared to stop and circulate before drilling though
potential heavy loss zones (e.g. a fault or a coal seam). A clean annulus will prevent packing off in the
event of big losses.
钻进时，随时观察井眼情况，钻进严重漏失层前（断层或煤层），要停钻循环。如果井眼环空干净，一旦
发生严重井漏，环空的埋堵也可避免。
 Wash，ream when running in and clean the hole fill prior to drilling ahead. Limit the rotary speed when
reaming to minimise disturbance of the formation. Bottoms up is not necessary prior to drilling ahead.
下钻到底开始钻进前，要彻底冲洗井眼干净。划眼时要控制转盘转速以减少地层的扰乱。继续钻进前，不
需要循环泥浆的迟到时间。
 Restrict tripping speeds across fractured formations to minimise disturbance.
在裂缝层段，要限制起下钻速度，以减少地层干扰。
 Limit circulating pressures when drilling to avoid inducing losses.
钻进时要限制循环压力以避免诱发井漏。
 If stuck in limestone/chalk consider pumping inhibited hydrochloric acid if the fractured section is small.
在石灰岩地层发生卡钻，如裂缝井段较小，可考虑泵入抑制性的盐酸。
7-1-2-4 Geopressured formation 构造应力地层
Occurence 发生
Where the strength of the rock is exceeded by the borehole stresses, fragments of rock can fall into the hole.
More common in overpressured shales.
在井眼应力超过岩石强度时，岩石碎块就会落入井内，在异常高压的页岩地层最为常见。
Symptoms/Warning Signs 症状 / 预警
 Drag, torque, ROP, pump pressure all increase 摩阻、扭矩、钻速和泵压都增加
 Greater returns on shakers 振动筛上的钻屑返出量增加
 Cavings on shakers 振动筛上出现井下掉块。
 Borehole enlargement (leads to hole cleaning problems) 井眼扩大，导致井眼清洁事故。
 Keep the hole clean. Increased circulation rate will improve hole cleaning and help stabilise the hole by
increasing the ECD.
第 42 页
保持井眼清洁，增加排量可以改善井眼清洁，增加当量循环密度可有助于井眼稳定。
 Monitor pore pressure; higher pore pressure increases the potential for instability and the need to
increase the mud weight.
监测地层孔隙压力，孔隙压力越高，井眼越趋向不稳定，同时需要增加泥浆比重。
 Increase the mud weight as soon as problems are seen. 一旦发现事故，增加泥浆比重
Note: 注意
 a higher mud weight may be needed to stabilise the hole than would have been required initially to
prevent the instability. 增加泥桨比重是井眼稳定的需要。
 Mud weight increase can vary with wellbore inclination and azimuth. As a rule of thumb increase the
density by 0.5ppg per 30deg increase in inclination above the density required for a vertical well in the
same location.
泥浆比重的增加随井斜、方位来变化，常识为：与直井比较，井斜每增加 30 度，泥浆比重需要增加
0.5ppg。
7-1-2-5 Reactive formation 化学活性地层
Occurence 发生
Water sensitive shales and clays e.g. gumbo shales. Much more likely with WBM than OBM. These
formations can cause stuck pipe through shale swelling (tight hole) or fill due to cavings and collapse.
水敏的页岩和粘土，如粘性页岩，由于膨胀或者掉块、井塌，容易发生卡钻，使用水基泥浆比油基泥浆的几率
大的多。
Symptoms/Warning Signs 症状 / 预警
 Increased drag, torque, pump pressure and returns 摩阻、扭矩、泵压和泥浆返出量都增加
 Reduced ROP 机械钻速减少
 Sticky cuttings 钻屑的粘度增加
 Drill and case off reactive formations as quickly as possible. Minimise the time spent in open hole.
尽可能快地钻过和下套管封隔敏感性地层，减少在裸眼中的浸泡时间。
 Keep mud properties within specification, especially encapsulating polymer and potassium ion (K+)
concentration in polymer muds. If this proves inadequate increase the inhibition level of the mud (typical
KCl range 10-35ppb).
保持泥浆性能满足要求，尤其聚合物泥浆的聚合物和钾离子的浓度。如果不合适，则要增加泥浆的抑制性
（典型的氯化钾指标为 10-35ppb）。
 For WBM, monitor MBT value closely. Increasing MBT means clay formation is reacting with the mud
system.
对于水基泥桨，要密切关注亚甲基蓝值，该值的增大说明粘土地层与泥浆发生了反应。
 Be prepared to dump and dilute the mud. In severe cases consider changing to OBM.
准备排放和稀释泥浆，情况严重时，可更换为油基泥浆。
 Minimise BHA length. 减少 BHA 长度
 Wipe hole regularly while drilling. 钻井过程中，定期清洗、请砂井眼。
7-1-3 Differential Sticking 压差卡钻
Occurence 事故发生
Occurs when the pipe is stationary in a porous formation, especially when making connections. Mostly when
in sandstone but also in limestone and chalk.
钻具在孔隙性、渗透地层静止时，尤其接单根时，可能发生粘卡，绝大部分在砂岩，石灰岩地层也有可能。
Symptoms/Warning Signs 症状 / 预警信号
 Increased drag and torque 摩阻和扭矩增加
 Circulation unaffected (no pressure change) 循环正常（没有压力变化）
第 43 页
 High overbalance in a porous formation 在孔隙性地层，井底压力超压

Preventative Measures & Remedial Actions 防范和处理措施
 Plan ahead. Be aware of potential problem formations- particularly permeable formations like
sandstones and limestones. Remember that a problem formation will remain a differential-sticking
problem until it is cased off.
预先计划。对可能的复杂地层，尤其是渗透性地层（例如砂岩和石灰岩地层）要有充分的认识，要记住：
除非下套管封隔后，这些地层始终是发生压差卡钻的威胁。
 Contingency planning: pre-select mud treatments & freeing methods. Ensure there is always an
adequate supply of lubricants, spotting fluids and lost circulation treatments at the wellsite. Select BHA's
with minimum wall contact. Use undergauge stabilisers higher up the BHA. This should not affect
directional control.
应急计划：预先选择好泥浆处理和解卡方案。要确保井场上有足够的润滑剂、解卡剂、堵漏失材料。尽量减
少 BHA 的井壁接触面积。BHA 的上段可使用欠尺寸扶正器，并不影响定向控制。
 Keep to the minimum mud weight necessary to drill the section. Monitor and maintain all other properties
especially fluid loss, low gravity solids and gels. Stay within the recommended range of low gravity solids
(LGS)
钻进时，要尽量选择低的泥桨比重。监测和控制好其它性能，尤其是滤失量、低比重固相和切力，将低比
重固相控制在推荐的范围以内。
Hole Size (in) 井眼尺寸（英寸） Recommended LGS (%) 推荐的低比重固相比例
17 1/2 10-15
12 1/4 8-10
8 1/2 5-8
6 5-8
 Have sufficient pit space available to allow for rapid mixing of treatments if sticking does occur.
预备足够的泥浆罐备用容积，以便发生卡钻时，能迅速配制、混合各类处理剂。
 Keep the pipe moving and circulate whenever possible. Select survey methods/equipment that requires
the pipe to be static for the shortest time i.e. MWD. In critical sections rotate the pipe slowly in the slips
on connections and surveys to reduce the risk of differential sticking.
如果可能，尽量保持钻具活动和循环泥浆。选择测斜仪器时，要选择让钻具静止时间最短的测量方法或设
备，如 MWD。在特殊井段，接单根或测斜时，要用卡瓦慢慢旋转钻具，以减少压差卡钻的风险。
 Continuously monitor pore pressure. Increased overbalance increases the chance of becoming stuck.
随时监测地层孔隙压力，井底压力超压越大，越容易发生卡钻。
 Consider running lubricants in the mud system. Consult your local fluids specialist for recommendations.
Beware of any environmental impacts of lubricants.
考虑在泥浆中加入润滑剂。咨询当地的钻井液专家，注意润滑剂对环境的影响。
 For OBM, rheology modifiers may produce a less sticky filter cake. Recommended treatment is at 1ppb
but pilot test first.
对于油基泥浆，流变性的改性剂可产生摩阻较小的泥饼，推荐值为 1ppb，先进行小型试验。
7-1-4 Other Causes of Stuck Pipe 其它卡钻原因
 Undergauge Hole 欠尺寸的井眼
 Wellbore Geometry 井眼几何尺寸或形状的影响
 Junk 井内落物
第 44 页
 Green Cement 水泥浆没有凝固

 Cement Blocks 水泥掉块
 Collapsed Casing 套管破裂
7-1-4-1 Undergauge Hole 欠尺寸的井眼
Most likely in an abrasive sandstone. If a bit wears while drilling, an undergauge hole may result. When the
new bit is run it may become jammed in the undergauge hole. Always gauge bits, stabilisers etc.
多发生在研磨性的砂岩地层，钻进中，如果钻头磨损，则会出现小尺寸井眼，再下入一个新钻头时，就可能会
塞在小井眼内。要测量钻头和扶正器的外径。
 If an undergauge bit is pulled, ream carefully below the first unworn stabiliser in the last BHA. Consider
pulling the new bit if lots of reaming required (may have gauge wear/bearing damage. Run gauge
protected bits. Consider roller reamers behind the bit.
起钻出缩径钻头后，BHA 最上只没有磨损的扶正器以下井段扩眼时要小心。如扩眼段较长，可能造成钻头
保径或轴承损坏，应考虑起出新钻头，下入保径钻头，还可在钻头上方安装滚珠扩眼器。
 Take care running PDC/diamond bits after a tricone.
使用三牙轮钻头后，下入 PDC 和金刚石钻头时要小心。
 If stuck, jar upwards with maximum force. 如果发生卡钻，使用震击器以最大力量上击
7-1-4-2 Wellbore Geometry 井眼几何特性
Stiff/packed BHA’s can get stuck in holes drilled with flexible or bent assemblies. BHA’s can also stand up on
ledges in interbedded hard/soft formation.
刚性满眼钻具组合可能在用柔性钻具组合钻进的井段发生卡钻，BHA 也容易卡在硬/ 软交错地层的台阶上。
7-1-4-3 Minimise doglegs 减少狗腿
 Trip in slowly with packed BHA's after using a flexible or bent assembly.
使用柔性钻具组合后，再下入满眼钻具组合时，要严格控制下钻速度。
 Consider using more flexible BHA if problems running in since may not be able to trip out.
如果下钻有困难，可以使用更为柔性的钻具组合，否则起钻会很麻烦。
 If stuck, jar with maximum force in the opposite direction of the trip.
如果发生卡钻，用震击器以最大力量朝遇卡的相反方向震击。
7-1-4-4 Junk 井下落物
 More common when tripping out and inside casing.
经常发生在起钻时或者钻具在套管内时。
 Only use inspected equipment. Check all tools for loose connections/stray metal etc.
只能使用检查过的设备，检查所有工具是否有松散的连接或部件。
 Inspect handling tools regularly especially tongs and slips. 定期检查操作工具，尤其是大钳和卡瓦。
 Keep the hole covered when possible. 可能的话，随时盖住井口。
 Install drillpipe wipers if possible when tripping out. 可能的话，起钻时要装钻杆刮泥器。
7-1-4-5 Green Cement 水泥浆没有完全凝固
 Occurs when running into cement that has not quite set. 下钻到还没有完全凝固的水泥段，发生复杂。
 Know where the top of cement (TOC) is. 知道水泥塞的顶部位置。
 Wait until cement has set hard. Check the setting time. 等待水泥凝固变硬，检查水泥凝固时间。
 Start circulation several stands above TOC and run in slowly. Do not rely on weight indicator to find
TOC. 距水泥环顶部几个立柱时，就开始循环并缓慢下钻。不要依赖指重表来判断水泥环顶部的位置。
 Drill cement with low WOB and high flowrate. If in doubt circulate bottoms up and check the condition of
the cement returns before continuing.
钻水泥塞要用小钻压、大排量。如果有疑问，就循环一个迟到时间以检查水泥的返出，再继续作业。
 Treat WBM with 0.25-0.5ppb sodium bicarbonate to minimise mud contamination.
使用 0.25-0.5ppb 碳酸氢钠来处理水基泥浆，以减少泥浆污染。
第 45 页
 If stuck, jar and work pipe upwards immediately. Circulate while doing this.
如果遇卡，马上震击并向上活动钻具，同时保持泥浆循环。
7-1-4-6 Cement Blocks 水泥掉块
Blocks of cement falling from the casing rathole or from cement plugs can jam the BHA.
从井底口袋或者是水泥塞落下的水泥掉块会卡住 BHA。
 Minimise rathole (3-5ft) is optimum. 井底口袋不要太长（3-5 英尺最佳）。
 Ensure good quality cement is placed around the casing shoe. 确保套管鞋附近的水泥质量完好。
 Ream the rathole before drilling ahead. 开始钻进新地层前，先钻掉水泥口袋并划眼。
 Trip carefully through the rathole and past cement plugs. 起下钻通过口袋和水泥塞时，要小心。
7-1-4-7 Collapsed Casing 套管破裂
 Collapsed casing occurs when the differential pressure between external forces on the casing and
internal forces exceed collapse pressure. This could occur during a drawdown test or because of
formation stresses. Common causes are inadequate casing design, corrosion, casing wear.
当套管所承受的外力、内力之间的差超过套管破裂压力后，套管就会破损。这种现象会在试井中发生，或
者地层应力的原因。常见的原因是套管设计不当、套管腐蚀或磨损等原因。
 A correct casing design is vital - double check it. 准确的套管设计非常重要，甲乙双方都要核对。
 Minimise casing wear. Use only smooth, polished hard banding.
尽量减少套管磨损，使用的钻具耐磨带应光滑。
 Ensure a good cement job. A full cement sheath increases the casing collapse resistance.
确保固井质量，封隔良好的水泥环可以增加套管的破裂强度。
 Review inflow and production testing requirements. Modify if casing wear is evident during drilling.
要检查油气生产要求，在钻进中，如果发现套管磨损的明显迹象，要及时修正。
7.2 Prevention of Stuck Pipe During Routine Operations 常规作业的卡钻预防
7-2-1 Reaming & Backreaming Guidelines 划眼和倒划眼提示
If reaming operations are conducted too fast solids from wash-outs and cavings are introduced into the
circulating system at a faster rate than the hole is being cleaned. This results in a pack-off. Do not assume
that any resistance is always at the bit; stabilisers and drill collar contact may be indicative of a build up of
loose material in the hole and a potential pack-off situation. The following guidelines are offered as a general
list.
如划眼太快，从井壁上掉下来的岩屑就会很快进入泥浆循环系统，进入速度要比井眼清洁的速度快，环空就会
埋堵。不要认为阻卡总是在钻头，扶正器和钻铤也可能发生井眼中堆积岩屑或环空埋堵，以下为常规提示：
7-2-1-1 Planning 计划
 Have a contingency plan for all possible problems. E.g., what to do in case of a leaking swivel packing or
leaking saver sub.
所有可能的复杂都要有应急计划。如：万一水龙头密封盘根刺漏或者安全保护接头刺漏时，怎么办？
 Always pre-plan a trip. Have an up-to-date mudlog on the rig floor. Know where high doglegs exist and
note troublesome areas from past trips.
起下钻前有预先计划。钻台上有最新的泥浆录井数据，知道狗腿度大的井段，以前起下钻的复杂井段。
 Have singles in the V-door in case downward motion is required to free the pipe after a connection in
case that rig is equipped with Kelly rather that TDS.
如钻机使用方钻杆而不是顶驱，钻台坡道处要准备好一单根钻杆，如果接单根后发生卡钻，可以上下活动
以求解卡。
7-2-1-2 Organisation 组织
 The shakers must be monitored continuously and the volume of solids being removed from the well bore
should be recorded.
随时观察振动筛的情况，记录从井内排出岩屑的数量。
第 46 页
 While drilling or reaming in problem formations have two people at the console: one man on the brake
and the other on the pumps.
复杂地层钻进或划眼时，司钻房要安排两个人，一个人在刹把处，另一个观察泥浆泵的工况。
 Ensure that the driller knows what actions to take in the event of problems. Are overpull limits, freeing
procedures and reaming practices understood? Are written instructions for the driller prepared and
updated regularly?
司钻要知道处理事故的措施，如上提钻具的极限、解卡的程序、划眼操作等。司钻要有最新的书面指令。
 Mud loggers will record all parameters. Significant changes in trends should be reported immediately to
the driller.
泥浆录井要记录好所有参数，任何明显的变化趋势都要及时通报给司钻。
7-2-1-3 Parameters 参数
 Use consistent parameters for reaming operations. This assists in identification of changes in torque and
pressure trends.
划眼时，各种参数要保持一致，可以有助于判断、分析扭矩和泵压的变化。
 Any indication of changes in parameters should be addressed immediately. Most drag problems can be
reduced by time spent circulating the hole clean.
参数的变化迹象都要引起注意，很多摩阻力有关的复杂都可通过循环时间的延长来减少。
 An increase in drag, torque or pressure may indicate that the annulus is loaded up, and a pack-off may
be forming. Circulate and clean the well bore before continuing reaming.
摩阻、扭矩和泵压增加，表明井眼环空负载大，可能会形成埋堵，划眼以前要循环、清洁井眼。
 If indications of a pack-off occur, immediately reduce the pump strokes (e.g. by half ) to reduce the
pistoning effect. If, after several minutes the hole does not pack-off, return to the original parameters and
be prepared to circulate the hole clean.
一旦埋堵迹象出现，马上减小泵冲（比如减小一半），以减少活塞效应。几分钟后，埋堵现象消失后，可
恢复到原参数，彻底循环、清洁井眼。
 Reaming speed and circulation time should be adjusted if the returning cuttings' volume rate is
excessive.
如果钻屑的返出量过大，可调整划眼速度和循环时间。
 If torque becomes erratic or any of the following occurs: a) The rotary is stalling out. b) The cave-in rate
increases. c) Torque and pressure readings are increasing, then be prepared to stop, circulate and clean
up the hole.
如果扭矩忽高忽低，或者出现下面的迹象：a). 转盘负荷大或憋停，b). 掉块多或井塌速度加快，c).扭矩和
泵压增加。则要停止钻井，循环、清洁井眼。
 Prior to heavy reaming, slow rotation (<80 rpm) should be used in an attempt to "walk” the pipe past
ledges.
大段划眼之前，采用较慢的转速（<80 rpm）让钻具缓慢通过已有的台阶。
 Reaming operations should be conducted with the same flow rate as drilling.
划眼时要保持与钻进时相同的排量。
 Reaming weight and speed should be kept low (< 10 - 15k lbs either up or down). This reduces the
chance of sidetracking the well and is less damaging to the drill string.
划眼时，钻压和转速要小，(10–15klbs左右)，可减少出现新井眼并减少损害钻具。
 Control the speed of reaming operations (4 stands an hour can be used as a rule of thumb for the
maximum speed). This should also reduce the mechanical damage the drill string does to the well bore.
控制划眼速度（不超过每小时4个立柱），同时可减少钻具对井眼造成的机械破坏。
 Large volumes of settled cuttings or new cavings can be introduced to the hole when reaming. It is
critical that this material is circulated out of the hole.
第 47 页
划眼时，会有大量沉砂和新掉块落入井内，及时将这些岩屑循环、清除掉非常关键。
7-2-1-4 General/Operation 一般操作
 If the hole packs-off, immediately shut down the pumps and slowly bleed the pressure under the pack-off
down to less than 500 psi.
如果井眼环空埋堵，应马上停泵，慢慢将泵压泄回到500 psi.以内。
 While reaming in problem formations the hole may need to be wiped at regular intervals, if conditions
require it.
在复杂井段进行划眼时，如果条件需要，要定期清洁井眼。
 Do not use the Soft Torque while reaming as it may disguise torque trends.
划眼时，不能使用软扭矩，可能会造成扭矩的变化假象。
 Make sure the pipe is free before setting the slips.
坐卡瓦时，要确保钻具可以自由活动。
 After drilling or reaming down, the cuttings should be circulated above the BHA prior to picking up.
钻井或者划眼后，上提钻具前，要将钻屑循环到BHA上方。
 The preferred practice is to always try to work the string past a tight spot as a first option. However,
overpull limits must be known and used. Work up to the overpull limit in stages ensuring free movement
in the other direction at each stage.
推荐的做法是首先活动钻具力求通过遇卡井段，但要了解活动钻具的极限值。要分次数活动钻具到极限值
并确保每次钻具都能向相反方向自由活动。
 Limiting overpulls to half the BHA weight has proven to be a successful strategy in avoiding stuck pipe.
上提、下压钻具不超过BHA重量的一半被证明是避免卡钻的成功方法。
 If the top drive stalls out during reaming operations there is a great deal of stored energy in the torqued
up drill string, always release this torque slowly.
划眼期间，如果顶驱堵转，钻具内会储存大量的扭矩，一定要慢慢释放这些扭矩。
 When washing in, with a motor in the BHA, rotate the whole drill string at low rpm.
BHA使用动力钻具循环下钻时，要采用较低的钻具转速。
7-2-2 Tripping - Deviated Hole 定向井的起下钻
7-2-2-1 Planning 计划
 Record the depth of the top of the BHA while circulating bottoms up prior to tripping. Take extreme care
when the top stabiliser reaches this depth and for the following two stands, as this is the likely place the
BHA will be pulled in to a cuttings bed if one exists.
起钻前循环时，要记录BHA的顶部井深，当第一个扶正器和下面的两个立柱通过该井深时，要格外小心。
因为一旦有钻屑床，BHA很容易被拉进钻屑床。
 The next area to take special care (if applicable to the well ) is at depths where the well inclination is 40 –
65 degrees. This is where cuttings beds, from the steeper sections of the well above, avalanche down
and come to rest.
下一个需要格外小心（如果存在的话）是井斜角在40–65度的井段。因为钻屑很容易从上面较陡的井段落
下，聚集在在这个井段。
7-2-2-2 Parameters 参数
Do not initially pull more than half the BHA weight or 30k lbs when pulling out of the hole. This is a rule to
used for initial overpulls while POOH. If overpull exceeds 30k lbs or half the BHA weight, go back down 1
stand and circulate bottoms up at full drilling flowrate while reciprocating and rotating the string.
起钻遇卡时，第一次提拉钻具不要使用超过BHA重量的一半值或者30klbs，如果超过这个值后仍不解卡，下钻
一个立柱，用钻进排量循环一个迟到时间，边上下活动、转动钻具。
7-2-2-3 General Operation 一般操作
 Before tripping circulate the hole clean. 起下钻以前，循环清洁井眼。
第 48 页
 Reciprocate and rotate the drill string while circulating bottoms up.在井底循环时应上下活动、转动钻具。
 Beware: the BHA can become stuck in a cuttings bed inside the casing.
注意： BHA在套管内也能因岩屑床引起卡钻。
7-2-3 Connection Guidelines 接单根提示
There is a history of sticking problems when making connections. These have occurred in all hole sizes and
have resulted in expensive sidetracking operations.
曾经有接单根时发生卡钻事故的记载。在所有尺寸的井眼中都发生过，甚至导致花费巨大的填井侧钻。
The following guidelines assume top drive drilling. 下面的提示是针对使用顶驱的作业情况下：
 Wipe the last joint prior to making a connection -- if erratic or high torque is experienced prior to the
connection some time and effort should be taken ensure the cuttings are well above the BHA.
如果在一段时间内扭矩异常或较高，接单根前要划眼最后一个单根，使钻屑在BHA上方。
 After making a connection break circulation slowly, checking for returns at the shakers.
接单根后，缓慢开泵循环，检查振动筛上的泥浆返出情况。
 Avoid starting and stopping the mud pumps suddenly. This may disturb the well bore downhole
避免突然停、开泵，否则会干扰井下情况。
 Minimise the period without circulation during a connection. 接单根期间，尽量减少停泵时间。
 If differential sticking is expected to be a risk; a) Maximize pipe motion. b) Consider rotation of string with
slips set, whilst picking up the next stand. Beware of inducing slip cuts and, if you do, lay out that joint of
pipe for inspection.
如果考虑是压差卡钻，a) 大幅度活动钻具，b)上提下一个立柱的同时，用转盘卡瓦来试图转动钻具，注意：
操作后，要特别注意钻杆上卡瓦的划痕，并甩掉该钻杆作探伤检查。
 Connections should only be made if hole condition is good. Never make a connection with any overpull
onto the slips. 只有井眼状况允许时才接单根，接单根时，千万不要上提遇卡时坐卡瓦。
 Set slips high enough to allow downward movement. If hole conditions are sticky, extra stick up may be
required. Take care not to bend the pipe.
坐卡瓦时，钻具要留出足够的下方活动空间，粘卡井段时，转盘上方需要留更多钻具，注意不弄弯钻杆。
7-2-4 Surveying -- Stuck Pipe Avoidance While Surveying Planning
测斜—测斜期间如何避免卡钻
 Make sure the MWD or survey engineer is ready to survey before you stop drilling. Ensure the time
taken to survey is not going to be excessive. Find out the maximum time required to go through the
entire survey cycle and ensure this is both reasonable and is not exceeded. The average MWD survey
takes from 3 to 5 minutes. It should be up to the person in charge on the rig floor to determine whether or
not the pipe must be moved between surveys, or if another survey can be attempted.
确保停钻前，测斜工程师已准备就位，要确保测斜时间不要过长，确定的测斜时间要合理，MWD一般为
3-5分钟。专人在钻台上决定人员测斜间隔是否要活动钻具，是否尝试下一个测斜。
 Never allow the MWD operator to continue surveying without the Driller's, Directional Driller's or
Toolpusher’s permission.
没有司钻、定向司钻或者带班队长的允许，随钻测斜人员不能测斜。
 The depth or position on the Kelly of the next survey, the last survey result and the amount of reaming or
circulating before and during the surveys should be written up on the rig floor.
下次测斜深度、方钻杆的位置、上次测量结果和划眼、循环的时间在测斜前或测斜期间应写在钻台上。
7-2-4-1 General/Operation 一般操作
 The pipe should be worked, reamed or circulated before taking a survey. The amount of pre-survey
working, reaming, or circulating should be discussed with the Toolpusher and rig site supervisor.
测斜前要活动钻具，划眼或循环。活动钻具、划眼或循环的时间和操作要与带班队长和现场监督商量。
 It is possible to rotate some MWD tools one or two minutes into the survey time. Ask the MWD operator
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for all of his options, especially if the hole is tight.

测斜期间，有可能要转动钻具1-2分钟，但听从MWD操作人员的选择，尤其井眼情况复杂时。
 If the survey is required at a set depth, driller or toolpusher may consult with rigsite supervisor to suggest
more circulating before surveying. He may also suggest drilling a few more feet and then picking back up
to that survey depth.
如果需要在某个特定深度测斜，司钻或带班队长可咨询现场监督或者测斜前延长循环，或者再钻进几米后
上提钻具到测斜点再测斜。
 The position of the Kelly is of particular importance in preventing stuck pipe. The survey should never be
taken with the Kelly completely down or immediately after the connection is made. There will not be
enough room available to cock the jars and work the pipe should the hole become tight.
方钻杆的位置对于防止卡钻尤其重要，如方钻杆放入全部钻完或刚接完单根，不要测斜，因为一旦井眼情
况复杂，就没有足够的空间来活动钻具和使震击器工作。
 A good position to survey is the first or second tool joint of the stand.
理想的测斜位置是立柱的第一个或者第二个接头处。
 The risk of using Dp screens should be carefully considered. Handling screens when drilling in stands
with top drive presents a significant safety hazard. Some assets have stopped using them for this
reason. The floorhands must clean out the screens after connections and report any washouts and
abnormal amounts of junk that may plug up the screen or the MWD downhole. A plugging of either could
reduce the ability to have full flow and increase the chance of stuck pipe. Screen in the standpipe/mud
line can eliminate the possibility of misplaced drill pipe screens.
要认真对待使用钻杆滤清器的风险，尤其使用顶驱以立柱钻进方式时。因此，有些钻井公司已经不使用它。
每次接完单根后，钻工要清洗钻杆滤清器，如果有刺漏或者较多的可能堵塞MWD仪器的异常杂物，要及
时报告。堵塞会减少排量、增加卡钻的几率。立管/泥浆管汇的滤网可以减少放错钻杆滤清器的可能。
 Ensure all screens are removed after circulating for a survey. If a screen is left in the string by accident it
could prevent any wireline work that may be needed for a free point or back-off.
循环完，测斜时要拿出钻杆滤清器，如果不慎留在钻具内，可能影响可能的测卡点和倒扣作业。
 Consider the effect hole condition may have on survey interval times when surveys are dropped before
tripping. If hole conditions are poor the Kelly may need to be picked up to circulate or backream during
the trip out through open hole. The additional time this may take should be added when setting survey
time intervals.
起钻前投斜时，要考虑井下情况对测斜点时间间隔的影响。如果井下情况不好，可能需要接方钻杆循环或
者倒划眼。当确定测斜时间间隔时，要将这部分时间考虑进去。
 The effect of mud additives on the survey tools should also be considered. Some additives can increase
the chance of packing-off inside the survey tool. This is especially true if the mud contains Lost
Circulation Materials ( LCM ).
要考虑泥浆添加剂对测斜工具的影响，一些添加剂可能使测斜工具堵塞，尤其是泥浆内含有堵漏材料时。
7-2-5 Drilling 钻井期间
Torque, pump pressure, up and down drag, the shape, type, volume rate of cuttings and cavings at the
shakers all give an indication of the hole condition and whether that condition is improving or deteriorating.
However, pack-off situations often occur rapidly and the immediate indicators of what is happening are only
the rotating torque value and circulating pressure. It is therefore important to conduct reaming and drilling
operations with steady operating parameters. Trends can then be established and deviation from these
trends noted and reacted to. This is the reason for recording operating parameters on a regular basis and
keeping a record of them on the rig floor. this is done by the Driller every 15 minutes during all reaming and
drilling operations . Should these parameters change significantly corrective action should be taken
immediately.
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扭矩、泵压、上提下放摩阻以及振动筛上的钻屑、掉块的种类、形状、数量等，都是判断井下情况好转和恶化的标
志，然而，环空埋堵发生的非常突然，明显的症兆是扭矩、泵压。所以，划眼和钻进时使用稳定的参数非常重要。
要建立参数的变化规律，一旦发现偏离，就要记录和采取措施。在钻台上要定期记录、保存好钻进参数，划眼和
钻进时，司钻每15分钟纪录一次，一旦参数发生明显变化，就应马上采取补救措施。
7-2-6 Casing & Cementing 下套管和固井

7-2-6-1 Running Casing / Liners 下套管/尾管
There are a number of steps that can be taken to reduce the chances of stuck casing.
可采取很多手段来减少卡套管的几率：
 A torque drag analysis can be performed to predict the limiting friction factor for the casing / liner job.
The limiting friction factor is the highest well bore friction factor that will still allow the casing or liner to
get to bottom. The well bore friction factor can be measured on the last trip out of the well but is best built
up from experience over the duration of the well. The predicted down weights that will be experienced
while running the casing can be calculated and, if significant deviation from these values is observed,
remedial action can be taken before sticking occurs.
可做扭矩/摩阻分析来预计套管/尾管的极限摩擦系数。极限摩擦系数是套管/尾管能够下达井底的最大井壁
摩擦系数，可在最后一次起钻时测得，但最好是在整个钻井作业过程得出，下套管时的遇阻吨位可以计算
出来，如果实际作业中有明显的偏离，在套管被卡前，要马上采取应急措施。
 If overpulls are experienced on the last trip out of the well, performing a wiper trip should be considered.
This is obviously more critical when running a casing string that is too heavy to be removed from the
hole.如果在最后一趟起钻时遇卡严重，则要做短起下钻，这对下入非常重的套管（不能起出）更加重要。
7-2-6-2 Coring 取芯
Core length of more than 90ft can be cut without breaking the core when the rig is fitted with a top drive
system. In the past this has lead to differentially stuck core barrels while coring sandstone. It is ecommended
that the core be broken every 90ft where there is a risk of differential sticking.
如果钻机配有顶驱，则可以取芯90英尺而不用割芯。以前，砂岩取芯时可能发生压差卡钻。所以，如果有压差
卡钻危险时，每90英尺应割芯。
7-2-6-3 Well Control 井控
Stuck pipe is secondary to well control.和井控相比，卡钻总是第二位的
Stuck pipe sometimes occurs after or during a well control situation. Differential sticking can occur due to the
string being stationary for an extended period of time. A pack-off can occur due to cuttings falling onto the
string when the well is shut in and the pumps are stopped.
在处理井控过程中或之后有时发生卡钻事故，钻具在井内静止时间过长，会发生压差卡钻。但关井或者停泵时，
钻屑会在井眼内滑落，造成埋堵。
 Solve the well control problem. 解决井控方面的问题
 Deal with the stuck pipe situation. 然后再处理卡钻方面的问题
7-2-6-4Lost Circulation 井漏
When intermediate or severe losses occur, cuttings will settle out around the BHA, and mechanically stick
the pipe. The cuttings will act as a packer, and make the losses worse. Keep the pipe moving if possible.
Consider pulling to the shoe before pumping an LCM pill. As a rule, have enough open hole volume below
the bit to accommodate the whole treatment. Reactive clays overlying the loss formation are likely to become
unstable if exposed to uninhibited fluids. ·As loss zones may be at lower pressure, beware of differential
sticking. If pumping LCM followed by cement, ensure that the LCM is clear of the pipe before pumping
cement. Carry out pilot tests for each treatment.
发生中等或严重井漏时，钻屑就会沉淀在BHA周围，导致机械卡钻。钻屑就会象封隔器一样，加剧漏失，有可
能就要活动钻具。泵入堵漏剂前，可起钻至套管鞋处。规则是在钻头下部留出足够的裸眼空间来容纳堵漏剂。如
第 51 页
果长时间暴露在抑制性差的流体，漏失层的上覆活性粘土层就会变得不稳定。由于漏失层的压力会比较低，要
小心压差卡钻。如果泵入堵漏剂后还泵入水泥，在泵入水泥之前要把堵漏剂顶替到钻具外，每次处理之前，都
要做相关的小型试验。
7-2-6-5 Air/Foam Drilling 空气 / 泡沫钻井
Stuck Pipe Considerations While Air Drilling 空气钻井的卡钻问题
The key point is that the operation and potential problems are similar to a conventional drilling operation.
With this in mind the following list of key points has been put together.
空气钻井的作业和潜在问题与常规钻井相似，一些关键要点列在下面：
Differential Sticking - this is unlikely to occur since the drilling fluid is aerated foam, and most of the time
underbalance conditions prevail.
压差卡钻- 由于钻井液是充气的泡沫，而且大多数时间是欠平衡状态。
Pack-Off - this is the most likely sticking mechanism and is due to inadequate hole cleaning. The highest risk
is during reaming but it may occur during drilling. Packing-off due to mud rings forming in the annulus is
common, constant monitoring of the standpipe pressure and blooie line is required to identify the problem.
环空埋堵-这是最常见的卡钻原因，由井眼清洁引起。划眼时最容易发生，钻进中也会出现。在井眼环空形成泥
浆环引发的环空埋堵比较常见，密切监视立管压力和泥浆排出放喷管线可及时识别事故症状。
Mechanical / Geometric Sticking - this may occur as in a conventional well especially after BHA or bit
changes. The highest risk of stuck pipe is during trips.
机械/井眼几何尺寸导致的卡钻- 这种事故在常规钻井中改变BHA和钻头后容易发生。起下钻时最容易发生。
Listen to the hole - always monitor: 密切观察井眼情况
 drag. 摩阻
 torque. 扭矩
 rate of return of cuttings and cavings. 钻屑和井壁掉块的返出
If the operation is correctly instrumented the following may indicate potential problems:
如果作业时各种参数议工作正常，以下因素可判断潜在的事故：
 Flow rate of air from the compressors to the well. 从压缩机到井眼的气体排量
 Condition of the foam. 泡沫的情况
 Standpipe pressure (small fluctuations may indicate hole cleaning problems or mud rings forming).
立管压力(立管压力较小的波动,表明井眼清洁不好,或者形成了泥浆环)
Freeing the pipe - always follow good drilling practices. 解卡 – 执行正确有效的操作
 In the event of mechanical sticking ALWAYS jar in the opposite direction to the direction the pipe was
travelling when it became stuck.
如果发生机械原因的卡钻，总是要使用震击器往钻具卡钻时的相反方向震击。
 In the event of a pack-off, torque may be used to help "break up" the packed material.
如果发生环空埋堵，可以尝试施加扭矩来帮助“疏松打开”埋堵的充填物。
7.3 Preventing Drill String Failures - a Cause of Stuck Pipe
预防钻具事故—卡钻的原因之一
7-3-1 Care of Tubulars 管材的防护
Handle all tubulars carefully. Always fit thread protectors when in transit. Careless use of slips and tonges
can damage and weaken the pipe body and tool joints resulting in cracking and washouts. Pipe should be
stabbed with care to avoid damage to the tool joint shoulders. Inspection routines must be followed and
additional inspections made if pipe is subject to heavy use.
要小心使用管材，搬运时要戴上护丝，卡瓦和大钳使用不当，会损坏管具的本体和接头，导致裂纹或者刺漏。
对扣时要小心以避免损伤接头台阶。要进行常规检查，管具在进行重负荷使用和操作后，要进行额外检查。
7-3-1-1 BHA Connection Fatigue Prevention BHA联接失效预防
 Put the Weight On Bit limits used to design the BHA in the drilling programme, so they are not exceeded
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unintentionally.
钻井设计中，设计BHA时，要考虑使用的最大极限钻压，这样在实际操作中就能够避免超过该值。
 Check Bending Strength Ratios of DC’s. Match similar sized (similar BSR) DC together.
检查钻铤的抗弯强度比率BSR，将尺寸、BSR相似的钻铤匹配使用。
 Inspect BHA components following the standard frequence.
按照规定的标准时间周期，检查BHA组件。
 If experiencing pin failures BSR may be too high. If box failures are occurring then raise the BSR.
如果公接头失效，表明BSR可能太高，如果是母接头出现失效，则需要增加BSR。
 Do not allow an OD change of more than 2” at any one connection.
不允许任何两个丝扣连接的钻具，直径差别超过2英寸。
7-3-1-2 Drill Pipe Tube Fatigue Prevention 钻具疲劳失效预防
 Use HWDP as transition pipe. Do not run HWDP buckled.
使用加重钻杆作为过渡钻具，不要使加重钻杆扰曲。
 Check stiffness ratio of DP - HWDP - DC or DP - DC and ensure it is less than 5.5 for low complexity
drilling and less than 3.5 for highly complex wells, HTHP, horizontal and extended reach wells. The
stiffness ratio (SR) is the same calculation as BSR but SR is used only for tubular body stiffness. Ref API
RP7G.
检查钻杆、加重钻杆和钻铤或者钻杆、钻铤之间的刚度比值，对于常规井，比值要小于5.5, 对于非常复杂的
井，高温高压井，水平井和大位移井，比值要小于3.5。刚度比值(SR)的计算方法与BSR的计算方法是一样
的，但是刚度比值 (SR) 仅仅适用于管材的本体。参考 API RP7G.
 Inspect BHA components following the standard frequencies.
按照规定的周期，检查检查BHA组件。
 Make sure the correct make-up torque is used for drill pipe. Note that make-up torque is only a function
of the tool joint type, pin ID, box OD.
确保使用正确的钻杆上扣扭矩，注意上扣扭矩仅和接头类型、公接头内径和母接头外径有关。
 After rotating in the slips for whatever reason, check for slip cuts, if any are present, layout that joint for
inspection.
无论什么原因，钻具座卡瓦中旋转后，都要检查钻具有无卡瓦咬伤，如果有，应甩下单根检查。
 Reduce the surface torque limit by 50% in slip stick situations such as milling on junk.
处理某些卡钻，如磨铣井内落物时，要将使用的井口扭矩极限减少50%。
 Cycle the bottom stand of drill pipe out of the string every trip. Place it at the top of the string. This may
play havoc with your tally but it could prevent uneven fatigue on your drill pipe and thus prevent early
failure.
每次起下钻时，要将最底部的立柱倒到最上部，这样可能影响钻具表，但是它可以防止钻具由于磨损不均
匀造成的疲劳，从而防止钻具过早疲劳。
 Have the rig crew check the make-up face of drill pipe for scores whenever drill pipe is picked up.
当钻杆起出井后，组织井队员工检查钻具上扣操作面是否有伤痕。
 Minimise dog legs high in the well.
尽可能减少井眼内的狗腿。
7-3-2 Drill String Inspection criteria 钻具检查标准
Drill Pipe 钻杆  Prior to spud of the first well. 第一口井开钻前
Vertical wells 直井  After each 35000ft drilled. 每钻完 35000 英尺
 Annually if no records are kept. 如果没有历史检查记录，一年一次
 After a well with MD > 20000ft. 钻完20000 英尺进尺后
Drill Pipe 钻杆  Prior to spud of the first well. 第一口井开钻前
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Directional Wells or  After each 30000ft drilled. 每钻完 30000 英尺

Horizontal Wells  Annually if no records are kept. 如果没有历史检查记录，一年一次
斜井或者水平井  Inspect drill pipe rotated in or through the uppermost build section after
drilling a well with a measured depth greater than 13500ft.
如果钻完13500ft进尺以后，要检查在上部井段工作的钻杆。.
All BHA  Prior to spud of the first well. 第一口井开钻前
Components  After each 150 - 250 rotating hrs (Note: After 150hrs rotating the BHA
including HWDP should be inspected at the next operationally convenient time. The upper
所有的底部钻具部 limit is 250 hrs after which BHA components should be inspected before
分，包括加重钻杆 further use.
钻具每旋转150至250小时后，注意井下钻具旋转150小时以后，在下次使
用前要检查。对于底部钻具的部件，最高极限为250小时，再次使用必须检
查。
On-site Routine Inspection 现场常规检查

1. Visual tube. 目视检查
Drill pipe tube How straight the joint is. If any mechanical or corrosion damage exists. If the joint is scaled up or
contains dried drilling mud.
钻杆是否垂直？是否存在机械损坏或者腐蚀破坏？接头是否有伤痕？是否有干泥浆？
2. OD gauge of Drill pipe tube Any variations in the diameter of the tube. Any mechanical damage to the tube
such as expansion or reduction in OD
使用钻具外径规检查外径是否变化，有无机械损害。比如：外径变大或者外径缩小等。
3. UT wall thickness Drill pipe tube The tube wall thickness
超声波检查钻杆的壁厚等。
4. Electromagnetic. 电磁探伤检查
Drill pipe tube: The presence of Fatigue cracks, corrosion, slip cuts, etc.
钻杆：是否有疲劳裂缝、腐蚀、卡瓦划痕等
DP Upset or HWDP slip and upset areas: The presence of Fatigue cracks, corrosion, slip cuts, etc.,
钻杆加厚部分、加重钻杆卡瓦包紧区域和加厚区域：是否有疲劳裂缝、腐蚀、卡瓦划痕等。
5. Elevator groove: Drill collar elevator grooves Dimensions that are out of tolerance or rounded.
吊卡槽：钻艇的吊卡槽磨损是否过量，是否圆整。
6. Visual connection DP and HWDP tool joints ,BHA Connections: Torsional damage, galling, washouts, lack of
weight/grade markings and other damage.
肉眼检查钻杆、加重钻杆接头，井下钻具组合接头：是否有扭曲损害、拉痕、刺漏、重量减少/钢级标记和其他损坏等。
7.4 Freeing Stuck Pipe 解卡
7-4-1 Mechanical Freeing (All Stuck Pipe) 机械方式解卡（所有的被卡钻杆）
7-4-1-1General guideness 一般指导原则
In all instances work quickly to free the pipe. The probability of freeing the pipe diminishes with time.
Always apply the freeing force in the opposite direction to the direction of movement immediately before
sticking.
在所有的情况下都要采取措施让钻具解卡。卡钻时间越短，越容易解卡。通常的做法是：马上在钻具运动方向的
反方向施加力量。
trip in 下钻遇卡 overpull/jar upwards
上提钻具 / 震击器上击
trip out 起钻遇卡 slack-off/jar downwards
第 54 页
下放钻具 / 震击器下击
Establish circulation if possible. 如果可能，建立循环

 Working pipe downwards: Work torque into the string down to the stuck point. Normally 0.75
turns/1000ft. Know the effect of torque on the jars. Slack-off and let the jars fire down.
向下活动钻具，给钻具施加扭矩直至卡点。通常的做法是 0.75 转/1000 英尺，了解作用在震击器上的扭矩
效果。松开并让震击器安全下放。
 Working pipe upwards: Check whether force should be increased gradually or maximum force applied
from the start, then follow the appropriate action.
向上活动钻具，检查上提拉力是否逐渐增加，或者从一开始是否增加到最大拉力，然后采取相应的措施。
 Start working the pipe. Initially jar with 40-50,000lbs over the force required to trip the jar. Increase the
force gradually over an hour. Do not exceed agreed overpull.
活动钻具，一开始用 40-50,000lbs 力量震击，在一个小时后，逐渐增加力量。不要超过规定的拉力。
 Start working the pipe to its limits. Remember: work the pipe, allow the jar to fire, then work the pipe to
its limit with the jar uncocked.
活动钻具不要超过规定的极限值。记住活动钻具，让震击器打开，然后在震击器允许的范围内活动钻具。
STUCK PIPE PRIMARY SECONDARY ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

MECHANISM 第一步措施第一步措施补充信息
卡钻原因
DIFFERENTIAL Slump string and rotate. Maximum force from U-tube or pipe release check well control/stability before
STICKING start. agent. deciding to U-tube.
压差卡钻下放旋转钻具，从一开始就施加最大力量。 U 形管解卡法或者下入解在决定 U 形管解卡法之前，检查井
卡液。控情况/井眼稳定
KEY SEATING Work string down and rotate. Increase force Formation-specific (if Look at formation. Treat for
健槽卡钻 gradually. possible).针对具体地层采 formation (salt, I/st, clay).
上下活动钻具，慢慢增加力量。取措施观察、处理地层（盐，I/st,粘土）
UNDERGAUGE Work string up. Maximum force from start. Formation-specific (if Look at formation. Treat for
HOLE 上提钻具，从一开始就施加最大力量。 possible). 针对具体地层 formation (salt, I/st, clay).
缩径卡钻采取措施观察、处理地层（盐，I/st,粘土）
WELLBORE Work pipe in opposite direction to trip. Increase Formation-specific (if Look at formation. Treat for
GEOMETRY force gradually. possible). 针对具体地层 formation (salt, I/st, clay).
井眼几何尺寸导慢慢增加力量。慢慢增加力量。采取措施观察、处理地层（盐，I/st,粘土）
致的卡钻
HOLE Work string down and increase circulation.向下 Packed-off hole concentrate on downwards pipe
CLEANING 活动钻具，增加循环。 procedure. movement and full circulation.
井眼清洁原因导采取埋堵事故处理程序关注下移钻具运动，充分循环
致的卡钻
JUNK Work string up and down. Increase force RIH to overgauge section
落物卡钻 gradually. to lose junk.下入到大尺寸
上下活动钻具，慢慢增加力量。井段，松开落物。
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GREEN Jar/pull up. Maximum force from the start. 震击 Pump acid pill.
CEMENT / 上提，一开始就将力量增加到最大。泵入酸处理解卡剂。
水泥浆没有变硬
CEMENT Work string up and down. Pump acid pill.

BLOCKS 上下活动钻具，泵入酸处理解卡剂。
水泥堵塞
COLLAPSED Work string down. Increase forces gradually 向

CASING 下活动钻具，慢慢增加力量。
套管破裂
UNCONSOLID Work string up and down. Circulation increase Packed-off hole Concentrate on downwards pipe
ATED force gradually procedure movement and full circulation.
FORMATION 上下活动钻具，慢慢增加力量。采取埋堵事故处理程序关注下移钻具运动，充分循环
不稳定地层
SALT 盐层 Work pipe in opposite direction to trip. Max Pump freshwater pill
force from start. 泵入淡水解卡液
从相反方向活动钻具，一开始就将力量增加到
最大。
PLASTIC CLAY Work string up and down. Increase force

塑性粘土 gradually.
上下活动钻具，慢慢增加扭矩
FRACTURED/ Work string up and down. Max force from start. Pump acid pill if in If hole packed-off, increase forces
FAULTED 上下活动钻具，一开始就将力量增加到最大。 limestone or chalk. gradually.
FORM 如果遭遇石灰岩，泵入酸如果井眼埋堵，慢慢增加力量。
裂缝 / 断层形成性解卡液。
GEOPRESSU Work string up and down. Increase forces Packed-off hole Concentrate on downwards pipe
RED gradually. procedure. movement and full circulation.
FORMATION 上下活动钻具，
承受地质压力慢慢增加扭矩
的地层
REACTIVE Work string up and down. Increase forces Packed-off hole Concentrate on downwards pipe
FORMATION gradually. procedure. movement and full circulation.
容易产生化学上下活动钻具，
反应的地层慢慢增加扭矩
7-4-1-2 Overpull Calculations 上提拉力的计算

Initial Overpull = 1/2 x BHA weight in air below jars OR 0.85 x tensile strength of weakest component
(whichever is less).
最初的上提拉力 = 1/2 x 震击器以下 BHA 在空气中的重量
或者 0.85 x 最薄弱处钻具的抗拉强度 (两者的较小值).
Maximum Overpull 最大上提拉力
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1. Estimate weak point of string (usually drillpipe at surface, but check if running a mixed string e.g. 6
5/8” - 5” drillpipe. Max overpull at weak point (Tm) = 0.85 x tensile strength of weak point.
判断钻柱组合中强度最薄弱处（通常在井口处，但需分析下入的组合钻具，如使用 6 5/8” - 5” 钻杆）。
强度最薄弱处的最大拉力(Tm) = 0.85 x 强度最薄弱处的抗拉强度
2. Calculate weight of drillstring in air above weak point (W sw). Wsw = 0 if weak point is at surface.
计算强度最薄弱点以上钻柱在空气中的重量 Wsw，如最薄弱点在井口,Wsw = 0.
3. Maximum overpull on weight indicator (Wim):
指重表上的最大上提拉力 Wim = Wb +Tm + Wsw
4. Calculation of overpull at stuck point (To): 卡点处上提拉力的计算
To = Wi - Wb - Ws
where:
Wb = block weight 游动系统重量
Wi = weight indicator reading( Wi must never exceed Wim ) 指重表的读数（Wi 不能超过 Wim）
Ws = weight of drillstring in air above stuck point 卡点以上钻具在空气中的重量
Jarring Calculations 震击计算
 Load required to trip jar upwards: 震击器上击需要的载荷
Ls = Wi - Wj +Lj + Dh - Pf
 Load required to trip jar downwards: 震击器下击需要的载荷
Ls = Wi - Wj - Lj - Dh -Pf
Where
Ls = surface load to operate jar 震击器工作需要的井口载荷
Wi = weight indicator reading 指重表读数值
Lj = desired jar load 震击器工作需要的载荷
Dh = hole drag 井眼摩阻
Wj = weight of BHA in air below jar 震击器以下 BHA 在空气中的重量
Pf = pump open force 开泵造成的拉（下压）力
Remember 切记
ensure jar is uncocked before working pipe to the limit. 在活动钻具到极限值以前，保证震击器处于打开状态
 tripping out -jar down 起钻- 使震击器下击
 tripping in - jar up 下钻 -使震击器上击
 pump open force only applies while circulating. 只有循环时，才计算开泵造成的拉（下压）力
7-4-2 Differential Sticking 压差卡钻

The first response should be to mechanically free the pipe. The second response should be the u-tubing
method (subject to certain conditions) and the third response should be the use of a pipe release agent
(spotting pill). U-Tubing Method has restricted application. It should never be used if there is any danger of
inducing a well control incident. It is not generally used in potentially mechanically unstable formations as it
can induce wellbore failure. However, once u-tubing has been used once it can be used many times
afterwards with no danger of further damage to the formation.
遇到压差卡钻的第一个措施是想办法机械解卡。第二个措施是采取 U 形管解卡法（只适用于某些情况下）。第
三个措施是使用解卡液。U 形管解卡法的用途有限，如果可能引发井控方面的事故的时候千万不要使用该方法。
U 形管解卡法还不能使用在潜在的机械不稳定性地层，因为它可能引发裸眼事故。然而，一旦使用 U 形管解卡
法，如果证明对地层不产生损害，该方法可以重复使用多次。
Spotting Fluids (or Pipe release agents- PRA's) Procedure: 解卡液的配制与操作
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 Mix a PRA pill 1.5 times larger than the annulus volume adjacent to the uppermost permeable section in
which the pipe may be stuck. The pill should be 1-2ppg heavier than the mud.
配制解卡液时，如果卡点上部是渗透性地层，则解卡液的溶剂量应该是环空容积的 1.5 倍。解卡液应该比
井内泥浆重 1-2ppg。
 Prepare a 50-100bbls low YP spacer (base oil, water, brine) for pumping ahead of the pill. Check the
spacer is compatible with both mud and PRA pill. Check well control considerations also.
配制 50-100bbls 的低屈服值的隔离液（原油、水、盐水等），在解卡剂之前泵入井内，要检查隔离液是否
与泥浆和解卡剂相匹配，还要考虑井控因素。
 Spot the spacer and pill at maximum flow rate. 以最大的排量泵入隔离液和解卡剂。
 Leave the pill to soak until the pipe is free or the decision is made to give up. Do not circulate out and
replace the pill if the pipe does not come free.
浸泡解卡剂直到解卡或者决定放弃。如果钻具没有解卡，不要循环出解卡剂或更换解卡液。
 Work the pipe while the pill is soaking: slack-off 20,000lbs, work right hand torque into the string (0.75
turns/1000ft, release torque and pick up. This will work the stuck point down the hole a few inches or feet
each time until the pipe 'suddenly' pulls free.
浸泡解卡剂期间，要活动钻具：下压 20klbs，施加正向扭矩（0.75 圈 /1000 英尺），释放扭矩，上提钻
具。这样每次会使得卡点下移几英寸或几英尺，直到钻具突然解卡。
 No hydrostatic restrictions apply. 没有施加静液压力的限制。
 For environmental compliance, check with mud engineer to recommend which PRA's can be used.
为了不造成环境伤害，与泥桨工程师一起讨论使用那种解卡液比较好。
 Any pill should be spotted within 4 hours of sticking for best results. Do not use after being stuck for 16
hours since there is little chance of success.
钻具被卡 4 小时内泡解卡剂效果最好，被卡 16 小时后，解卡成功的可能性就不大了。
7-4-3 Packed-Off Hole ( Wellbore Instability and Hole Cleaning) 环空埋堵（井眼失稳和清洁所致）

This method tries to establish circulation. 下面的做法试图建立循环：
 Hang string at free point weight 上提到卡点以上钻具吨位
 Apply right hand torque 施加正向扭矩
 Apply a low pressure to the drill string 钻具憋上较低的泵压
 Apply low up/down working forces to string 小吨位上下活动钻具。
 Continue to work the string. 连续活动钻具。
 If there is evidence of movement or circulation continue to work pipe and gradually increase the pull and
the pump pressure until full circulation is gained.
如果有钻具松动或者建立循环迹象，继续活动钻具，逐渐增加上提拉力和泵压，直到完全恢复循环。
 If no success, perform the following actions one at a time until there is evidence of circulation or
movement: 如果不成功，进行下面的操作，直到有钻具松动或者建立循环迹象：
 Increase torque in steps; work pipe at same level. 逐步增加扭矩，按原吨位上下活动钻具
 Increase pump pressure; work string at same level. 增加泵压，按原吨位上下活动钻具
 Increase pull and set down weights. 增加上提和下放吨位
7-4-4 Salt: Freshwater Pill 盐层：使用清水解卡剂
Check effect on well control before deciding to pump a freshwater pill.
在决定泵入清水解卡剂以前，检查此办法对井控的影响
Pill volume should be enough to cover the stuck zone and leave 20bbls inside the pipe. Detergent may be
added to the pill to remove the mud film from the wellbore.
解卡剂总量应足以浸泡全部被卡部分，钻具内留 20bbls，解卡剂中可加入清洁剂以清除井壁上的泥浆膜。
第 58 页
If OBM is in the hole pump a viscous weighted spacer ahead of the pill (e.g. XC polymer plus barite). Get the
mud engineer to advise.
如果使用油基泥浆，泵入解卡剂之前要泵入高粘度的加重隔离液（如：XC 聚合物配合重晶石），和泥浆工程
师一起商量。
Work the pipe while the pill/spacer are being prepared and pumped. Maintain maximum overpull on the pipe
while the pill is soaking.
配制和泵入解卡剂和隔离液的同时，要活动钻具。浸泡解卡液期间，要保持钻具上的最大提升拉力。
If the pipe is not free after two hours circulate the pill out and repeat the procedure.
如果两个小时后，仍然不能解卡，将解卡液循环出来，重复上面的程序。
7-4-5 Cement / Limestone Chalk: Inhibited HCl Pill 水泥/石灰岩段卡钻：抑制性的 HCl 解卡液
Check effect on well control before deciding to pump a freshwater pill. Pill volume should cover the
stuck zone. Typical acid concentration is 7.5-10% HCl.
在决定泵入淡水解卡剂前，检查井控的影响因素。解卡剂总量应足以浸泡整个卡钻段，HCl 浓度为 7.5-10%。
Pump the acid pill quickly and with large water spacers ahead and behind to minimise mud contamination. 解卡液
前部和后部要使用足够量的水作为隔离液，泵入速度要快，尽量减少污染泥浆。
Work the pipe while the pill is soaking. The drill string should be free within a few minutes as the acid works
quickly. Circulate the pill out after about 5 minutes.
解卡液浸泡同时要活动钻具，因酸性解卡液作用快，钻具很快就会解卡，浸泡 5 分钟后循环出解卡液。
Note: 注意
HCl can weaken tool joints and hi-strength (S135) pipe so consider inspecting tubulars once recovered.
HCl 会腐蚀钻具接头，降低高强度钻杆强度。一旦解卡后，要检查、探伤钻具。
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第 60 页
钻井工程简明手册第八部分井漏
SECTION EIGHT: LOST CIRCULATION 井漏

8.0 Causes of Lost Circulation 井漏的原因
Mud loss or circulation loss is the loss of mud or cement to the formation during operations. Losses can
result from either natural or self induced causes.
井漏是指在钻井作业中，泥浆或者水泥漏入地层，井漏可能是自然存在或其它因素诱发的。
Natural Losses 自然漏失
a. Coarse Sands and Gravel Beds This type of loss is practically confined to gravels and coarse sands
near surface. 孔隙度的砂层和砾石层，这种类型的漏失发生在地表的砂层和砾石层。
b. Natural Fissures or Fractures.These can be very permeable under normal conditions and are source of
production in some fields.
天然的裂缝或破裂。正常情况下，为渗透性高的地层或是产层。
c. Cavernous Formations. Caverns are normally found in limestone and dolomite. Depending upon its size,
drilling through a cavern can lead to major mud losses.
孔穴性地层：孔穴经常存在于石灰岩和白云岩中，孔穴尺寸的大小会引起钻遇洞穴时发生严重井漏。
Induced Losses 诱发性漏失
Excessive mud overbalance may induce fractures, leading to losses. In highly porous formations, high
overbalance can also lead to increased losses through the pores.
泥浆的过平衡会诱发地层裂缝、导致井漏。在高孔隙地层，过平衡还会导致泥浆漏失增加。
In formations where the difference between pore pressure and fracture pressure is small, losses may occur
via formation fractures induced by drilling ECD, or by surge/swab pressures.
孔隙压力和破裂压力相差较小的地层，可能发生井漏，由当量循环密度或者激动/抽吸压力诱发地层破裂引起。
8.1 Prevention of Lost Circulation 预防井漏
Listed below are measures which can be taken to prevent losses occurring. 下面列出预防漏失的措施
 Increase in annular mud weight due to drilled cuttings can result in formation breakdown, particularly in
surface holes. The effective increase in annular mud weight must be taken into account.
井眼环空中的钻屑会增加泥浆比重引起地层破裂，尤其是在上部井段，所以必须重视环空浓度的影响。
 Viscosity and gel strengths of the mud should be maintained within the program specification. If the yield
point is too high, breaking circulation may induce losses. On breaking circulation, always start circulation
slowly and speed up the pump only after returns are obtained.
泥浆粘度和切力应在规定范围内，如切力太高，建立泥浆循环时可能诱发漏失，所以要慢慢开泵循环，当
井口返出泥浆正常后，才可以提高泵速。
If viscosities are very high, circulation should be broken at stages whilst running through the open hole.
如果泥浆粘度非常高，在裸眼井段下钻时，要分段循环泥浆。
High viscosity can increase the ECD to a level which will break down the formation whilst circulating. When
calculating ECD values in critical situations, account should be taken of the OD of pipe connections. The
effect of drill pipe rubbers should also be considered in such situations.
高泥浆粘度会增加泥浆的当量循环密度，致使循环时地层破裂。在临界状态下，计算循环当量密度时，要考
虑钻具的外径，甚至钻具橡胶护箍的影响也要考虑。
 Excessive surge pressure whilst running in the pipe can fracture the formation. In areas of potential lost
circulation, surge pressure calculations should be performed and the driller instructed as to the maximum
allowable speed for running pipe.
下钻时过大的激动压力也会使地层破裂，在一些可能发生漏失的地层，应计算激动压力，并指导司钻以了解
最大允许下钻速度。
Note: 注意
第 61 页
第八部分井漏钻井工程简明手册
Surge pressure is placed on the formation the moment the string is run in the hole. In areas of potential
lost circulation, tripping speeds must be controlled all the way to/from surface.
从下钻起，激动压力就作用于地层，在一些可能发生漏失的地层，从开始就要控制下钻速度。
 In areas of hole instability sloughing or swelling shales can pack off around the pipe reducing or
preventing circulation. If the pump is not slowed or stopped at this point, the formation can be broken
down. The driller should be made aware of areas of potential hole instability.
在不稳定井段，页岩的坍塌或者膨胀会埋堵钻具，使循环受到影响或被迫终止。此时，如果不减泵速或者
停泵，地层就会憋漏或破裂。司钻要密切关注不稳定的地层或井段。
8.2 DETERMINING THE TYPE OF LOSS ZONE 井漏类型的判断
Formation Losses 地层漏失

If losses are experienced whilst drilling, it is likely that the losses are on bottom. If losses are experienced
whilst tripping or whilst increasing mud weight, it is likely that the loss zone is not on bottom. Methods for
establishing the loss zone are:
如果在钻进中发生漏失，则可能是井底漏失；如果起下钻或者增加泥浆比重时漏失，则漏失层可能不在井底。
判断漏失层的方法有：
a.Temperature Survey. Normally requires two runs. However, a variation of the technique can be used by
stopping the sonde at a certain depth and pumping for a short period. This will give a temperature
change. The instrument is lowered to successive levels in the hole until no temperature change is
recorded (i.e. no flow to formation past this point).
温度测量：通常需要下入两趟仪器。但实际操作中，可做适当变化，仪器下到一定深度后停住，然后短时
间循环，温度会发生变化。然后连续下放仪器，直到没有温度变化(在这点流体流向地层)。
b.Spinner Survey. Flowrate is indicated on film according to the speed of a varied rotor on the instrument.
转子流量计测量: 根据仪器上的各种各样的转子的速度，流速被显示在胶片上。
c. Tracer Survey. Using a gamma ray log and radioactive material.
示踪测井: 使用伽玛射线测井和放射性材料。
Conventional: 常规做法：
Run a base log through the drill pipe. Then pump a slug of mud with radioactive material down drill pipe
and repeat the log. Where the sonde encounters a high radioactivity it indicates the loss point.
通过钻杆下入基准测井，泵入含有放射性材料的重泥浆，然后重复测井。当探头遇到高放射性，则表明此处
可能是漏失点。
Variation：变通做法：
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钻井工程简明手册第八部分井漏
If point of loss is suspected near last casing shoe, a small quantity of radioactive iodine can be pumped
down the annulus. The sonde is run inside the drill pipe, following the tracer, while it is being pumped. The
loss point has been reached when radioactive contact is lost.
如果怀疑漏失点在最后一层套管鞋附近，可向环空泵入少量放射性碘液。将探头从钻具内下入，在泵入示踪
剂的同时跟随示踪剂，当放射性材料接触消失，表明可能是漏失点。
8.3 Procedures for Curing Lost Circulation 处理井漏的程序
8-3-1 Reducing Mud Weight 减小泥桨比重
When lost circulation is experienced, if possible, mud weight should be reduced. An estimate of the
maximum mud weight the formation can stand can be obtained by the method described below.
一旦发生井漏，如果可能，要减小泥浆比重。通过下面的方法可以计算出地层能够承受的最大泥浆比重：
1. If there are returns, fill the annulus with a measured volume of water or base oil, depending upon
mud system, and calculate the new gradient.
如果有泥浆返出，用水或油灌满环空（根据泥浆体系而定），然后测量灌入量，计算新的压力梯度。
2. If there are no returns when pumping: 如果泥浆没有返出。
（Pressure A - Pressure B）÷ Mud Weight psi/metre = height of empty hold
（压力 A – 压力 B） ÷ 泥浆比重= 掏空的高度
a. Same as "1". 与"1"完全一致。
b. Compare the circulating pressure prior to the losses occurring (Pressure A) with the pressure at
the same circulating rate after the losses have occurred (Pressure B). If the position of the loss
zone is known a new mud gradient can be calculated to balance the weak formation.
对比漏失前的循环压力（A）与漏失后相同排量下的循环压力（B），如果漏失层的位置已经确定，
可以计算出新的压力梯度来平衡易漏地层。
Reduction of the ECD may be necessary in some instances.
某些情况下，有必要减小泥浆当量循环密度。
8-3-2 Use of Lost Circulation Material 使用堵漏材料
There are many types of lost circulation material available which have applications according to the type of
losses experienced. Typical materials used are:
根据漏失种类的不同，使用过不同的堵漏材料，常见的堵漏材料有：
Conventional LCM 常规的堵漏剂（lost circulation materials）
Flake 片状 Mica 云母 Cellophane 玻璃片
Granular 颗粒状 Nutshells 核桃壳 Calcium Carbonate Salt 碳酸钙盐
Fibrous 纤维状 Glass Fibre Wood Fibre Animal Fibre 玻璃、木质、动物纤维
Reinforcing Plugs and Cement 堵漏材料和水泥

Oil/bentonite plug (water based muds). 油/ 搬土塞（水基泥浆）
Water/organophilic clay plug (oil based muds). 水/ 有机土塞（油基泥浆）
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第九部分泥浆污染钻井工程简明手册
SECTION NINE: MUD CONTAMINANTS 泥浆污染

As soon as drilling commences, the mud is exposed to a range of contaminants who's type and extent
depend upon the formation being drilled and the fluids within the formations.
一旦开钻，泥浆就会遭遇多种污染源，污染的类型和范围取决于钻遇的地层和地层内流体。
9.1 Solids 固体
Solids are classified by their density, or specific gravity, into two basic categories :
根据其密度或比重，固体分成两大基本种类：
High Gravity SG > 4.2 usually a weighting agent such as barite and haematite
高比重：比重大于 4.2，通常是加重材料，如重晶石和铁铁矿。
Low Gravity SG 1.6 - 2.9 usually commercial bentonite and drilled solids with an assumed SG of 2.5
低比重：比重在 1.6 - 2.9 之间，通常是商业用般土和钻屑（比重为 2.5）。
Symptoms 症兆
Drilled solids are the most common contaminant in drilling muds. Any particle of rock that is not removed by
the solids removal equipment is recirculated and reduced in size by attrition. This process increases the
exposed surface area, more mud is required to wet the surfaces and increased product is required to
maintain the desired fluid parameters. The increase in the number of particles in the mud results in an
increase in inter particle action and hence an increase in rheology, particularly plastic viscosity. The irregular
shape and size of drilled solids produces poor filter cake quality which in turn tends to result in an increase in
filtrate volume and cake thickness.
钻屑是泥浆中最常见的污染固体，固控设备没有除掉的钻屑在泥浆中反复循环，并且尺寸逐渐变小。这样就增
加了钻屑的表面积，需要更多的泥浆来湿润固体表面以及更多的泥浆材料保持泥浆性能。泥浆中颗粒的增加会
增加颗粒之间的作用，改变了泥浆流变性，尤其提高了塑性粘度。不规则尺寸和形状的钻屑会影响泥饼质量，
进而引起滤失量和泥饼厚度的增加。
Preventative Measures and Remedial Action 预防和处理措施
The efficient use of the best available solids removal equipment is essential in preventing a build up of
undesirable drilled solids.
使用好现有的泥浆固控设备，对于防止有害固相的增加是非常重要的。
Hydrocyclones (desanders and desilters) should be used with caution. The action of the centrifugal feed
pump can aid in the attrition process and compound any existing problem. Hydrocyclones should not be
used when drilling with an oil mud as the large volumes of liquid discarded will have adverse effects on the
environment and on mud costs.
要谨慎使用水力旋流式固控设备（除砂器和除泥器），供液离心泵会加剧摩损，使已有问题更加复杂化。当使
用油基泥桨时，不要使用水力旋流式固控设备，因为分离出来的大量液体对环境会产生副作用，还会增加泥浆
成本。
Correctly set up centrifuges are effective at removing fine solids.
正确安装、使用好离心机，可以有效地清除细颗粒固相。
Eventually solids will degrade to so small a diameter that they cannot be removed even with the use of a
high speed centrifuge. In such circumstances some dilution method must be employed. The addition of base
fluid (water or oil) may help in the short term by increasing the liquid phase of the mud, hence increasing the
separation and therefore inter-particle action of the solids. However this approach does not actually remove
any solids from the system and the solids attrition process and mud property degradation continues. The
ultra fine solids can only be removed from the system by removing a portion of the mud from the circulating
system.
固体颗粒会细化的连高速离心机也不能分离，这时可以使用稀释的办法。加入一些液相（水或油）能在短期内
增加泥浆的液相，也增加了泥浆中固液相的分离，加剧了固体颗粒之间的内部反应。这种方法不能将固相从泥
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钻井工程简明手册第九部分泥浆污染
浆系统中分离出去，固体颗粒还会在泥浆中被细化，使得泥浆的性能越来越坏。泥浆中的极细颗粒只能通过在
循环中换掉部分新泥浆的方法来解决。
9.2 Calcium and Magnesium 钙和镁
Either of these divalent ions may, even at low concentrations, have adverse effects on some water based
muds particularly when these muds have a high solids content. Very high concentrations of either of these
ions may have adverse effects on the performance of polymers in water based muds and on the
emulsification packages of some oil based muds.
即便钙和镁（二阶化学离子）浓度很低，在水基泥桨中也会产生副作用，尤其是泥浆固相含量高时。很高的钙
和镁离子浓度，对于水基泥桨中的聚合物的效果和油基泥桨中的乳化物效果，也会产生很大的影响。
Source 来源
Both calcium and magnesium can be present in make up water (particularly seawater or salty water),
formation water and mixed salt evaporite formations. Calcium is encountered in greatest quantity when
drilling cement or anhydrite. Magnesium often accumulates in the mud when drilling in magnesium rich
shales or mixed salt formations.
钙和镁可来自补给水源中（尤其是海水或者盐水）、地层水、复合盐蒸发性地层中。当钻遇水泥或者石膏层时，
会遇到大量的钙，钻遇到含镁度高的页岩或者复合盐层时，会遇到镁。
Symptoms 症状
The major effect of magnesium is to react with hydroxyls in the mud system thus depleting mud alkalinity
and pH. This can in turn allow the undesirable carbonate and bicarbonate components of alkalinity to
become dominant.
镁与泥浆中的烃基起反应，会影响泥浆的碱度和 PH 值，会引起泥浆中碳酸盐和重碳酸盐含量过高。
Calcium ions flocculate bentonite based muds and other water based muds containing reactive clays giving
rise to changes in rheology (decrease in plastic viscosity and increase in yield point and gels) and loss of
filtration control. The presence of increased calcium levels can be verified from chemical
analysis of the filtrate. The combination of high calcium levels and high pH will precipitate most common
polymers used in water based muds - loss of rheology and filtrate control will result.
钙离子会搬土类泥浆或富含活性粘土的水基泥浆产生絮凝，使泥浆流变性发生变化（塑性粘度减少，屈服值和
切力增加），失水难以控制。泥浆的钙含量可由滤失化学分析来测定。钙含量高和 pH 值高的综合作用，使得水
基泥桨中使用的大多数聚合物发生失效，破坏泥浆流变性，使滤失量难以控制。
Preventative Measures and Remedial Action 预防和处理措施
Magnesium 镁
Small quantities of magnesium such as those present in seawater can be readily removed with additions of
caustic soda. When large quantities of magnesium are encountered (magnesium shales,
Evaporates (bishofite), brine flows) it is not practical to treat out the contaminant.
少量的镁（比如在海水中）可以通过加入烧碱除去，但清除大量的镁相当困难（镁质页岩、蒸发盐岩、盐水侵
等）。
In these cases no attempt should be made to adjust the alkalinity until clear of the source of magnesium.
Modern surfactant packages do not generally require a big excess of lime so oil mud performance should not
be compromised. A low pH in a water based mud could promote corrosion of drill pipe so consider the
application of oxygen scavengers and filming amines until the pH can be restored.
于是，只有镁被清除后，才有可能调整泥浆的碱性。常用表面活性剂并不需要过量的石灰，油基泥浆的功能不
会受到大影响。水基泥浆 pH 值低会加剧钻具的腐蚀，所以要使用除氧剂和结膜剂直到 pH 值恢复。
Calcium 钙
第 65 页
Small quantities of calcium (<400 mg/lt) are acceptable, even desirable, in most water based muds. A
background level of calcium acts as a buffer against the presence of undesirable carbonate alkalinity. High
concentrations of calcium can, however, have major adverse effects on water based muds.
对于大多数水基泥浆，少量的钙是可以接受的，甚至是希望的(<400 mg/l)，钙可以作为缓冲剂来抵抗不需要的
碳酸盐，但高浓度的钙对于水基泥浆性能的影响很大。
Cement 水泥
The chemistry of cement is complex, however, from the mud contamination point of view, it can be
considered to be lime, Ca(OH)2. The major contaminant is calcium but in some circumstances the hydroxide
ion will compound the problem. At high temperatures (> 250°F) severely contaminated bentonite based
muds can solidify.
水泥的化学成分比较复杂，仅从对泥浆的污染角度来看，可以把水泥视作石灰、Ca(OH)2，钙是最主要的污染
物，但有时氢氧离子会使得事故复杂。在高温情况下(> 250°F)，污染严重的搬土类泥浆会固化。
When it is planned to drill cement, particularly when it is not completely hard, some precautions can be made
to minimise the potential effects of the contamination.
当钻水泥时，尤其是当水泥没有完全硬化时，要注意采取措施以防止可能的污染：
 If viable drill out as much cement as possible with seawater before displacing to mud.
更换泥浆之前，尽量用海水钻掉尽可能长的水泥段。
 Minimise caustic soda additions during operations, including the mixing of new mud, preceding the
drilling of cement.
钻水泥之前，正常作业时或配制新泥浆时要尽量减少烧碱的加入量。
 Pre-treat with small amounts of sodium bicarbonate - 0.25 lb/bbl is usually sufficient, perhaps twice this if
green cement is anticipated Avoid over treatment, as an excess of bicarbonate in the mud system can
flocculate mud solids and adversely affect rheology and filtration control.
用少量纯碱预先处理泥浆（0.25 lb/bbl 的加量就够），如果水泥没有完全变硬，使用两倍的加量，要避免
处理过度。因为泥浆中碳酸盐含量过多，会使得泥浆中的固相絮凝，破坏泥浆流变性和滤失控制。
 Closely monitor the shale shakers and dump any green cement or badly contaminated water based mud.
密切监视振动筛，及时放掉水泥混浆或污染严重的水基泥浆。
 Closely monitor pH and Pf while drilling the cement and adjust treatments as required to prevent polymer
precipitation (keep pH below 11.0) and clay flocculation.
钻水泥时，要密切监测 pH 和 Pf 值，按照需要调整以避免聚合物失效（PH 值小于 11.0）和粘土的絮凝。
 When it is known that large amounts of green or soft cement are to be drilled consideration should be
given to converting the mud to a lime system which is tolerant of cement contamination. Large amounts
of a suitable dispersant (eg Lignox) must be available to successfully accomplish this conversion.
如果废除清楚会钻遇大量没有变硬的水泥，则可将泥浆变成石灰泥浆体系，后者可以抵抗水泥污染。为顺
利实现泥浆的转变，要准备大量的分散剂。
 Oil based and synthetic oil based muds are largely unaffected by cement. However, the water fraction of
green cement may reduce oil water ratios. Whenever possible drill out cement with seawater or water
based mud prior to displacing to oil based mud.
油基泥浆类受水泥的影响不大，然而，水泥混浆中的水份会改变油基泥浆中的油水比。如果可能，在使用
油基泥浆之前，用海水或者水基泥浆将水泥钻掉，再转换成油基泥浆。
9.3 Anhydrite 硬石膏
Anhydrite (CaSO4) is the anhydrous form of gypsum and is sufficiently soluble to provide calcium ion for clay
flocculation The calcium effects will be as for cement, but gypsum contamination generally has no direct
effect on the pH of the mud.
硬石膏又名无水石膏，极溶于水，提供钙离子以使粘土絮凝，污染效果与水泥相似，但通常对泥浆的 pH 值没
有直接的影响。
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钻井工程简明手册第九部分泥浆污染
When only small stringers are anticipated the excess calcium can be treated out with soda ash (sodium
carbonate). Care should be taken to avoid over treatment as the adverse effects of carbonate contamination
are equally as bad as those of calcium. Small additions of a deflocculant such as lignosulphonate will smooth
out the rheology during treatment. If massive anhydrite is prognosed and a water based mud is being used,
consideration should be given to converting the mud to a gypsum system which is tolerant to calcium
contamination.
如能预期到钻遇小段的硬石膏夹层，多余的钙可用纯碱来清除，注意不要处理过分，否则副作用同钙污染一样
糟糕。在处理泥浆时，加入少量抗絮凝剂（如木质素磺酸盐）可改善泥浆流变性。如预期到钻遇大段的硬石膏，
而且使用的是水基泥浆，则要考虑将泥浆变成钙基泥浆，后者对钙的抗污染性比较强。
Oil based muds are unaffected by anhydrite contamination.
油基泥浆不受硬石膏污染。
9.4 Salts Formations and Brine Flows 盐层和盐水层
By far the most commonly encountered salt in the drilling industry is sodium chloride. Potassium chloride,
calcium chloride and magnesium chloride are however, sometimes drilled in complex evaporite sequences.
目前，钻井遇到的盐层最多的是氯化钠，有时在复合蒸发盐地层钻进时，遇到氯化钾、氯化钙和氯化镁。
9-4-1 Source 来源
Various chlorides are found in seawater, brine flows, salt domes, salt stringers and massive complex
evaporite formations.
各种各样的氯化物可以出现在：海水、盐水、盐丘、含盐夹层和复合蒸发盐地层。
9-4-2 Symptoms 症状
Water Based Muds 水基泥浆
The extent of the effects of contamination depends largely upon the mud type and the concentration and
type of contaminating salt. Divalent salts (calcium and magnesium) will have a greater contaminating effect
on water based muds than monovalent salts (sodium and potassium). Freshwater Bentonite mud or low
salinity mud with active drilled solids will be flocculated by high chlorides or from divalent ions in the salt.
Viscosity will initially increase but at very high chloride levels may decrease due to collapse of the clay
structure. Low solids polymer muds exhibit good resistance to salt contamination.
污染的轻重程度取决于泥浆类型、盐的浓度和种类。对于水基泥浆，二阶盐（钙、镁）造成的污染比一阶盐（钠、
钾）严重。由于高浓度氯化物或盐中二阶离子，具有活性固体的淡水搬土泥浆或者低矿化度泥浆发生絮凝。最初，
粘度会增加，但氯化物浓度过高时，粘土结构被破坏，粘度会下降。低固相聚合物泥浆有较好的抗盐污染性能。
Oil Based (and Synthetic Oil Based) Muds 油基泥桨（或合成油基泥浆）
Oil based muds are largely unaffected by drilled salts although the water phase of the mud will increase in
salinity and may well reach saturation if massive salt is drilled. Large brine flows can adversely affect oil
muds. The mud tends to take on a grainy appearance, rheology tends to increase as oil / water ratio
decreases due to the water content of the brine flow. Chloride content can show marked changes depending
upon the salt content of the brine flow. In extreme cases saturated brine flows can result in re crystallisation
of the brine phase of the mud. This can result in removal of crystals at the shakers and a corresponding loss
of surfactant. If rapid remedial action is not taken (ie replacement of surfactants ) water wetting of solids will
occur and phase separation will result. This can be disastrous in terms of borehole stability and well control.
Similar problems can occur if the brine flow contains magnesium chloride - this reacts with lime in the mud
and the resulting precipitation of magnesium hydroxide will strip surfactants from the system.
油基泥浆基本不受钻遇盐层的影响，尽管泥浆中水相的矿化度会增加甚至钻遇大段盐层时达到饱和。大量的盐
水会影响油基泥浆，随着水含量的增加，油/水比率会减少，流变性会变差，泥浆外观呈现颗粒状。盐含量的变
化使氯化物含量呈现出明显变化，在极端情况下，饱和的盐水侵会造成泥浆中的盐结晶，振动筛上会出现结晶
的盐而被清除，也造成了活性剂的损失。如果不及时采取措施（如补充活性剂），水湿固体就会出现，泥浆中
第 67 页
的各相就会分离，给井眼稳定和井控带来灾难性的后果。如果盐水侵中含有氯化镁，与泥浆中的石灰起反应，
形成氢氧化镁沉淀，从而使得泥浆中活性剂从系统中分离。
9-4-3 Preventative Measures and Remedial Action 预防和处理措施
The use of the correct mud weight will minimise brine flows into the system and adjustment of mud weight
must be the initial step in the prevention of further influx. Early detection of a brine flow will minimise the
volume and hence the effects of brine influxes.
选择正确的泥浆比重可以减少盐水侵，调整泥浆比重是防止盐水侵发展的首要措施。及早发现可以减少盐水的
流入量，进而减少盐水侵的影响。
Water Based Muds 水基泥浆
Chloride levels cannot practically be reduced by chemical precipitation. Dilution with freshwater may reduce
chlorides to tolerable levels but this is only feasible in low density muds - the additions of barite required to
maintain mud weight in a high weight mud would be prohibitive in terms of time and cost. When using a
bentonite system prehydration of the clay in drillwater prior to addition to the active system will provide some
short term viscosity and filtration control. For longer term stability it will be necessary to substitute salt
resistant polymers (eg PAC, XC and Starch) for the bentonite.
通过化学剂处理不能够减少氯化物的含量，用淡水稀释可以仅仅将低密度泥浆的氯化物减少到可以接受的水平。
通过补充重晶石来维持泥浆高比重从时间和成本上都不可取。使用搬土泥浆时，对粘土进行预水化可以短期控
制泥浆粘度和滤失。抗盐的聚合物才能保持长期稳定，如：PAC, XC 和淀粉来替代搬土。
Oil Based (and Synthetic Oil Based) Muds 油基泥桨
The symptoms detailed above must be addressed as soon as they are recognised.
上面提到的污染症状一旦被发现，就要及时处理。
 When magnesium salts are present from drilled formation or from brine flows, addition of lime to the mud
should cease.
地层或者盐侵中发现镁盐成份时，在泥浆中加入石灰可以有效阻止。
 When a brine flow is encountered oil wetting surfactants must be added steadily until any hint of water
wetting is removed. There is an API test for water wetting but an experienced mud engineer will be
aware of the problem and begin treatment before the test is underway.
当遇到盐侵时，可以持续加入油润湿表面活性剂一直到水润湿迹象被清除。水润湿测试有专门的 API 标准，
但是经验泥浆工程师在进行试验之前，就会对该现象进行分析判断和及时处理。
 Any trace of water or emulsion in the HTHP filtrate must be eradicated by the addition of an appropriate
combination of primary and secondary emulsifiers.
高温高压失水反映出的任何水和乳化问题，必须通过增加合适乳化剂来清除。
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钻井工程简明手册第十部分附录
SECTION TEN: APPENDIX 第十部份：附录

10.1 Basic Geology 基础地质知识
It is well recognized that almost every kind of downhole drilling difficulties or troubles is likely involved with
geological problems. Generally, the full understanding of the trouble causes is the fundamental to avoid or
solve all of these troubles, accidents. The following basic geological knowledge only lists the elementary
items for drilling people.
众所周知，几乎所有钻井井下复杂都和地层因素有关，全面地了解引起井下复杂的地质原因是避免或解决井下
复杂及事故的基础。下面为钻井工作者列出一些基本的地质知识。
第 69 页
第十部分附录钻井工程简明手册
10.2 Identification Marking On Drill Pipe Tooljoint 钻杆接头标识
第 70 页
第 71 页
10.3 Operation Guideline for Drilling Jar 随钻震击器使用说明
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第 76 页
10.4 Basic Well Control Knowledge 井控基本知识

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第 82 页
10.5 Bit Common Knowledge 钻头常识

1. Bit Groups 钻头类别
Bits can be divided into four broad groups. These are : 钻头可分为如下四类：
 Rock Bits (steel tooth, roller cone) 牙轮钻头（钢齿，镶齿牙轮）
 PDC bits PDC 钻头
 Natural Diamond / Impregnated diamond bits 天然金刚石钻头
 Core Bits 取芯钻头
In general rock bits are available for all applications, PDCs are mostly soft to medium hard bits, Natural
diamond bits are for hard to very hard formations. Core bits are used for taking rock cores.
牙轮钻头应用于所有地层，PDC 钻头用于软至中硬地层，金刚石钻头用于硬至极硬地层，取芯钻头用于取芯。
2. IADC Codes IADC 代码
The IADC publishes a classification system for rockbits. This is a four character system. The first two
characters describe the cutting structure, the third describes bearing and gauge type and the fourth is
available for special features. For example:
国际钻井承包商协会颁布了牙轮钻头分类方式，采用四位数字方式，前两位表示切削结构，第三位描述轴承及
保径类型，第四位用于表示特殊特性。例如：
215M：
2：medium milltooth 代表适用于中硬地层的銑齿钻头
1: soft(of medium) 代表适用于中硬地层的软（中软）亚类地层
5: sealed bearing gauge protected 代表密封轴承，保径
M: motor application 代表使用于井下马达
The system operates as:分类方式规定如下：
First number : second number: Third number:

第一个数字：第二个数字：第三个数字：
1-3 Milltooth soft to hard 1 - 4 very soft to hard within first 1-7 Open roller bearing to sealed friction
1-3 铣齿钻头软至硬地层 number (e.g. medium but on the bearing with gauge protection
4-8 Insert very soft to very soft side) 1-7 非密封滚动轴承至滑动密封轴承且保径
hard 1-4 极软至硬地层，从第一个数字
4-8 镶齿钻头软至极硬地层起，中软包括在软的范畴
It is important to remember that the IADC classification describes the cutting structure of the bit and not the
formation. For example a shale that is drilled with a 417 structure (Insert very soft, soft, sealed friction
bearing gauge protected) on rotary assemblies at 80 rpm may require a 435 structure (Insert very soft, firm,
sealed roller bearing gauge protected) for a motor assembly at 160 rpm. This is because longer inserts are
prone to break at higher rotary speeds and a roller bearing generates less heat at high RPM's.
记住 IADC 分类代码描述的是钻头切削结构并不是地层，例如使用 417 钻头（镶齿式极软，软，密封滑动轴承
保径）在 80 转/分转速下钻进泥岩，但同样的地层如要求用动力钻具转速达到 160 转/分时，使用代码为 435
的钻头（镶齿式极软，软，密封滚动轴承保径）更合适，因为在高转速下，镶齿钻头的牙齿越长，越容易断裂，
同时滚动轴承产生的热量较小。
第 83 页
PDC bits
There also exists a PDC bit classification system. This is a three figure system with a prefixed letter. For
example a TD19H which is a heavy set 8 bladed bit (12 1/4" version) is classified as:
IADC 对 PDC 钻头也有分类的办法，采用一个前缀字母加上 3 个数字的办法，例如：TD19H，12-1/4’’井眼使
用的、布齿密度高、8 刀翼的钻头可以描述为：
M421
M：matrix bit 整胎体式钻头
4: heavy cutter density 布齿密度高
2: 14-24mm cutters 牙齿尺寸为 14-24mm
1: fishtail bit 刮刀钻头
The system operates as:分类规定如下：

Prefix letter is either M for matrix body or S for steel
前缀字母要么是 M 表示胎体,要么是 S 表示钢体
First Number 第一个数字 Second Number 第二个数字 Third Number 第三个数字
1 - 4 for cutter density 1 - 3 for cutter size. 1 - 4 for body profile

1-4 齿密度 1-3 齿大小 1-4 表示本体外形
1 is light set up to 4 as very heavy set 1 is 25mm or more 1 for fishtail
1 为布齿密度小 1 表示 25mm 或更大 1 表示刮刀型
4 为布齿密度极高 2 is 19mm 2 表示 19mm 2 - 4 is short, medium and long
3 is 13mm or smaller 2-4 表示短，中，长
3 表示 13 或更小
As fishtail is taken to denote a bit with blades - "the ability of such bits to clean in fast-drilling, soft formations
is felt to be a more important body style feature than its profile" - for some reason most modern bits appear
to fall in this category according to their manufacturers.
将鱼尾用于表示带有刀翼的钻头—“在可钻性高的软地层具有的清洁能力，钻头的切削形状比它的抛物线形状
更重要”
所以很多钻头厂家用该办法描述各自的钻头。
So far the PDC classification has proved unworkable and even the manufacturers are haphazard in its use.
Many bits fall into the M231 category which have totally different shapes and applications.
到目前为止 PDC 钻头分类方法很难推行，厂商只是偶然使用。很多种钻头都归类到 M231 系
列，但其外形和使用范围却完全不同。
第 84 页
10.6 Common Form 常用表格
10.6.1 API 接头扣型与国内名称对照表
国内油田 API 标准接头扣型每英寸公扣小头母扣台肩

现场叫法扣数直径/毫米内径/毫米
2A11×2A10 NC26=2 /8"IF
3
4 60.35 74.61
211×210 NC31=2 /8"IF
7
4 71.31 87.71
311×310 NC38=3 /2"IF
1
4 85.06 103.58
　 NC40=4"FH 4 89.66 110.33
　 NC44 4 98.42 119.06
4A11×4A10 NC46=4"IF 4 103.73 124.61
411×410 NC50=4 /2"IF
1
4 114.30 134.91
　 NC56 　 117.50 150.81
511×510 5 /2"IF
1
4 141.32 163.91
　 NC61 4 126.60 165.10
　 NC70 4 147.65 187.33
　 NC77 4 161.85 204.79
　 2 /8"REG
3
5 47.62 68.20
231×230 2 /8"REG
7
5 53.97 77.78
331×330 3 /2"REG
1
5 65.07 90.48
431×430 4 /2"REG
1
5 90.47 119.06
531×530 5 /2"REG
1
4 110.06 141.68
631×630 6 /8"REG
5
4 131.03 153.99
731×730 7 /8"REG
5
4 144.47 180.18
831×830 8 /8"REG
5
4 167.84 204.39
321×320 3 /2"IF
1
5 77.62 102.79
421×420 4 /2"FH
1
5 96.31 123.83
521×520 5 /2"FH
1
4 126.79 150.02
621×620 6 /8"FH
5
4 150.37 173.83
10.6.2 Flow Rate 排量
PUMP 12"STROKE 100% 97% 95% Max press

7"BBL/STK 0.143 0.139 0.138 3423
6 1/2" BBL/STK 0.123 0.119 0.117 3980
6"BBL/STK 0.104 0.101 0.098 4665
5 1/2" BBL/STK 0.088 0.085 0.083 5555
第 85 页
10.6.3 Bit Make-up Torque 钻头上扣扭矩
BIT SIZE TOOL JT TORQUE BIT SIZE TOOL JT TORQUE

4 1/2" 2 3/8"REG 3000-3500 7 5/8"8 3/4" 4 1/2"REG 10000-15000
4 3/4" 2 7/8"REG 5000-7000 9 1/2-13 3/4" 6 5/8"REG 26000-32000
14 3/4"-17
5 7/8"-7 3/8" 3 1/2"REG 7000-9000 1/2 7 5/8"REG 35000-45000
10.6.4 Drill pipe/Drill collar torques& capacity 钻杆/钻铤上扣扭矩及容量

9 6 4 3 3
OD 1/2"DC 8"DC 1/4"DC 3/4"DC 1/2"DC 5"S135 5"G105 1/2"DP 5"HWDP
2
ID 3" 2 3/4" 13/16" 2 1/8" 1 1/4" 4.276" 4.276" 2.687" 3.065"
WEIGHT ib/ft 217 150 83 47 29 19.5 19.5 13.3 49
CAPACITY(bbl/
ft) 0.0088 0.0074 0.0077 0.0044 　 0.01776 0.0178 0.007 0.0088
OPEN END
DIISP(BBL/FT) 0.079 0.054 0.0379 0.0175 　 0.0077 0.0075 0.0051 0.0179
CLOSED END
DISP(BBL/FT) 0.0877 0.062 0.0456 0.0219 　 0.0243 0.02533 0.0114 0.0243
7 6 3 2 3
CONNECTION 5/8REG 5/8"REG 4"IF 1/2"IF 3/8"IF 4 1/2"IF 4 1/2"IF 1/2"IF 4 1/2"IF
MAKE UP
TORQUE ft/ibs 87,000 58,300 24,400 9,900 　 25/29,000 25/29,000 9,100 29/31,000
GAUGE READ 4"
TONG 21,750 14,575 6,100 2,475 　 6250/7250 6250/7250 2,275 7,250/7,750
第 86 页
10.6.5 Drilling tour sheet 钻进报表

The following is only an example for a drill tour(12:00-0:00). It is made by on-duty toolpusher and filled in by
the driller. It can also be trackable until the well is completed.
下面仅是一个班组报表的例子（12：00-0：00），由值班带班队长制作司钻填写一直到完井。
Drilling Tour Sheet

Time Depth ROP WOB RPM Torque FR Flow SPP SPM1 SPM2 SPM3 PVT Drag
%
12:00
12:30
13:00
13:30
14:00
14:30
15:00
15:30
16:00
16:30
17:00
17:30
18:00
18:30
19:00
19:30
20:00
20:30
21:00
21:30
22:00
22:30
23:00
23:30
0:00
Driller: Toolpusher: Date:
第 87 页
10.6.6 Trip Sheet ：起下钻报表
Trip Sheet
DP/DC Trip Tank Hole Fill Cumulative Hole Fill Remarks
Stands Level calculated actual calculated actual 　
　1 　　　　
　2 　　　　
　3 　　　　
　4 　　　　
　5 　　　　
　6 　　　　
　7 　　　　
　8 　　　　
Driller: Toolpusher: Date:
10.6.7 Driller Handover Sheet 司钻交接报表

Driller Handover Sheet
Bit No. Bit Working Hour:
Mud Properties: Mud Gain or Losses:
Normal Torque Normal Drag
People Injury: Downhole Condition
Equipment running order Disel/water
BHA
Drillpipe racked/down
hole
Instruction from DSV:
Instruction from TP:
Suggestion:
Handout Driller: Handover Driller: Date:
第 88 页
10.6.8 Mud Record 泥浆报表

Shaker
Pit Total Screen
TIME MW FV Water Loss Mud Cake PH Volume Trip Drag Changed
0:30 　　　　　　　
1:00 　　　　　　　
1:30 　　　　　　　
2:00 　　　　　　　
2:30 　　　　　　　
3:00 　　　　　　　
3:30 　　　　　　　
4:00 　　　　　　　
4:30 　　　　　　　
5:00 　　　　　　　
5:30 　　　　　　　
6:00 　　　　　　　
6:30 　　　　　　　
7:00 　　　　　　　
7:30 　　　　　　　
8:00 　　　　　　　
8:30 　　　　　　　
9:00 　　　　　　　
9:30 　　　　　　　
10:00 　　　　　　　
10:30 　　　　　　　
11:00 　　　　　　　
11:30 　　　　　　　
12:00 　　　　　　　
Handout Derrickman: Handover Derrickman: Date:
第 89 页
10.6.9 Shakerman Handover Sheet：场地工交接记录

Shaker Cutting Cutting Cutting Shaker Degasser Desilter Desander Centrifuge
TIME overflow size amount color good good good good good
(yes/no) changed changed changed order order order order order
0:30 　　　　　　　
1:00 　　　　　　　
1:30 　　　　　　　
2:00 　　　　　　　
2:30 　　　　　　　
3:00 　　　　　　　
3:30 　　　　　　　
4:00 　　　　　　　
4:30 　　　　　　　
5:00 　　　　　　　
5:30 　　　　　　　
6:00 　　　　　　　
6:30 　　　　　　　
7:00 　　　　　　　
7:30 　　　　　　　
8:00 　　　　　　　
8:30 　　　　　　　
9:00 　　　　　　　
9:30 　　　　　　　
10:00 　　　　　　　
10:30 　　　　　　　
11:00 　　　　　　　
11:30 　　　　　　　
12:00 　　　　　　　
Handout Roustabout: Handover Roustabout: Date:
第 90 页
10.6.10 Pipe Tally 钻具记录

BHA Tally
Fish Joint Stand. Total. Rotating Accumulate.
Jo. ID OD Stand
Describe SN Con. Neck .Lenth. Length. Length Hour Hour
No. mm mm . No.
(mm) (m ) (m) (m)
1 bit
2 Bit sub
3　 Dc　　　　　　　　
4　 Dc　　　　　　　 1　　
5　 Dc　　　　　　　　
6　 Stab.　　　　　　　　　
Drill Pipe Tally

Joint. Rotating Accumulate.
Total. Plus
Jo. St. ID OD Length Stand. Hour Hour
SN Con. Grade Lenth BHA
No. No. ( mm ) (mm) . Lenth
(m) (M)
(m ) (m)
1 　　　　　　　　
2 1 　　　　　　　　　
3 　　　　　　　　
4 　　　　　　　　
5 2 　　　　　　　　　
6 　　　　　　　　
Casing Tally 套管记录

Rack Joint length Distance to Break
Accumulate
No. without rotary bushing circulation Slack off/pick up
Run No. Grade/thickness Length
thread (m) pressure every 5 joints
(m).
(m) (psi)
　　　　　　
　　　　　　
　　　　　　
第 91 页
第十一部分公式和计算钻井工程简明手册
SECTION ELEVEN: FORMULAS AND CALCULATION 公式和计算

10.1 Hydrostatic Pressure(HP) 静液柱压力
Hydrostatic pressure using ppg and feet as the units of measure
HP=mud weight,ppg 0.052 true vertical depth(TVD),ft
举例：
Example: mud weight =13.5ppg
True vertical depth =12,000ft
HP=13.5ppg 0.052 12,000ft
HP=8424psi
10.2 Converting Pressure into Mud Weight 压力和泥浆密度的转换

1．Convert Pressure,psi,into mud weight,ppg using feet as the unit of measure
Mud weight,ppg=pressure,psi 0.052 TVD,ft
举例：
Example:pressure =2600psi
True vertical depth=5000ft
Mud,ppg =2600psi 0.052 5000ft
Mud =10.0ppg
2．Specific Gravity(SG) 比重的换算

Specific gravity using mud weight,ppg
SG=mud weight,ppg 8.33
举例：
Example:15.0ppg fluid
SG=15.0ppg 8.33
SG=1.8
Specific gravity using pressure gradient ,psi/ft
SG=pressure gradient,psi/ft 0.433
3．Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD),ppg 当量循环密度
ECD,PPG= 0.052 TVD,ft+
举例：
Example:annular pressure loss =200 psi
True vertical depth =10,000ft
Mud weight =9.6ppg
ECD,ppg =200psi 0.052 10,000ft+9.6ppg
ECD =10.0ppg
4．Maximum Allowable Mud Weight from leak-off Test Data 最高泥浆密度
Ppg= 0.052 +
第 92 页
钻井工程简明手册第十一部分公式和计算
举例：
Example:leak-off test pressure=1140psi
Casing shoe TVD=4000ft
Mud weight =10.0 ppg
Ppg=1140psi 0.052 4000ft+10.0ppg
Ppg=15.48
5．Annular Velocity(AV) 环空返速
AV,ft/min=
Where Q =circulation rate ,gpm

Dh=inside diameter of casing or hole size ,in.
Dp=outside diameter of pipe,tubing or collars,in.
举例：
Example:pump output=530gpm
Hole size=12-1/4 in.
Pipe OD=4-1/2 in
AV=
AV=100ft/min
6．Pump output,gpm,required for a desired annular velocity,ft/min 泥浆排量
Pump output,gpm=
Where AV =desired annular velocity,ft/min

Dh =inside diameter of casing or hole size ,in
Dp=outside diameter of pipe ,tubing or collars,in.
举例：
Example:desired annular velocity=120ft/min
Hole size =12-1/4 in
Pipe OD =4-1/2 in
PO=
7．Amount of cuttings drilled per foot of hole drilled 岩屑体积量

BARRELS of cuttings drilled per foot of hole drilled:
Barrels=
Example:Determine the number of barrels of cuttings drilled for one foot of 12-1/4 in-hole drilled with
20%(0.20)porosity:
第 93 页
barrels=
Barrels=0.1457766 0.80 Barrels=0.1166213
8．Total solids generated 岩屑重量

Wcg =350 Ch L(1-P)SG
Where Wcg =solids generated,pounds
Ch = capacity of hole,bbl/ft
L= footage drilled ,ft
SG=specific gravity of cuttings
P =porosity,%
举例：
Example :Determine the total pounds of solids generated in drilling 100 ft of a 12-1/4 in .hole (0.1458
bbl/ft).Specific gravity of cuttings =2.40 gm/cc. Porosity =20%:
Wcg=350 0.1458 100(1-0.20) 2.4
Wcg=9797.26 pounds
9．Control Drilling 钻进速度的安全控制

Maximum drilling rate (MDR),ft/hr,when drilling large diameter holes (14-3/4 in. and larger)
MDR,ft/hr=
举例：
Example:Determine the MDR,ft/hr,necessary to keep the mud
weight coming out at 9.7ppg at he flow line:
Data:mud weight in =9.0 ppg
Circulation rate =530gpm
Hole size =17-1/2 in
MDR,ft/hr=
MDR,ft/hr=
MDR,ft/hr=
MDR =81.16ft/hr
10．Buoyancy Factor(BF) 浮力系数

Buoyancy factor using mud weight,ppg
BF=
举例：
Example:Determine the buoyancy factor for a 15.0ppg fluid :
BF = BF=0.77099
第 94 页
11．Hydrostatic Pressure(HP) Decrease When Pulling Pipe Out of the Hole 起钻时的液柱压力降低
1）When pulling DRY pipe 起钻不倒返泥浆时
Step 1
Barrels number average pipe
Displaced = of stands length per displacement
Pulled stand,ft bbl/ft
Step 2
HP,psi
Decrease =
举例：
example:Determine the hydrostatic pressure decrease when pulling
DRY pipe out of the hole:
Number of stands pulled =5
Average length per stand =92ft
Pipe displacement =0.0075bbl/ft
Casing capacity =0.0773bbl/ft
Mud weight =11.5ppg
Step 1
dsplaced = 5 stands 92 ft/std 0.075 bbl/ft Barrels
dsplaced =3.45 Barrels
Sep 2
HP,psi decrease =
HP,psi decrease =
HP,psi decrease =29.56 psi
2）when pulling WET pipe 起钻倒返泥浆时

Step 1
number average
Barrels = of stands length per
displaced pulled stand,ft
Step 2
第 95 页
HP,psi=
举例：
Example:Determine the hydrostatic pressure decrease when pulling WET pipe out of the hole:
Number of stands pulled =5
Average length per stand =92 ft
Pipe capacity =0.01776bbl/ft
Mud weight =11.5ppg
Step 1
displaced =5 stands 92 ft/std Barrels
displaced =11.6196 Barrels
Step 2
HP,psi decrease =
HP,psi decrease =
HP,psi decrease =133.52psi
12．Loss of Overbalance Due to Falling Mud Level 液面下降造成的压力损失

Feet of pipe pulled DRY to lose overbalance 起钻不倒返泥浆时
Feet=
举例：
Example: Determine the FEET of DRY pipe that must be pulled to lose the overbalance using the
following data:
Amount of overbalance =150psi
Mud weight =11.5ppg
第 96 页
Ft =
Ft =
Ft =2334
Feet of pipe pulled WET to lose overbalance 起钻倒返泥浆时
Feet=
举例：
Example:Determine the FEET of WET pipe that must be pulled to lose the overbalance using the
following data:
Amount of overbalance =150psi
Casing capacity =0.0773 bbl/ft
Pipe capacity =0.01776 bbl/ft
Pipe displacement =0.0075 bbl/ft
Feet=
Feet=
Feet=516.8
13．Weight,lb/ft,for REGULAR DRILL COLLARS can be approximated by the following formula:

常规钻铤重量的简便算法
Weight,lb/ft=
举例：
Example:Regular drill collars
Drill collar OD =8.0 in
Drill collar ID =2-13/16 in
Decimal equivalent =2.8125 in
Weight,lb/ft =
Weight,lb/ft =56.089844 2.66

Weight =149.19898 lb/ft
14．Weight,lb/ft,for SPIRAL DRILL COLLARS can be approximated by the following formula:

螺旋钻铤重量的简便算法
Weight,lb/ft=
举例：
Example :Spiral drill collars
第 97 页
Drill collar OD =8.0 in

Drill collar ID =2-13/16 in
Decimal equivalent =2.8125 in
Weight,lb/ft =
Weight,lb/ft =56.089844 2.56

Weight =143.59 lb/ft
15．Pump Pressure/Pump Stroke Relationship 泵压和泵冲的简单换算关系

(Also Called the Roughneck’s Formula)
Basic formula
New circulating Pressure,psi = present circulating
举例：
Example : Determine the new circulating pressure,psi using the following data:
Present circulating pressure =1800psi
Old pump rate =60spm
New pump rate =30spm
New circulating Pressure,psi = present circulating
New circulating Pressure,psi =1800psi 0.25

New circulating Pressure,psi =450psi
16．Temperature Conversion Formulas 温度转化公式

Convert temperature, Fahrenheit(F)to Centigrade or Celsius(C)
C=
举例：
example:Convert 95 F to C:
C=
C=35
17．Slug Calculations 压钻杆重泥浆的计算
1）Barrels of slug required for a desired length of dry pipe

Step 1
Hydrostatic pressure repuired to give desired drop inside drill pipe:
Hp,psi=mud wt,ppg 0.052 ft of dry pipe
Step 2
Difference in pressure gradient between slug weight and mud weight:
Psi/ft=(slug wt,ppg-mud wt,ppg) 0.052
第 98 页
Step 3
Length of slugin drill pipe:
Slug length,ft=pressure,psi difference in pressure gradient,psi/ft
Step 4
Volume of slug,barrels:
Slug vol,bbl=slug lenth,ft drill pipe capacity,bbl/ft
举例：
Example:determine the barrels of slug required for the following:
Desired length of dry pipe(2 stands)=184 ft
Slug weight =13.2 ppg
Drill pipe capacity =0.01422bbl/ft
4-1/2 in.—16.6 1b/ft
Step 1
Hydrostatic pressure required:
Hp,psi=12.2 ppg 0.052 184 ft
Hp =117 psi
Step 2
Difference in pressure gradient,psi/ft:
Psi/ft=(13.2ppg-12.2ppg) 0.052
Psi/ft=0.052
Length of slug in drill pipe,ft:
Slug length,ft=117psi 0.052
Slug length =2250 ft
Step 4
Volume of slug,bbl:
Slug vol,bbl=2250ft 0.01422 bbt/ft
Slug vol =32.0bbl
2）Weight of slug required for a desired length of dry pipe with a set volume of slug
Step 1
Slug length,ft=slug vol,bbl drill pipe capacity,bbl/ft
Step 2
Hydrostatic pressure required to give desired drop inside drill pipe:
Hp,psi=mud wt,ppg 0.052 ft of dry pipe
Step 3
Weight of slug,ppg:
Slug wt,ppg=HP,psi 0.052 slug length,ft+mud wt,ppg
举例：
Example:determine the weight of slug required for the following:
Desired length of dry pipe(2 stands)=184 ft
Slug weight =25 bbl
4-1/2 in.—16.6 1b/ft
第 99 页
Step 1
Slug length,ft=25 bbl 0.01422 bbl/ft
Slug length =1758 ft
Step 2
Hydrostatic pressure required:
HP,psi=12.2 ppg 0.052 184 ft
HP =117psi
Step 3
Weight of slug,ppg:
Slug wt,ppg=117 psi 0.052 1758 ft+12.2 ppg
Slug wt,ppg=1.3ppg+12.2ppg
Slug wt 13.5 ppg
3）Volume,height,and pressure gained because of slug:

a)Volume gained in mud pits after slug is pumped,due to U-tubing:
Vol,bbl =ft of dry pipe drill pipe capacity,bbl/ft
b)Height,ft,that the slug would occupy in annulus:
Height,ft=annulus vol,ft/bbl slug vol,bbl
c)hydrostatic pressure gained in annulus because of slug:
HP,psi=height of slug in annulus,ft difference in gradient,psi/ft between slug wt and mud wt
举例：
Example:Feet of dry pipe(2 stands) =184 ft
Slug volume =32.4 bbl
Slug weight =13.2 ppg
4-1/2 in.—16.6 1b/ft
Annulus volume(8-1/2 in.by 4-1/2 in.)=19.8 ft/bbl
a)Volume gained in mud pits after slug is pumped,due to U-tubing:
Vol,bbl =184 ft 0.01422 bbl/ft
Vol =2.62bbl
b)Height,ft,that the slug would occupy in the annulus:
Height,ft=19.8 ft/bbl 32.4 bbl
Height =641.5 ft
c)hydrostatic pressure gained in annulus because of slug:
HP,psi=641.5 ft(13.2-12.2) 0.052
HP,psi=641.5 ft 0.052
HP =33.4psi
18．Accumulator Capacity—Useable Volume Per Bottle 储能器可用容积的计算
1）Useable Volume Per Bottle 每瓶可用的液体容积

NOTE:The following will be used as guidelines:
第 100 页
Volume per bottle =10 gal

Pre-charge pressure =1000psi
Minimum pressure remaining after activation =1200 psi
Pressure gradient of hydraulic fluid =0.445psi/ft
Maximum pressure =3000 psi
Boyle’s law for ideal gases will be adjusted and used as follows:
Surface Application
Step 1
Determine hydraulic fluid necessary to increase pressure from pre-charge to minimum:
P1V1=P2V2
1000 psi 10 gal=1200 psi V2
=V2
V2 =8.33
The nitrogen has been compressed from 10.0 gal to 8.33 gal.
10.0-8.33 =1.67 gal of hydraulic fluid. The pressure must not drop below this minimum
value.
Step 2
Determine hydraulic fluid necessary to increase pressure from pre-charge to maximum:
P1V1=P2V2
1000 psi 10 gals=3000 psi V2
=V2
V2 =3.33 The nitrogen has been compressed from 10 gal to 3.33 gal.
10.0-3.33 =6.67 gal of hydraulic fluid per bottle.
Step 3
Determine useable volume per bottle:
Useable vol/bottle=Total hydraulic fluid/bottle-dead hydraulic fluid/bottle
Useable vol/bottle=6.67-1.67
Useable vol/bottle=5.0 gallons
2）Accumulator Pre-charge Pressure 储能器预充压力
The following is a method of measuring the average accumulator pre-charge pressure by operating the
unit with the charge pumps switched off:
P,psi= ( )
Where P=average pre-charge pressure,psi

Pf=final accumulator pressure,psi
Ps=starting accumulator pressure,psi
举例：
Example:determine the average accumulator pre-charge pressure using the following data:
Starting accumulator pressure(Ps)=3000 psi
Final accumulator pressure(Pf) =2200 psi
Volume of fluid removed =20 gal
Total accumulator volume =180 gal
第 101 页
P,psi=
P psi =917
19．Bulk Density of Cuttings (Using Mud Balance) 岩屑的比重
Procedure:
1. Cuttings must be washed free of mud, diesel oil can be used instead of water.
2. Set mud balance at 8.33 ppg.
3. Fill the mud balance with cuttings until a balance is obtained with the lid in place.
4. Remove lid, fill cup with water(cuttings included), replace lid, and dry outside of mud balance.
5. Move counterweight to obtain new balance.
The specific gravity of the cuttings is calculated as follows.
SG=
Where SG=specific gravity of cuttings ----- bulk density

Rw=resulting weight with cuttings plus water, ppg
举例：
Example: Rw=13.8 ppg. Determine the bulk density of cuttings
SG=
SG=
SG=2.91
20．Drill String Design （Limitations）钻柱设计
The following will be determined:

Lengh of bottomhole assembly (BHA) necessary for a desired weight on bit (WOB).
Feet of drill pipe that can be used with a specific bottomhole assembly (BHA).
1）. Length of bottomhole assembly necessary for a desired weight on bit:
Length, ft=
Where WOB = desired weight to be used while drilling

f = safety factor to place neutral point in drill collars
Wdc = drill collar weight , lb/ft
BF = buoyancy factor
举例：
Example: Desired WOB while drilling = 50,000 lb
Safety factor = 15%
Mud weight = 12.0 ppg
Drill collar weight = 147 lb/ft
8 in. OD---- 3 in. ID
第 102 页
Solution: a) Buoyancy factor (BF):
BF=
BF=0.8168
b) Length of bottomhole assembly necessary:
length,ft=
length,ft=
length=479 ft
2）.Feet of drill pipe that can be used with a specific bottomhole assembly(BHA)
NOTE:Obtain tensile strength for new pipe from cementing handbook or other source.
a) Determine buoyancy factor:
BF=
b) Determine maximum length of drill pipe that can be run into the hole with a specific bottomhole
assembly:
Lengthmax=
Where t =tensile strength,1bfor new pipe

f =safety dactor to correct new pipe to no.2 pipe
MOP=margin of overpull
Wbha =BHA weight in air,1b/ft
Wbp = drill pipe weight in air,1b/ft,including tool joint
BF =buoyancy
c) Determine total depth that can be reached with a specific bottomhole assembly:
Total depth,ft=lengthmax+BHA length
举例：
Example: Drill pipe(5.0in.) =21.87 1b/ft-Grade G
Tensile strength =554,000 1b
BHA weight in air =50,000 1b
BHA length = 500 ft
Desired overpull =100,000 1b
Safety factor = 10%
a) Buoyancy factor:
BF=
BF=0.7939
b) Maximum length of drill pipe that can be run into the hole:
Lengthmax=
Lengthmax=
第 103 页
Lengthmax=12,655 ft
c) Total dept that can be reached with this BHA and this drill pipe:
Total depth,ft=12,655 ft+500 ft Total depth =13,155 ft
21．Cementing Calculations 固井有关的计算
1）Cement additive calculations 水泥添加剂的计算

a) Weight of additive per sack of cement:
Weight,1b =percent of additive×94 1b/sk
b) Total water requirement,gal/sk,of cement:
Water,gal/sk=cement water requirement,gal/sk+Additive water requirement,gal/sk
c) Volume of slurry,gal/sk:
Vol gas/sk= + +water volume,gal
d) slurry yield,ft3/sk:
Yield, ft3/sk=
e) slurry density, 1b/gal:
density, 1b/gal =
举例：
Example: Class A cement plus 4% bentonite using normal mixing water:
Determine the following:
Amount of bentonite to add
Total water requirements
Slurry yield
Slurry weight
a) Weight of additive:
Weight,1b/sk=0.04 94 1b/sk
Weight =3.76 1b/sk
b) Total water requirement:
Water =5.1(cement)+2.6(bentonite) Water=7.7 gal/sk of cement
c) Volume of slurry:
Vol,gal/sk=
Vol,gal/sk=3.5938+0.1703+7.7 =11.46 gal/sk

d) Slurry yield,ft3/sk:
Yield, ft3/sk=11.46 gal/sk-7.48 gal/ft3 = 1.53 ft3/sk
e) Slurry density,1b/gal:
Density,1b/gal= =14.13 1b/gal
2）Water requirements 水的要求

第 104 页
a) Weight of materials, 1b/sk

Weight,1b/sk=94+(8.33 vol of water,gal)+(% of additive 94)
b) Volume of slurry,gal/sk:
Vol,gal/sk= water vol,gal
c) Water requirement using materal balance equation

D1V1=D2V2
举例：
Example：Class H cement plus 6% bentonite to be mixed at 14.0 1b/gal.
Specific gravity of bentonite=2.65.
Bentonite requirement,1b/sk
Water requirement,gal/sk
Slurry yield, ft3/sk
Check slurry weight,1b/gal
a) weight of materals,1b/sk:
Weight, 1b/sk=94+(0.06 94)+(8.33 ”y”)
Weight,1b/sk=94+5.64+8.33”y”
Weight =99.64+8.33”y”
b) Volume of slurry,gas/sk:
Vol,gal/sk=
Vol,gal/sk=3.6+0.26+”y”
Vol,gal/sk=3.86+”y”
c) Water requirement using material balance equation:
99.64+8.33”y”=(3.86+”y”) 14.0
99.64+8.33”y”=54.04+14.0”y”
99.64-54.04 =14.0”y”-8.33”y”
45.6 =”y”
45.6 5.67=”y”
8.0= “y”Thus,water requirement=8.0 gal/sk of cement
d) Slurry yield,ft3/sk:
Yield, ft3/sk=
Yield, ft3/sk=
Yield =1.59 ft3/sk

e) Theck slurry density,1b/gal:
Density,1b/gal=
Density,1b/gal=
Density =14.0 1b/gal
Field cement additive calculation 水泥添加剂的现场计算方法
第 105 页
When bentonite is to be pre-hydrated,the amount of bentonite added is calculated based on the total
amount of mixing water used.
Cement program:240 sk cement;slurry density=13.8 ppg;
8.6 gal/sk mixing water;1.5%bentonite to be pre-hydrated:
a)Volume of mixing water,gal:
Volume=240 sk 8.6 gal/sk=2064 gal
b) Total weight,1b,of mixing water:
Weight =2064 gal 8.33 1b/gal
Weight =17,193 1b
c) Bentonite requirement,1b:
Bentonite =17,193 1b 0.015%
Bentonite=257.89 1b
Other additives are calculated based on the weight of the cement:
Cement program:240 sk cement;0.5% Halad ;0.40% CFR-2:
a) Weight of cement:
Weight =240 sk 94 1b/sk
Weight =22,560 1b
b) Halad =0.5%
Halad =22,560 1b 0.005
Halad =112.8 1b
c) CFR-2=0.40%
CFR-2=22,560 1b 0.004
CFR-2=90.24 1b
Table 11-1
Water Requirements and Speccific Gravity of Common Cement Additives
Material Water Requirement gal/94 1b/sk Specific Gravity
API class Cement

Class A&B 5.2 3.14
Class C 6.3 3.14
Class D&E 4.3 3.14
Class G 5.0 3.14
Class H 4.3-5.2 3.14
Chem Comp Cement 6.3 3.14
Attapulgite 1.3/2% in cement 2.89
Cement Fondu 4.5 3.23
Lumnite Cement 4.5 3.20
Trinity Lite-weight Cement 9.7 2.80
Bentonite 1.3/2% in cement 2.65
Calcium Carbonate Powder 0 1.96
Calcium Chloride 0 1.96
Cal-seal(Gypsum Cement) 4.5 2.70
CFR-1 0 1.63
CFR-2 0 1.30
第 106 页
D-Air-1 0 1.35
D-Air-2 0 1.005
Diacel A 0 2.62
Diacel D 3.3-7.4/10% in cement 2.10
Diacel LWL 0(upto 0.7%) 1.36
0.8:1/1% in cement
Gilsinite 2/50-1b/ft3 1.07
Halad-9 0(up to 5%)0.4-0.5 1.22
Over 5%
Halad 14 0 1.31
HR-4 0 1.56
HR-5 0 1.41
HR-7 0 1.30
HR-12 0 1.22
HR-15 0 1.57
Hydrated Lime 14.4 2.20
Hydromite 2.82 2.15
Iron Crabonate 0 3.70
LA-2 Latex 0.8 1.10
NF-D 0 1.30
Perlite regular 4/8 1b/ft3 2.20
Perlite 6 6/38 1b/ft3 -
Pozmix A 4.6-5 2.46
Salt(NaCI) 0 2.17
Sand Ottawa 0 2.63
Silica flour 1.6/35% in cement 2.63
Coarse silica 0 2.63
Spacer sperse 0 1.32
Spacer mix(liquid) 0 0.932
Tuf Additive No.1 0 1.23
Tuf Additive No.2 0 0.88
Tuf Plug 0 1.28
22．Setting a Balanced Cement Plug 打水泥塞的计算

Step 1
Determine the following capacities:
a) annular capacity,ft3/ft,between pipe or tubing and hole casing:
annular capacity, ft3/ft=
b) Annular capacity ,ft/bbl between pipe or tubing and hole or casing:
Annular capacity, ft/bbl=
第 107 页
c) hole or casing capacity, ft3/ft:
Hole or capacity, ft3/ft=
d) Drill pipe or tubing capacity, ft3/ft:
Drill pipe or tubing capacity, ft3/ft=
e) Drill pipe or tubing capacity, bbl/ft:
Drill pipe or tubing capacity, bbl/ft=
Step 2
Determine the number of SACKS of cement required for a give length of plug,OR determine the
FEET of plug for a given number of sacks of cement:
a) Determine the number of SACKS of cement required for a given length of plug:
Sacks of cement=plug length,ft hole or casing capacity, ft3/ft excess slurry yield,ft3/sk
NOTE: If no excess is to be used,simply omit the excess step.
OR
b) Determine the number of FEET of plug for a given number of sacks of cement:
Feet=sacks of cement slurry yield,ft3/sk hole or casing capacity, excess
Step 3
Determine the spacer volume (usually water),bbl,to be pumped behind the slurry to balance the
plug:
Spacer vol,bbl =annular capacity,ft/bbl excess spacer vol ahead,bbl pipe or tubing capacity,bbl/ft
NOTE:If no excess is to be used,simply omit the excess step.
Step 4
Determine the plug length,ft=sacks of cement slurry yield ft3/sk annular capacity, ft3/ft
excess+pipe or tubing capacity,ft3/ft
NOTE:If no excess is to be used,simply omit the excess step.
Step 5
Determine the fluid volume,bbl, required to spot the plug:
Vol,bbl =length of pipe or tubing,ft - plug length,ft pipe or tubing capacity,bbl/ft – spacer vol behind
slurry bbl.
举例：
Example: A 300 ft plug is to be placed at a depth of 5000 ft.the open hole size is 8-1/2 in.and the drill
pipe is 3-1/2 in.—13.3 1b/ft: ID-2.764 in. ten barrels of water are to be pumped ahead of the sluury.Use
a slurry yield of 1.15 ft3/sk.Use 25% as excess slurry volume:

1.Number of sacks of cement required
2.Volume of water to be pumped behind the slurry to blance the plug
3.Plug length before the pipe is withdrawn
4.Amount of mud required to spot the plug plus the spacer behind the plug
Step 1
第 108 页
Determine the following capacities:

a) Annular capacity between drill pipe and hole, ft3/ft:
Annular capacity, ft3/ft= =0.3272 ft3/ft
b) Annular capacity between drill pipe and hole,ft/bbl:
Annular capacity, ft/bbl= = 17.1569 ft/bbl
c) Hole capacity, ft3/ft:
Hole capacity, ft3/ft= =0.3941 ft3/ft
d) Drill pipe capacity, bbl/ft
Drill pipe capacity,bbl/ft= =0.00742 bbl/ft
e) Drill pipe capacity, ft3/ft :
Drill pipe capacity, ft3/ft = =0.0417 ft3/ft
Step 2
Determine the number of sacks of cement required:
Sacks of cement =300 ft 0.3941 ft3/ft 1.25 1.15 ft3/sk= 129
Step 3
Determine the spacer volume(water),bbl,to be pumped behind the slurry to balance the plug:
Spack vol,bbl=17.1569 ft/bbl 1.25 10 bbl 0.000742 bbl/ft =1.018 bbl
Step 4
Determine the plug length,ft, before the pipe is withdrawn:
Plug length,ft =(129sk 1.15 ft3/sk) (0.3272 ft3/ft 1.25+0.0417 ft3/ft)=329 ft
Step 5
Determine the fluid volume,bbl, required to spot the plug:
Vol,bbl=[(5000 ft- 329 ft) 0.00742 bbl/ft] – 1.0 bbl =33.6 bbl
Example 2:Determine the number of FEET of plug for a given number of SACKS of cement:
A cement plug with 100 sk of cement is to be used in an 8-1/2 in,hole.Use 1.15 ft 3/sk for the
cement slurry yield.The capacity of 8-1/2 in.hole=0.3941 ft 3/ft. Use 50% as excess slurry
volume:
Feet=100 sk 1.15 ft3/sk 0.3941 ft3/ft 1.50=194.5
23 ． Differential Hydrostatic Pressure Between Cement in The Annulus and Mud Inside the
Casing
环空的水泥和套管内泥浆的静液柱压力差
1. Determine the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the cement and any mud remaining in the annulus.
第 109 页
2. Determine the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the mud and cement remaining in the casing.
3. Determine the differential pressure.
举例：
Example: 9-5/8 in.casing－43.5 lb/ft in 12-1/4 in.hole:
Well depth =8000 ft
Cementing program:
LEAD slurry 2000 ft =13.8 lb/gal
TAIL slurry 1000 ft =15.8 lb/gal
Mud weight =10.0 lb/gal
Float collar(No.of feet above shoe) =44 ft
Determine the total hydrostatic pressure of cement and mud in the annulus
a) Hydrostatic pressure of mud in annulus:
HP,psi =10.0 lb/gal 0.052 5000ft
HP =2600 psi
b) Hydrostatic pressure of LEAD cement:
HP,psi =13.8 lb/gal 0.052 2000ft
HP =1435psi
c) hydrostatic pressure of TAIL cement:

HP,psi=15.8 1b/gal 0.052 1000 ft
HP =822 psi
d) Total hydrostatic pressure in annulus
Psi=2600 psi+1435 psi+822 psi
Psi=4857
Determine the total pressure inside the casing
a) pressure exerted by the mud:
HP,psi=10.0 1b/gal 0.052 (8000-44 ft)
HP =4137 psi
b) Pressure exerted by the cement:
HP,psi=15.8 1b/gal 0.052 44 ft
HP =36 psi
c) Total pressure inside the casing:
Psi =4137 psi+36 psi
Psi=4173
Differential pressure
PD=4857 psi-4173 psi
PD=684 psi
24．Hydraulicing Casing 固井时套管是否上行的计算

These calculations will determine if the casing will hydraulic out (move upward)when cementing
Determine the difference in pressure gradient psi/ft,between the cement and the mud
Psi/ft=(cement wt,ppg-mud wt,ppg) 0.052
Determine the differential pressure (DP)between the cement and the mud
difference in
第 110 页
DP,psi= Pressure gradients,psi/ft casing length,ft

Determine the area,sq in .,below the shoe
Area,sq in.=casing diameter,in.2 0.7854
Determine the Upward Force(F),lb.This is the weight,total force,acting at the bottom of the shoe
Force,lb=area,sq in differential pressure
Between cement and mud ,psi
Determine the Downward Force(W),lb.This is the weight of the casing
Weight,lb=casing wt,lb/ft length,ft buoyancy factor
Determine the difference in force ,lb
Differential force,lb=upward force,lb=upward force,lb-downward force,lb
Pressure required to balance the forces so that the casing will not hydraulic out (move upward)
Psi=force,lb area,sq in.
Mud weight increase to balance pressure
Mud wt,ppg=pressure required 0.052 casing length ,ft
To balance forces,psi
New mud weight,ppg
Mud wt,ppg=mud wt increase ,ppg mud wt,ppg
Check the forces with the new mud weight
a) psi/ft =(cement wt,ppg－mud wt,ppg) 0.052
b) psi=difference in pressure gradients,psi/ft casing length,ft
c) upward force,lb =pressure ,psi area,sq in.
d) difference in
force,lb =upward force,lb － downward force,lb
举例：
Example :casing size =133/8 in .54lb/ft
Cement weight =15.8ppg
Mud weight =8.8ppg
Buoyancy factor =0.8656
Well depth = 164ft(50m)
Determine the difference in pressure gradient,psi/ft,between the cement and the mud
Psi/ft=(15.8-8.8) 0.052t=0.364
Determine the differencial pressure between the cement and the mud
Psi=0.364Psi/ft 164ft=60
Determine the area,sq in.,below the shoe
Area,sq in =13.3752 0.7854 =140.5 sq in.
Determine the upward force .This is the total force acting at the bottom of the shoe
Force,lb =140.5 sq in 60 psi=8430 lb
Determine the downward force .This is the weight of the casing
Weight,lb =54.5lb/ft 164ft 0.8656 =7737lb
Determine the difference in force,lb
Differential force,lb=downward force ,lb-upward force,lb
Differential force,lb=7737lb-8430lb=-693lb
Therefore:Unless the casing is tied down or stuck,it could pssibly hydraulic out (move upward).
Pressure required to balance the forces so that the casing will not hydraulic out (move upward)
Psi=693lb 140.5 sq in.=4.9
第 111 页
Mud weight increase to balance pressure

Mud wt,ppg=4.9psi 0.052 164ft =0.57ppg
New mud weight ,ppg
New mud wt,ppg=8.8psi 0.6ppg=9.4ppg
Check the forces with the new mud weight
a) psi/ft =(15.8－9.4) 0.052 =0.3328
b)psi=0.3328 psi/ft 164ft=54.58
c)Upward force.lb=54.58psi 140.5 sq in. =7668 lb
d)differential =downward force –upward force
force,lb 7737 lb 7668 lb
differential =+69lb force
25．Depth of a Washout 钻具刺漏处的计算

Pump soft line or other plugging material down the drill pipe and notice how many strokes are required
before the pump pressure increase .
pump drill pipe
Depth of strokes output, capacity
Washout,ft = required bbl/stk bbl/ft
举例：
Example :drill pipe =3-12 in .-13.3 lb/ft
Capacity = 0.00742bbl/ft
Pump output =0.112 bbl/stk (5-1/2 in.by 14 in .duplex @90% efficiency
Note: A pressure increase was noticed after 360 strokes.
Depth of
Washout,ft = 360stk 0.112 bbl/stk 0.00742bbl/ft
Depth of
Washout = 5434 ft
26．Lost Returns－Loss of Overbalance 井漏的计算

Number of feet of water in annulus
Feet=water added,bbl annular capacity ,bbl/ft
Bottomhole(BHP)pressure reduction
BHP
Decrease ,psi =
Equivalent mud weight at TD

EMW,ppg =mud wt,ppg-(BHP decrease ,psi 0.052 TVD,ft)
举例：
Example :Mud weight =12.5ppg
Weight of water = 8.33ppg
TVD =10,000ft
Annular capacity =0.1279bbl/ft (12-1/4 5.0 in.)
Water added =150bbl required to fill annulus
第 112 页
Number of feet of water in annulus

Feet =150 bbl 0.1279 bbl/ft
Feet =1173
Bottomhole pressure decrease
Equivalent mud weight at TD
EMW.ppg=12.5-(254 psi 0.052 10,000 ft)
EMW =12.0 ppg
27．Stuck Pipe Calculations 卡钻的计算

Determine the feet of free pipe and the free point constant
The depth at which the pipe is stuck and the number of feet of free pipe can be estimated by the drill
pipe stretch table below and the following formula.
Table 11-2
Drill Pipe Stretch Table
Stretch
Nominal Wall Constant Free
ID, Weight, ID, Area, in/1000lb Point
In . lb/ft in. sq in. /1000 ft constant
2-3/8 4.85 1.995 1.304 0.30675 3260.0

6.65 1.815 1.843 0.21704 4607.7
2-7/8 6.85 2.241 1.812 0.22075 4530.0
10.40 2.151 2.858 0.13996 7145.0
3-1/2 9.50 2.992 2.590 0.15444 6475.0
13.30 2.764 3.621 0.11047 9052.5
15.50 2.602 4.304 0.09294 10760.0
4.0 11.85 3.476 3.077 0.13000 7692.5
14.00 3.340 3.805 0.10512 9512.5
4-1/2 13.75 3.958 3.600 0.11111 9000.0
16.60 3.826 4.407 0.09076 11017.5
18.10 3.754 4.836 0.08271 12090.0
20.00 3.640 5.498 0.07275 13745.0
5.0 16.25 4.408 4.374 0.09145 10935.0
19.50 4.276 5.275 0.07583 13187.5
5-1/2 21.90 4.778 5.828 0.06863 14570.0
24.70 4.670 6.630 0.06033 16575.0
6-5/8 25.20 5.965 6.526 0.06129 16315.0
举例：
第 113 页
Example: 3-1/2 in.13.30lb/ft drill pipe

20 in. of stretch with 35,000 lb of pull force
From drill pipe stretch table:
Free point constant =9052.5 for 3-1/2 in.drill pipe

13.30 lb/ft
feet of
free pipe = =5173ft
determine free point constant (FPC)

The free point constant can be determined for any type of steel drill pipe if the outside diameter,in.,and
inside diameter, in.,are known:
FPC=As 2500
Where As =pipe wall cross sectional area ,sq in.
举例：
Example 1:From the drill pipe sretch table :
4-1/2 in.drill pipe 16.6 lb/ft – ID=3.826 in.
FPC= =11,017.5
28．Calculations Required for Spotting Pills 各类顶替液的计算

The following will be determined :
a) Barrels of spotting fluid (pill)required
b) Pump strokes required to spot the pill
Step1
Determine the annular capacity,bbl/ft,for drill pipe and drill collars in the annulus:
Annular capacity,bbl/ft=
Step2
Determine the volume of pill required in the annulus :
Vol,bbl=annular cap.,bbl/ft section length , washout factor
Step3
Determine total volume ,bbl,of spotting fluid (pill) required:
Barrels=Barrels required in annulus plus barrels to be left in drill string
Step4
Determine drill string capacity, bbl:
Barrels=drill pipe/drill collar capacity,bbl/ft length ,ft
Step5
Determine strokes required to pump pill:
Strokes =vol of pill,bbl pump output,bbl/stk
Step6
第 114 页
Determine number of barrels required to chase pill:

Barrels=drill string –vol left in drill
Vol,bbl string,bbl
step7
Determine strokes required to chase pill
Pump strokes required
Strokes=bbl required output, + to displace
To chase pill bbl/stk surface system
Step8
Total strokes =strokes required + strokes required
To pump pill to chase pill
举例：
Example: Drill collars are differentially stuck .Use the following data to spot an oil based pill around the
drill collars plus 200 ft (optional) above the collars.Leave 24 bbl in the drill string:
Data: Well depth =10,000 ft
Hole diameter =8-1/2 in.
Washout factor =20%
Drill pipe =5.0 in.-19.5 lb/ft
Capacity =0.01776bbl/ft
Length =9400 ft
Drill collars =6-1/2 in.OD 2-1/2 in.ID
Capacity =0.0061bbl/ft
Length =600ft
Pump output=0.117bbl/stk
Strokes required to displace surface system from suction tank to the drill pipe =80 stk
Step1
Annular capacity around drill pipe and drill collars:
a) Annular capacity around drill collars:
Annular capacity,bbl/ft= =0.02914bbl/ft
b) Annular capacity around drill collars:
Annular capacity,bbl/ft= =0.0459bbl/ft
Step2
Determine total volume of pill required in annulus:
a) Volume opposite drill collars:
Vol,bbl=0.02914bbl/ft 600ft 1.20=21.0bbl
b) Volume opposite drill pipe:
Vol,bbl=0.0459bbl/ft 200ft 1.20 =11.0bbl
c) Total volume bbl,required in annulus:
Vol,bbl=21.0bbl+11.0bbl=32.0bbl
Step3
Total bbl of spotting fluid(pill)required:
Barrels=32.0bbl(annulus)+24.0bbl(drill pipe)=56.0bbl
第 115 页
Step4
Determine drill string capacity:
a) Drill collar capacity,bbl:
Capacity,,bbl=0.0062bbl/ft 600ft=3.72bbl
b) Drill collar capacity,bbl:
Capacity,,bbl=0.01776bbl/ft 9400ft=166.94bbl
c) Total drill string capacity,bbl:
Capacity,,bbl=3.726bbl/ft+166.94=170.6bbl
Step5
Determine strokes required to pump pill:
Strokes =56bbl 0.117bbl/stk=479
Step6
Determine bbl required to chase pill:
Barrels =170.6bbl -24bbl =146.6
Step7
Determine strokes required tochase pill:
Strokes =146.6bbl 0.117bbl/stk+80stk=1333
Step8
Determine strokes required tospot the pill:
Total strokes =479+1333 =1812
29．Pressure Required to Break Circulation 中途循环泥浆需要克服钻具内泥浆切力的压力

Pressure required to overcome the mud’sgel strength inside the drill string
Pgs=(y 300 d)L
Where Pgs =pressure required to break gel strength ,psi
Y =10 min gel strength of drilling fluid ,lb/100 sq ft
D =inside diameter of drill pipe ,in.
L =length of drill string,ft
举例：
Example:
Y=10 lb/100 sq ft
D=4.276 in.
L=12,000ft
Pgs=(10 300 4.276)12,000ft=93.5psi
Therefore,approximately 94 psi would be required to break circulation.
30．Pressure required to overcome the mud’s gel strength in the annulus

克服泥浆切力需要的环空压力
Pgs=y
Where pgs=pressure required to break gel strength ,psi

L= length of drill string ,ft
Y=10min.gel strength of drilling fluid,lb/100 sq ft
Dh=hole diameter,in.
Dp=pipe diameter,in.
第 116 页
举例：
Example : L= 12,000ft
Y=10 lb/100 sq ft
Dh=12-1/4 in.
Dp=5.0 in.
Pgs=10 =55.2psi
Therefore ,approximately 55 psi would be required to break circulation.
31．Mixing Fluids of Different Densities 配制不同密度的泥浆的计算
Formula:
Where =volume of fluid 1(bbl,gal,etc.)
=density of fluid 1(ppg,lb/ft3,etc)
= volume of fluid 2(bbl,gal,etc.)
= density of fluid 2(ppg,lb/ft3,etc)
=volume of final fluid mix
=density of final fluid mix
举例：
Example 1: A limit is placed on the desired volume:
Determine the volume of 11.0 ppg mud and 14.0 ppg mud required to build 300 bbl of 11.5 ppg mud:
Given :400 bbl of 11.0ppg mud on hand ,and
400 bbl of 11.0ppg mud on hand
Solution:let =bbl of 11.0 ppg mud
= bbl of 11.0 ppg mud
then a) + =300 bbl
b) (11.0) +(14.0) =(11.5)(300)
multiply equation A by the density of the lowest mud weight ( =11.0 ppg) and subtract the result from
Equation B:
第 117 页
=50
Therefore: 50 bbl of 14.0 ppg mud
300 bbl
=300-50=250 bbl of 11.0 ppg mud
Check: =50 bbl
=14.0 ppg
150 bbl
=11.0 ppg
=300 bbl
=final density ,ppg
(50)(14.0)+(250)(11.0)=300
700 +2750 =300
3450 =300
3450 300 =
11.5 ppg =
Example 2 :No limit is placed on volume :

Determine the density and volume when the two following muds are mixed together :
Given:400 bbl of 11.0 ppg mud ,and
400 bbl of 11.0 ppg mud
Solution: let =bbl of 11.0 ppg mud
=density of 11.0 ppg mud
=bbl of 14.0 ppg mud
=density of 11.0 ppg mud
=final volume ,bbl
第 118 页
=final density ,ppg
Formula:
(400)(11.0)+(400)(14.0)= 800
4400 +5600 = 800
10,000 = 800
10,000 800 =
12.5ppg =
Therefore :final volume =800 bbl

Final density=12.5 ppg
32．Solids Analysis 泥浆中固相的分析
Basic solids analysis calculations

NOTE:Steps 1-4 are performed on high salt content muds For low chloride muds begin with Step 5.
Step1
Percent by volume saltwater(SW)
SW =
Step2
Percent by volume suspended solids (SS)
SS=100-% by vol oil -% by vol SW
Step3
Average specific gravity of saltwater (ASGsw)
ASGsw=
Step4
Average specific gravity of solids (ASG)
ASG=
Step5
Average specific gravity of solids (ASG)
ASG=
Step6
第 119 页
Percent by volume low gravity solids(LGS)
LGS=
Step7
Percent by volume barite
Barite,% by vol =%by vol solids -%by LGS
Step8
Pounds per barrel barite
Barite ,lb/bbl =% by vol barite 14.71
Step9
Bentonite determination
If cation exchange capacity(CEC)/methylene blue test (MBT) of shale and mud are KNOWN:
a) Bentonite ,% by volume =
Where M = CEC of mud

b) Bentonite ,lb/bbl=bentonite,% by vol 9.1
Step10
Drilled solids ,lb/bbl=drilled solids,% by vol 9.1
Step11
Drilled solids,lb/bbl
Drilled solids,lb/bbl=drilled solids,%by vol 9.1
举例：
Example :Mud weight =16.0ppg
Chlorides =73,000ppm
CEC of mud =30lb/bbl
CEC of shale=7 lb/bbl
Retort Analysis:
Water =57.0%by volume
Oil = 7.5% by volume
Solids =35.5% by volume
1. Percent by volume saltwater (SW)
SW= =59.2974 percent by volume
2. Percent by volume suspended solids (SS)

SS=100-7.5-59.2974=33.2026 percent by volume
3. Aercent by volume suspended solids (SS)
ASGsw= =1.0809
4. Aercent specific gravity of solids (ASG)
ASG= =3.6625
5. Because a high chloride example is being used ,Step 5 is omitted.
第 120 页
6. Percent by volume low gravity solids(LGS)
LGS= =11.154 percent by volume
7. Percent by volume barite

Barite ,%by volume =33.2026-11.154 =22.0486% by volume
8. Barite ,lb/bbl
Barite,lb/bbl =22.0486 14.71 =324.3349 lb/bbl
9. Bentonite determination
a) lb/bbl=
lb/bbl=1.1206897 2.2615385 11.154

Bent =28.26965 lb/bbl
b) Bentonite ,% by volume
Bent ,% by vol =28.2696 9.1=3.10655% by vol
10. Drilled solids,percent by volume
Drilled solids,% by vol=11.154-3.10655 =8.047% by vol
11. Drilled solids,pounds per barrel
Drilled solids,lb/bbl =8.047 9.1 =73.2277 lb/bbl
33．Solids Fractions 最高允许固相的计算

Maximum recommended solids fractions (SF)
SF=(2.917 MW)-14.17
Maximum recommended low gravity solids (LGS)
LGS=
Where SF=maximum recommended solids fractions,%by vol

MW =mud weight ,ppg
LGS= maximum recommended low gravity solids, %by vol
举例：
Example:Mud weight =14.0 ppg
Determine :Maximum recommended solids,%by volume
Low gravity solids fractions,%by volume
Maximum recommended solids fractions(SF),%by volume:
SF=(2.917 14.0)-14.17
SF=40.838-14.17
SF=26.67 %by volume
Low gravity solids (LGS),%by volume:
LGS=
第 121 页
LGS=0.2667-(0.3125 0.6807) 200

LGS=(0.2667-0.2127) 200
LGS=0.054 200
LGS==10.8% %by volume
34．Evaluation of Centrifuge 有关离心机的计算

a) Underflow mud volume:
QU=
b) Fraction of old mud in underflow
FU=
c) Mass rate of clay:
QC=
d) Mass rate of additivies:
QC=
d) Water flow rate into mixing pit:
QP=
e) Mass rate for API barite:
QB=
Where MW=mud density into centrifuge,ppg

QM=mud volume into centrifuge,gal/min
PW=dilution water density,ppg
QW=dilution water volume,gal/min
PU=underflow mud density ,ppg
PO=overflow mud density ,ppg
CC=clay content in mud ,lb/bbl
CD=additive content in mud ,lb/bbl
QU=underflow mud volume, gal/min
FU=fraction of old mud in underflow
QC=mass rate of clay,lb/min
QD=mass rate of additives,lb/min
QP=water flow rate into mixing pit,gal/min
QB=mass rate of API barite,lb/min
第 122 页
举例：
Example:Mud density into centrifuge(MW)=16.2 ppg
Mud volume into centrifuge(QM)=16.5gal/min
Dilution water density(PW) =8.34 ppg
Dilution water volume(QW) =10.5 gal/min
Underflow mud density(PU) =23.4 ppg
Overflow mud density(PO) =9.3 ppg
Clay content of mud(CC) =22.5 lb/bbl
Additive content of mud(CD) =6 lb/bbl
Determine :Flow rate of underflow
Volume fraction of old mud in the underflow
Mass rate of additives into mixing pit
Water flow rate into mixing pit
Mass rate of API barite ino mixing pit
a) Underflow mud volume ,gal/min:
QU= =7.4 gal/min
b) Volume fraction of old mud in the underflow:
FU= =0.324%
c) Mass rate of clay into mixing pit lb/min:
QC= =7.55 lb/min
d) Mass rate of additives into mixing pit ,lb/min:
QD= =2.01 lb/min
e) Water flow into mixing pit ,gal/min:
QP= =8.20 gal/min
f) Mass rate of API barite into mixing pit,lb/min:
QB= =16.079 lb/min
35．RRESSURE CONTROL 压力控制
1）Kill Sheets and Related Calculations 压井施工单和有关计算
1．1）Normal Kill Sheet

1．1．1）Prerecorded Data
Original mud weight (OMW) ppg
第 123 页
Measured depth (MD) ft

Kill rate pressure (KRP) psi @ spm
Kill rate pressure (KRP) psi @ spm
Drill String Volume

Drill pipe capacity
Bbl/ft × length , ft = bbl
Drill pipe capacity
Drill collar capacity
Total drill string volume bbl
Annular Volume
Drill collar/oper hole
Capacity bbl/ft × length , ft = bbl
Drill pipe/oper hole
Drill pipe/casing
Pump Data
Pump output bbl/stk @ % efficiency
Surface to bit strokes:

Drill string
Volume bbl ÷ pump out , bbl/stk = slk
Bit to casing shoe strokes:
Open hole
Bit to surface strokes:
Maximum allowable shut-in casing pressure:
Leak-off test psi , using ppg mud weight
@ casing setting depth of TVD
Kick data
SIDPP psi
SICP psi
Pit gain bbl
Tue vertical depth ft
Calculations
Kill Weight Mud (KWM)
=SIDPP psi ÷ 0.052 ÷ TVD ft + OMW ppg
= ppg
第 124 页
Initial Circulating Pressure (FCP)

= SIDPP psi + KRP psi = psi
Final Circulating Pressure (FCP)
= KWM ppg × KRP psi ÷ OMW ppg
= psi
Psi/stroke
ICP psi – FCP psi ÷ strokes to bit
= psi/stk
Pressure Chart
Strokes Pressure Initial
< Circulating
0
Pressure
Final
Strokes < Circulating
to Bit > pressure
举例：
Example : Use the following data and fill out a kill sheet:
Data : Original mud weight = 9.6 ppg
Measured depth = 10,525 ft
Kill rate pressure @ 50 spm = 1000 psi
Drill string :
drill pipe 5.0 in. ----- 19.5 lb/ft
capacity = 0.01776 bbl/ft
HWDP 5.0 in. 49.3 lb/ft
capacity =0.00883 bbl/ft
length = 240 ft
drill collars 8.0 in. OD -----3.0 in. ID
capacity = 0.0087 bbl/ft
length = 360 ft
Annulus :
hole size = 12 1/4 in.
drill collar/open hole capacity = 0.0836 bbl/ft
drill pipe/open hole capacity = 0.1215 bbl/ft
drill pipe/casing capacity = 0.1303 bbl/ft
Mud pump ( 7 in. × 12 in. triplex @ 95% eff) = 0.136 bbl/stk
Leak-off test with 9.0 ppg mud = 1130 psi
Casing setting depth = 4000 ft
Shut-in drill pipe pressure = 480 psi
Shut-in casing pressure = 600 psi
第 125 页
Pit volume gain = 35 bbl

True vertical depth = 10,000 ft
Calculations
Drill string volume:
Drill pipe capacity
0.01776 bbl/ft × 9925 ft = 176.27 bbl
HWDP capacity
0.00883 bbl/ft × 240 ft = 2.12 bbl
Drill collar capacity
0.0087 bbl/ft × 360 ft = 3.13 bbl
Total drill string volume = 181.5 bbl
Annular volume:
Drill collar/open hole
0.0836 bbl/ft × 360 ft = 30.1 bbl
Drill pipe/open hole
0.1215 bbl/ft × 6165 ft = 749.05 bbl
Drill pipe/casing
0.1303 bbl/ft × 4000ft =521.2 bbl
Total annular volume = 1300.35 bbl

Strokes to bit :
Drill string volume 181.5 bbl ÷ 0.136 bbl/stk
Strokes to bit = 1335 stk
Bit to casing strokes :
Open hole volume = 779.15 bbl ÷ 0.136 bbl/stk
Bit to casing strokes = 5729 stk
Bit to surface strokes :
Annular volume = 1300.35 bbl ÷ 0.136 bbl/stk
Bit to surface strokes = 9561 stk
Kill weight mud (KWM)
480 psi ÷ 0.052 ÷ 10,000 ft ÷ 9.6 ppg = 10.5 ppg
Initial circulating pressure (ICP)
480 psi + 1000 psi = 1480 psi
Final circulating pressure (FCP)
10.5 ppg × 1000 psi ÷ 9.6 ppg = 1094 psi
Pressure Chart
Strokes to bit = 1335 ÷ 10 = 133.5
Therefore , strokes will increase by 133.5 per line.
Pressure Chart
Strokes Pressure
0
133.5 rounded up
133.5 + 133.5 =
第 126 页
+ 133.5=
+ 133.5=
+ 133.5=
+ 133.5=
134
267
401
534
668
801
935
1068
1202
1335
Pressure
ICP ( 1480 ) psi – FCP (1094) ÷ 10 = 38.6 psi
Therefore , the pressure will decrease by 38.6 psi per line.
Pressure Chart
Strokes Pressure
0 1480 < ICP
1480 – 38.6 1441
= 1403
– 38.6 =
1364
– 38.6 =
1326
– 38.6 =
1287
– 38.6 =
1248
– 38.6 =
1210
– 38.6 =
1171
– 38.6 =
1133
– 38.6 =
– 38.6 = 1094 < FCP
Trip Margin ™
TM = Yield point ÷ 11.7 ( Dh , in. – Dp , in.)
Example : Yield point = 10 lb/100 sq ft ; Dh = 8.5 in. ; Dp = 4.5 in
TM = 10 ÷ 11.7(8.5 – 4.5) = 0.2 ppg
Determine Psi/stk
psi/stk =
Example :Using the kill sheet just completed , adjust the pressure chart to read in increments that are
easy to read on pressure gauges.
Example: 50 psi
Data : Initial circulating pressure =1480 psi
Final circulating pressure = 1094 psi
Strokes to bit = 1335 psi
psi/stk = = 0.2891
The pressure side of the chart will be as follows :
第 127 页
Pressure Chart
Strokes Pressure
0 1480
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1094
Adust the strokes as necessary.

For line 2: How many strokes will be required to decrease the pressure from 1480 psi to 1450 psi?
1480 psi – 1450 psi = 30 psi
30 psi ÷ 0.2891 psi/stk = 104 strokes
For lines 3 to 7: How many strokes will be required to decrease the pressure by 50 psi increments?
50 psi ÷ 0.2891 psi/stk =173 strokes
Therefore , the new pressure chart will be as follows

Pressure Chart
Strokes Pressure
0 1480
104 104 1450
104+173= 277 1400
+173= 450 1350
+173= 623 1300
+173= 796 1250
+173= 969 1200
+173= 1142 1150
+173= 1315 1100
1335 1094
1．2）Kill Sheet With a Tapered String
psi @ = ICP -
stokes
Note : Whenever a kick is taken with a tapered drill string in the hole, interim pressures should be
calculated for a) the length of large drill pipe (DPL) and b) the length of large drill pipe plus the
length of small drill pipe.
举例：
Example: Drill pipe 1 : 5.0 in. —— 19.5 lb/ft
Capacity = 0.01776 bbl/ft
Length = 7000 ft
第 128 页
Drill pipe 2: 3-1/2 in. —— 13.3 lb/ft

Length = 6000 ft
Drill collars: 4 1/2 in. —— OD × 1-1/2 in. ID
Length =2000 ft
Pump output = 0.117 bbl/stk
Step 1
Determine strokes:
7000 ft × 0.01776 bbl/ft ÷ 0.117 bbl/stk =1063
6000 ft × 0.00742 bbl/ft ÷ 0.117 bbl/stk =381
2000 ft × 0.0022 bbl/ft ÷ 0.117 bbl/stk = 38
Total strokes = 1482
Data from kill sheet
Initial drill pipe circulating pressure (ICP) = 1780 psi
Final drill pipe circulating pressure (FCP) = 1067 psi
Step 2
Determine interim pressure for the 5.0 in. drill pipe at 1063 strokes
psi@
1063= 1780 - = 1162 psi
strokes
Step 4
Plot data on graph paper:
Drill pipe pressure, psi
1447 psi
1800-
178 psi
1600-
1268 psi
1400-
1200-
1000
Note: After pumping 1062 strokes, if a straight line would have been plotted , the well would have been
500 1000 1500
underbalanced by 178 psi.
Strokes Pumped
Kill Sheet for a Hightly Deviated Well
Figure 4-1. Data fromwell
Whenever a kick is taken in a highly deviated kill,sheet
the circulating pressure can be excessive when the
第 129 页
kill weight mud gets to the kick-off poing (KOP). If the pressure is excessive , the pressure
schedule should be divided into two sections : 1) from surface to KOP , and 2) from KOP to TD .
The following calculations are used:
Determine strokes from surface to KOP:
Strokes = drill pipe capacity, bbl/ft × measured depth to KOP , ft ÷ pump output , bbl/stk
Determine strokes from KOP to TD:
Strokes = drill string capacity , bbl/ft × measured depth to TD , ft ÷ pump output bbl/stk
Kill weight mud:
KWM = SIDPP ÷ 0.052 ÷ TVD + OMW
Initial circulating pressure :
ICP = SIDPP + KRP
Final circulating pressure :
FCP = KWM × KRP ÷ OMW
Hydrostatic pressure increase from surface to KOP :
Psi = (KWM – OMW) × 0.052 × TVD @ KOP
Friction pressure increase to KOP :
FP = (FCP – KRP) × MD @ KOP ÷ MD @ TD
Circulating pressure when KWM gets to KOP:
CP @ KOP = ICP – HP increse to KOP + friction pressure
Increse , psi
Note : At this point , compare this circulating pressure to the value obatained when using a regular kill
sheet.
举例：
Example : Original mud weight (OMW) = 9.6 ppg
Measured depth (MD) = 15,000 ft
Measured depth @ KOP = 5000 ft
True vertical depth @ KOP = 5000 ft
Kill rate pressure (KRP) @ 30 spm = 600 psi
Pump output = 0.136 bbl/stk
Drill pipe capacity = 0.01776 bbl/ft
Shut-in drill pipe pressure ( SIDPP ) = 800 psi
True vertical depth (TVD) = 10,000 ft
Solution :
Strokes from surface to KOP:

Strokes = 0.01776 bbl/ft × 5000 ft ÷ 0.136 bbl/stk = 653
Strokes from KOP to TD:
Strokes = 0.01776 bbl/ft × 10,000 ft ÷ 0.136 bbl/stk = 1306
Total strokes from surface to bit :

Surface to bit strokes = 653 + 1306 = 1959
Kill weight mud (KWM) :

KWM = 800 psi ÷ 0.052 ÷ 10,000 ft + 9.6ppg= 11.1 ppg
Initial circulating pressure (ICP):

第 130 页
ICP = 800 psi + 600 psi = 1400 psi
Final circulating pressure ( FCP )l

FCP = 11.1 ppg × 600 psi ÷ 9.6 ppg = 694 PSI
Hydrostatic pressure increase from surface to KOP:

HPI = (11.1 – 9.6) × 0.052 × 5000 = 390 psi
Friction pressure increase to TD:

FP = (694 – 600) × 5000 ÷ 15,000 = 31 psi
Circulating pressure when KWM gets to KOP:

CP = 1400 - 390 + 31 = 1041 psi
Compare this circulating pressure to the value obtained when using a regular kill sheet:
Psi/stk = 1400-694÷1959 = 0.36
0.36 psi/stk ×653 strokes = 235 psi
1400-235 = 1165 psi
Using aregular kill sheet , the circulating drill pipe pressure would be 1165 psi. the adjusted pressure
chart would have 1041 psi on the drill pipe gauge. This represents 124 psi difference in
pressure , which would also be observed on the annulus ( casing ) side. I t is recommended that if
the difference in pressure at the KOP is 100psi or greater , then the adjusted pressure chart
should be used to minmize the chances of losing circulation.
Thechart below graphically illustrates the difference:
Drill pipe pressure,psi
1500
1400
1300 1165 psi (old )
1200
1100
1000
900 1041 psi ( new )
800
700
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Strokes Pumped
Figure 4-2. Adjusted pressure chart.
2）Prerecorded Information
Maximum Anticipated Surface Pressure

Two methods are commonly used to determine maximum anticipated surface pressure:
第 131 页
Method 1: Use when assuming the maximum formation pressure is from TD:
Step 1
Determine maximum formation pressure (FPmax):
FP max = × 0.052 ×
Step 2
Assuming 100% of the mud is blown out of the hole , determine the hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore
:
Note : 70% to 80% of mud being blown out is sometimes used instead of 100%
HPgas = gas gradient , psi/ft × total depth , ft
Step 3
Determine maximum anticipated surface pressure ( MASP );
MASP = FPmax – HPgas
举例：
Example: Proposed total depth = 12,000 ft
Maximum mud weight to be used in
Drilling well = 12.0 ppg
Safety factor = 4.0 ppg
Gas gradient = 0.12 psi/ft
Assume that 100% of mud is blown out of well

Step 1
FPmax = (12.0 + 4.0 ) × 0.052 × 12,000 ft = 9984 psi
Step 2
HPgas = 0.12 × 12,000 ft = 1440 psi
Step 3
MASP = 9984 – 1440 = 8544 psi
Method 2 : Use when assuming the maximum pressure in the wellbore is attained when the
formation at the shoe fractures:
Step 1
Determine fracture pressure , psi:
Fracture pressure, psi = ( estimated facture gradient,ppg + safety factor,ppg) ×0.052 × (casing shoe
TVD,ft)
Note : A safety factor is added to ensure the formation fractures before BOP pressure rating is
exceeded.
Step 2
Determine the hydrostatic pressure of gas in the wellbore (HPgas):
HPgas=gas gradient , psi/ft × casing shoe TVD , ft
Step 3
Determine the maximum anticipated surfacepressure (MASP),psi:
Example:Proposed casing setting depth = 4000ft
Extimated facture gradient = 14.2 ppg
Safety factor = 1.0 ppg
第 132 页
Gas gradient = 0.12 psi/ft

Assume 100% of mud is blown out of the hole.
Step 1
Fracture pressure,psi = (14.2 + 1.0 )×0.052×4000 ft = 3162 psi
Step 2
HPgas = 0.12 × 4000ft = 480 psi
Step 3
MASP =3162 – 480 = 2682 psi
36．Formation Pressure Tests 地层压力破裂实试验

Two methods of testing :
·Equivalent mud weight test
·Leak-off test
Precautions to be undertaken before testing :
1. Circulate and condition the mud to ensure the mud weight is consistent throughout the system.
2. Change the pressure gague (if possible ) to a smaller increment gauge so a more assurate
measure can be determined.
3. Shut-in the well.
4. Begin pumping at a very slow rate — 1/4 to 1/2 bbl/min
5. Monitor pressure , time , and barrels pumped.
6. Some operators may have different procedures in running this test , others may include :
a. Increasing the pressure by 100 psi increments , waiting for a few minutes , then increasing by
another 100 psi , and so on, until either the equivalent mud weight is achieved or until Leak-off
is achieved.
b. Some operators prefer not pumping against a closed system. They prefer to circulate through
the choke and increase back pressure by slowly closing the choke . In this method , the
annular pressure loss should be calculated and added to the test pressure results.
（1）Testing to an equivalent mud weight :
1) This test is used primarily on development wells where the maximum mud weight that will be used
to drill the next interval is know.
2) Determine the equivalent test mud weight , ppg , Two methods are normally used.
Method 1: Add a value to the maximum mud weight that is needed to drill the interval.
Example: Maximum mud weight necessary to drill the next interval = 11.5 ppg plus safety factor
=1.0ppg
Equivalent test mud weight , ppg = (maximum mud weight , ppg )+(safety factor , ppg)
Equivalent test mud weight = 11.5 ppg + 1.0 ppg
Equivalent test mud weight = 12.5 ppg
Method 2 : Subtract a value from the estimated fracture gradient for the depth of the casing
shoe.
Equivalent test mud weight = (extimated fracture gradient , ppg)-(safety factor)
Example :Estimated formation fracture gradient = 14.2 ppg. Safety factor = 1.0 ppg
Equivalent test mud weight = 14.2 ppg – 1.0 ppg
Determine surface pressure to be used
Surface pressure, psi=(equiv.test mud wt,ppg – mud wt in use, ppg) ×0.052×(casing seat TVD,ft)
第 133 页
Example:
Casing shoe TVD = 4000ft
Solution : Surface pressure = (13.2 – 9.2)×0.052 × 4000 ft
Surface pressure = 832 psi
（2）Testing to leak-off test
1) This test is used primarily on wildcat or exploratory wells or where the actual fracture is not
known.
2) Determine the estimated fracture gradient from a “Fracture Gradient Chart.”
3) Determine the estimated leak-off pressure.
Estimated leak-off pressure – (estimated fracture gradient – mud wt in use, ppg) ×0.052×(casing shoe
TVD,ft)
举例：
Example: Mud weight =9.6ppg
Casing shoe TVD=4000ft
Estimated fracture gradient=14.4 ppg
Solution: Estimated leak-off pressure=(14.4-9.6)×0.052×4000ft=998 psi
Maximum Allowable Mud Weight From Leak-off Test Data

Max allowable mud weight, ppg=(leak-off pressure,psi)÷0.052÷(casing shoe TVD,ft)+(mud wt in use
ppg)
举例：
Example:Determine the maximum allowable mud weight, ppg, using the following data:
Leak-off pressure = 1040 psi
Casing shoe TVD = 4000 ft
Mud weight in use = 10.0 ppg
Max allowable mud weight,ppg= 1040 ÷ 0.052 ÷ 4000 + 10.0= 15.0 ppg
Maximum Allowable Shut-in Casing Pressure (MASICP)

Also called maximum allowable shut-in annuilar pressure (MASP):
MASICP=(maximum allowable mud wt,ppg-mud wt in use,ppg)×0.052×(casing shoe TVD,ft)
Maximum allowable mud weight =15.0 ppg
MASICP = (15.0 – 12.2 ) ×0.052×4000ft = 582 psi
Kick Tolerance Factor (KTF)

KTF=(casing shoe TVD,ft÷ well depth TVD, ft) × (maximum allowable mud wt, ppg – mud wt in use,
ppg)
举例：
Example:Determine the kick tolerance factor (FTF) using the following data:
Maximum allowable mud weight =14.2 ppg
(from leak-off test data)
第 134 页
Well depth TVD = 10,000 ft

KTF = (4000ft÷10,000ft)×（14.2 ppg -10.0 ppg）
KTF = 1.68 ppg
Maximum Surface Pressure From Kick Tolerance Data

Maximum surface pressure = kick tolerance factor, ppg × 0.052 × TVD , ft
Example: Determine the maximum surface pressure, psi, using the following data:
Maximum surface pressure = 1.68 ppg ×0.052×10,000ft = 874 psi
Maximum Formation Pressure (FP) That Can be Controlled When Shutting-in a Well
Maximum FP,psi = (kick tolerance factor,ppg + mud wt in use ,ppg) ×0.052×TVD,ft
Example: Determine the maximum formation pressure (FP) that can be controlled when shutting-in a
well using the following data:
Data: Kick tolerance factor =1.68 ppg
Maximum FP,psi = (1.68 ppg + 10.0 ppg) ×0.052×10,000ft = 6074 psi
Maximum Influx Height Possible to Equal Maximum Allowable

Shut-in Casing Pressure (MASICP)
Influx height,ft = MASICP,psi ÷ (gradient of mud wt in use psi/ft – influx gradient psi/ft)
举例：
Example: Determine the influx height,ft,necessary to equal the maximum allowable shut-in casing
pressure (MASICP) using the following data:
Data: Maximum allowable shut-in casing pressure =874psi
Mud gradient (10.0 ppg × 0.052 ) =0.52psi/ft
Gradient of influx = 0.12 psi/ft
Influx height = 874 psi ÷ (0.52 psi/ft – 0.12 psi/ft) = 2185 ft
Maximum Influx, Barrels to Equal Maximum Allowable Shut-in Casing Pressure (MASICP)
Example:
Maximum influx height to equal MASICP = 2185 ft
(from above example )
Annular capacity —— drill collars/open hole = 0.0836 bbl/ft
(12-1/4 in. × 8.0 in.)
Drill collar length = 500ft
Annular capacity —— drill pipe/open hole = 0.1215 bbl/ft
(12-1/4 in. × 5.0 in.)
Step 1
Determine the number of barrels opposite drill collars:
Barrels = 0.0836 bbl/ft × 500 ft = 41.8
Step 2
Determine the number of barrels opposite drill pipe :
Influx height, ft, opposite drill pipe:
Ft = 2185 ft – 500 ft = 1685
Barrels opposite drill pipe:
第 135 页
Barrels = 1685 ft × 0.1215 bbl/ft = 204.7

Step 3
Determine maximum influx , bbl , to equal maximum allowable shut-in casing pressure :
Maxmum influx = 41.8 bbl + 204.7 bbl = 246.5 bbl
Adjusting Maximum Allowable Shut-in Casing Pressure For an Increase in Mud Weight
MASICP = PL – [D×（mud wt2 – mud wt1）]0.052
Where MASICP = maximum allowable shut-in casing (annulus) pressure,psi
PL = leak-off pressure,psi
D = true vertical depth to casing shoe ,ft
Mud wt2 = new mud wt , ppg
Mud wt1 = original mud wt ,ppg
举例：
Example : Leak-off pressure at casing setting depth (TVD) of 4000 ft was 1040 psi with 10.0 ppg in use.
Determine the maximum allowable shut-in casing pressure with a mud weight of 12.5 ppg:
MASICP = 1040 psi – [4000×(12.5-10.0)0.052]
MASICP = 1040 psi – 520
MASICP = 520 psi
37．Kick Analysis 溢流分析
Formation Pressure (FP) With the Well Shut-in on a Kick

FP,psi = SIDPP,psi + (mud wt , ppg ×0.052×TVD,ft)
举例：
Example : Determine the formation pressure using the following data :
Mud weight in drill pipe = 9.6 ppg
FP, psi = 500 psi +(9.6 ppg×0.052×10,000 ft)= 5492 psi
Bottomhole Pressure (BHP) With the Well Shut-in on a Kick

BHP,psi = SIDPP,psi + (mud wt , ppg×0.052×TVD,ft)
举例：
Example : Determine the bottomhole pressure (BHP) with the well shut-in on a kick:
BHP,psi = 500 psi + (9.6 ppg ×0.052×10,000ft)= 5492 psi
Shut-in Drill Pipe Pressure (SIDPP)

SIDPP,psi = formation pressure,psi – (mud wt,ppg ×0.052×TVD，ft)
举例：
Example: Determine the shut-in drill pipe pressure using the following data:
Formation pressure = 12,480 psi
第 136 页
SIDPP,psi = 12,480 psi – (15.0 ppg ×0.052×15,000 ft)= 780 psi
Shut-in Casing Pressure (SICP)

SICP = (formation pressure,psi)-(HP of mud in annulus,psi + HP of influx in annulus,psi)
举例：
Example: Determine the shut-in casing pressure using the following data:
Formation pressure = 12,480 psi
Mud weight in annulus = 15.0 ppg
Feet of mud in annulus = 14,600 ft
Influx gradient = 0.12 psi/ft
Feet of influx in annulus = 400 ft
SICP,psi = 12,480-[(15.0 × 0.052 × 14,600)+(0.12 × 400)] = 1044 psi
Height, Ft, of Influx

Height of influx, ft = pit gain bbl ÷ annular capacity bbl/ft
举例：
Example : Determine the height, ft, of the influx using the following data
Pit gain = 20 bbl
Annular capacity – DC/OH = 0.02914 bbl/ft
( Dh = 8.5 in. – DP = 6.5)
Height of influx, ft = 20 bbl ÷ 0.02914 bbl/ft = 686 ft
Estimated Type of Influx
Influx weight, ppg = mud wt, ppt-
Then : 1-3 ppg = gas kick

4-6 ppg =oil kick or combination
7-9 ppg = saltwater kick
举例：
Example : Determine the type of the influx using the following data:
Shut – in casing pressure = 1044 psi
Shut – in drill pipe pressure = 780 psi
Height of influx = 400 ft
Influx weight , ppg = 15.0 ppg - = 15.0 ppg - = 2.31 ppg
Therefore, the influx is probably “gas”
Gas Migration in a Shut – in well

Estimating the rate of gas migration, ft/hr:
Vg = 12e(-0.37)(mud wt. Ppg) Vg = rate of gas migration , ft/hr
Example: Determine the estimated rate of gas migration using a mud weight of 11.0 ppg:
Vg = 12e(-0.37)(11.0 ppg) = 0.205 ft/sec = 0.205 ft/sec × 60 sec/min = 12.3 ft/min × 60 min/hr
第 137 页
Vg = 738 ft/hr
Determining the actual rate of gas migration after a well has been shut-in on a kick:
Rate of gas migration,ft/hr = (increase in casing pressure,psi/hr)÷(pressure gradient of mud weight in
us,psi/ft)
举例：
Example: Determine the rate of gas migration with the following data :
Stabilized shut-in casing pressure = 500psi
SICP after one hour = 700 psi
Pressure gradient for 12.0 ppg mud = 0.624 psi/ft
Rate of gas migration,ft/hr = 200 psi/hr ÷ 0.624 psi/ft = 320.5 ft/hr
Hydrostatic Pressure Decrease at TD Caused by Gas Cut Mud

Method 1:
HP decrease,psi =
举例：
Example : Determine the hydrostatic pressure decrease caused by gas cut mud using the following
data:
Weight of uncut mud = 18.0 ppg
Weight of gas cut mud = 9.0 ppg
HP decrease,psi = = 100 psi
Method 2:
P = (MG ÷ C) V
Where P = reduction in bottomhole pressure , psi
MG= mud gradient,psi/ft
C=annular volume , bbl/ft
V= pit gain,bbl
举例：
Example:MG= 0.624 psi/ft
C=0.0459 bbl/ft (Dh=8.5 in.;Dp=5.0 in)
V= 20 bbl
Solution: P=(0.624 psi/ft ÷ 0.0459 bbl/ft) 20=271.9 psi
Maximum Surface Pressure From a Gas Kick in a Water Base Mud
MSPgk = 0.2
Where MSPgk = maximum surface pressure resulting from a gas kick in a water base mud
P = formation pressure , psi
V = pit gain , bbl
第 138 页
KWM= kill weight mud ,ppg

C= annular capacity , bbl/ft
举例：
Example : P=12,480 psi
V= 20 bbl
KWM = 16.0 ppg
C = 0.0505 bbl/ft (Dh = 8.5 in. × Dp = 4.5 in.)
Solution :
MSPgk = 0.2 = 1779 psi
Maximum Pit Gain From Gas Kick in a Water Base Mud
MPGgk = 4
where MPG = maximum pit gain resulting from a gas kick in a water base mud
P = formation pressure ,psi
V = original pit gain , bbl
C = annular capacity , bbl/ft
KWM = kill weight mud ,ppg
举例：
Example : P = 12,480 psi
V = 20 bbl
C = 0.0505 bbl/ft (8.5 in. × 4.5 in)
KWM = 16.0 ppg
Solution :
MPGgk = 4 = 112.3 bbl
Maximum Pressures When Circulating Out a Kick (Moore Equations)

The following equations will be used:
1. Determine formation pressure,psi:
Pb = SIDP + (mud wt , ppg ×0.052×TVD, ft)
2.Determine the height of the influx,ft
hi = pit gain, bbl ÷ annular capacity , bbl/ft
3.Determine pressure exerted by the influx,psi
Pi = Pb-[Pm(D-X)+SICP]
4. Determine gradient of influx,psi/ft
Ci=Pi÷hi
5.Determine Temperature, oR,at depth of interest :
Tdi = 70oF+(0.012oF/ft,×Di)+460
6.Determine A for unweighted mud :
A = Pb-[Pm(D-X) – Pi]
7.Determine pressure at depth of interest:
第 139 页
Pdi = +
8.Determine kill weight mud,ppg:

KWM , ppg = SIDPP ÷ 0.052 ÷ TVD, ft + OMW , ppg
9.Determine gradient of kill weight mud ,psi/ft
pKWM = KWM , ppg × 0.052
10. Determine FEET that drill string volume will occupy in the annulus :
Di = drill string vol, bbl÷annular capacity , bbl/ft
11.Determine A for weighted mud:
A = Pb-[pm(D-X)-Pi]+[Di(pKWM-pm)]
举例：
Example: Assumed conditions:
Well depth = 10,000ft
Surface casing = 9-5/8 in @ 2500 ft
Casing ID = 8.921 in.
Hole size = 8.5 in.
Drill pipe = 4.5 in.-16.6 lb/ft
Drill collar OD = 6-1/4 in.
Length = 625 ft
Fracture gradient @ 2500 ft = 0.73 psi/ft(14.04 ppg)
Mud volumes:
8-1/2 in. hole = 0.07bbl/ft
8-1/2 in. hole × 4-1/2 in. drill pipe = 0.05 bbl/ft
8-1/2 in. hole × 6-1/4 in. drill collars = 0.032 bbl/ft
8.921 in. casing × 4-1/2 in. drill pipe = 0.057 bbl/ft
Drill pipe capacity = 0.014 bbl/ft
Drill collar capacity = 0.007 bbl/ft
Supercompressibility factor (Z) = 1.0
The well kicks and the following information is recorded :

SIDP=260 psi
SICP=500 psi
Pit gain = 20 bbl
Determine the following :
Maximum pressure at shoe with drillers method
Maximum pressure at surface with drilles method
Maximum pressure at shoe with wait and weight method
Maximum pressure at surface with wait and weight method
Determine maximum pressure at shoe with drillers method :
1. Determine formation pressure
Pb=260 psi +(9.6 ppg × 0.052 × 10,000 ft)=5252psi
2. Determine formation of influx at TD:
第 140 页
Hi=20 bbl ÷ 0.032bbl/ft=625 ft

3. Determine pressure exerted by influx at TD:
Pi=5252 psi – [ 0.4992 psi/ft ( 10,000 – 625 ) + 500 ]=72 psi
4. Determine gradient of influx at TD:
Ci=72 psi ÷ 625 ft=0.1152 psi/ft
5. Determine height and pressure of influx around drill pipe:
H=20bbl ÷ 0.05bbl/ft=400 ft
Pi=0.1152 psi/ft × 400ft=46 psi
6. Determine T oR at TD and at shoe:
ToR@10,000 ft = 70 + ( 0.012×10,000)+460 = 650
ToR@2500 ft = 70+(0.012×2500)+460 = 560
7. Determine A:
A = 5252 psi – [ 0.4992 (0.4992 (10,000-2500)+46 ] = 1462 psi
8. Determine maximum pressure at shoe with drillers method:
P2500 =
= 1930 psi
Determine maximum pressure at surface with drillers method :
1. Determine A:
A= 5252-[0.4992(10,000)+46]=214 psi
2. Determine maximum pressure at surface with drillers method:
Ps = = 1038 psi
Determine maximum pressure at shoe with wait and weight method:

1. Determine kill weight mud:
KWM,ppg = 260 psi ÷ 0.052 ÷ 10,000 ft + 9.6 ppg= 10.1 ppg
2. Determine gradient (pm), psi/ft for KWM:
Pm = 10.1 ppg × 0.052 = 0.5252 psi/ft
3. Determine internal volume of drill string :
Drill pipe vol = 0.014 bbl/ft × 9375 ft = 131.25 bbl
Drill collar vol = 0.007 bbl/ft × 625 ft = 4.375 bbl
Total drill string volume = 135.625 bbl
4.Determine FEET drill string volume occupies in annulus:
Di = 135.625 bbl ÷ 0.05 bbl/ft = 2712.5
5.Determine A:
A=5252-[0.5252(10,000-2500)-46]+[2715.2(0.5252-0.4992)]=1337.5
6.Determine maximum pressure at shoe with wait and weight method:
P2500 = = 1851 psi
Determine maximum pressure at surface with wait and weight method:

1. Determine A
A= 5252-[0.5252(10,000)-46]+[2712.5(0.5252-0.4992)]= 24.5
2. Determine maximum pressure at surface with wait and weight method:
第 141 页
Ps= = 987 psi
Nomenclature:
A = pressure at top of gas bubble,psi
Ci = gradient of influx,psi/ft
D = total depth,ft
Di = feet in annulus occupied by drill string volume
hi = height of influx,ft
MW = mud weight,ppg
Pb = formation pressure,psi
Pdi = pressure at depth of interest,psi
Ps = pressure at surface,psi
Pi = pressure exerted by influx,psi
pKWM = pressure gradient of kill weight mud ,ppg
pm = pressure gradient of kill weight mud ,ppg
ToF = temperature , degress Fahrenheit , at depth of interest
ToR = temperature , degrees Rankine , at depth of interest
SIDP = shut-in drill pipe pressure, psi
SICP = shut-in casing pressure,psi
X = depth of interest , ft
Zb = gas supercompressibility factor TD
Zdi = gas supercompressibility factor at depth of interest
Gas Flow Into the Wellbore

Flow rate into the wellbore increases as wellbore depth through a gas sand increases:
Q = 0.007×md×Dp×L÷u×ln(Re÷Rw) 1,440
Where Q = flow rate ,bbl/min
md = permeability,millidarcys
Dp = pressure differential ,psi
L = length of section open to well bore , ft
u = viscosity of intruding gas,centipoise
Re = radius of drainage, ft
Rw = radius of well bore, ft
举例：
Example : md = 200 md
Dp = 624 psi
L = 20 ft
u = 0.3 cp
ln(Re÷Rw) = 2.0
Q=0.007 200 624 20÷0.3 2.0 1440=20 bbl/min
Therefore: If one minute is required to shut-in the well,a pit gain of 20 bbl occurs in addition to the gain
incurred while drilling the 20-ft section.
38．Pressure Analysis 压力分析

第 142 页
Gas Expansion Equations

Basic gas laws:
P1V1 T1=P2V2 T2
Where P1 =formation pressure,psi
P2=hydrostatic pressure at the surface or any depth in the wellbore,psi
V1=original pit gain,bbl
V2=gas volume at surface or at any depth of interest,bbl
T1=temperature of formation fluid, degrees rankine( R= F+460)
T2=temperature at surface or at any depth of interest,degrees Rankine
Basic gas law plus compressibility factor:
P1V1 T1Z1=P2V2 T2Z2
Where Z1=compressibility factor under pressure in formation
Z2 =compressibility factor at the surface or at any depth of interest,dimensionless
Shortened gas expansion equation:
P1V1=1P2V2
Where P1 =formation pressure,psi
P2=hydrostatic pressure plus atmospheric pressure(14.7 psi),psi
V1=original pit gain,bbl
V2=gas volume at surface or at any depth of interest,bbl
Hydrostatic Pressure Exerted by Each Barrel of Mud in the Casing
With pipe in the wellbore:
Psi/bbl = 0.052 mud wt,ppg
举例：
Example: Dh-9-5/8 in. casing-43.5 1b/ft =8.755 in.ID
Dp =5.0 in. OD
psi/bbl = 0.052 10.5 ppg =10.88
With no pipe in the wellbore:
Psi/bbl= wt ppg
Example: Dh-9-5/8 in. casing – 53.5 1b/ft=8.755 in. ID

Psi/bbl= 10.5 ppg=7.33
Surface Pressure During Drill Stem Tests

Determine formation pressure:
Psi=formation pressure equivalent mud wt,ppg 0.052 TVD,ft
Determine oil hydrostatic gravity 0.052 TVD,ft
Determine surface pressure:
Surface pressure,psi=formation pressure,psi – oil hydrostatic pressure,psi

第 143 页
举例：
Example: Oil bearing sand at 12,500 ft with a formation pressure equivalent to 13.5 ppg.If the specific
gravity of the oil is 0.5,what will be the static surface pressure during a drill stem test?
Determine formation pressure,psi:
FP,psi=13.5 ppg 0.052 12,500 ft=8775 psi
Determine oil hydrostatic pressure:
Psi=(0.5 8.33) 0.052 12,500 ft=2707
Determine surface pressure:
Surface pressure,psi=8775-2707 psi=6068 psi
39．Stripping/Snubbing Calculations 不压井起下钻的计算
Breakover Point Between Stripping and Snubbing

举例：
Example: Use the following data to determine the breakover point:
DATA: Mud weight =12.5 ppg
Drill collars(6-1/4 in.- 2-13/16 in.)=83 1b/ft
Length of drill collars =276 ft
Drill pipe =5.0 in.
Drill pipe weight =19.5 1b/ft
Shut-in casing pressure =2400 psi
Buoyancy factor =0.8092
Determine the force,1b,created by wellbore pressure on 6-1/4 in.drill collars:

Force,1b=(pipe or collar OD,in.)2  0.7854 (wellbore pressure,psi) =73,631 1b
Determine the weight,1b,of the drill collars:
Wt,1b=drill collar weight,1b/ft drill collar length,ft buoyancy factor
Wt,1b=83 1b/ft 276 ft 0.8092t,1b=18,537 1b
Additional weight required from drill pipe:
Drill pipe weight,1b=force created by wellbore pressure,1b-drill collar weight,1b
Drill pipe weight,1b=73,631 1b-18,537 1b=55,094 1b
Length of drill pipe required to reach breakover point:
Drill pipe length,ft=(required drill pipe weight,1b) (drill pipe weight,1b/ft buoyancy factor)
Drill pipe length,ft=55,094 1b (19.5 1b/ft 0.8092)=3492 ft
Length of drill string length,ft=drill collar length,ft+drill pipe length,ft

Drill string length,ft=drill collar length,ft+drill pipe length,ft
Drill string length,ft=276 ft+3492 ft=3768 ft
Minimum Surface Pressure Before Stripping is Possible

Minimum surface pressure,psi=(weight of one stand of collars,1b) (area of drill collars,sq in.)
举例：
Example: drill collars—8.0 in. OD 3.0 in. ID=147 1b/ft
Length of one stand =92 ft
Minimum surface pressure,psi=(147 1b/ft 92 ft) (82 0.7854) =269 psi
第 144 页
Height Gain From Stripping into Influx
Height,ft=
Where L = length of pipe stripped,ft

Cdp=capacity of drill pipe,drill collars, or tubing,bbl/ft
Ddp=displacement of drill pipe,drill collars or tubing,bbl/ft
Ca =annular capacity,bbl/ft
举例：
Example: If 300 ft of 5.0 in.drill pipe—19.5 1b/ft is stripped into an influx in a 12-1/4 in. hole,determine
the height,ft,gained:
Data: Drill pipe capacity =0.01776 bbl/ft

Drill pipe displacement=0.00755 bbl/ft
Length drill pipe stripped=300 ft
Annular capacity =0.1215 bbl/ft
Solution: height,ft= =62.5 ft
Casing Pressure Increase From Stripping Into Influx

psi=(gain in height,ft) (gradient of mud,psi/ft-gradient of influx,psi/ft)
psi=62.5 ft (0.65 – 0.12)=33 psi
Volume of Mud to Bleed to Maintain Constant Bottomhole Pressure with a Gas Bubble Rising
With pipe in the hole:
Vmud=
Where Vmud=volume of mud,bbl,that must be bled to maintain constant bottomhole pressure with a gas
bubble rising.
Dp=incremental pressure steps that the casing pressure will be allowed to increase.
Ca=annular capacity,bbl/ft
举例：
Example: Casingpressure increase per step =100 psi
Gradient of mud(13.5 ppg 0.052)=0.70 psi/ft
Annular capacity =0.1215 bbl/ft
(Dh=12-1/4 in.; Dp=5.0 in.)
Vmud= =17.3 bb l
With no pipe in hole:
Vmud=
Where ch=hole size or casing ID,in.

举例：
第 145 页
Example:Casing pressure increase per step =100 psi

Gradient of mud(13.5ppg 0.052) =0.702 psi/ft
Hole capacity(12-1/4 in.) =0.1458 bbl/ft
Vmud= =20.77 bbl
Maximum Allowable Surface Pressure(PASP)Governed by the formation

MASP.psi=(maximum allowable mud wt,ppg-mud wt,in use,ppg) 0.052 casing shoe TVD,ft
举例：
Example:maximum allowable mud weight =q15.0 ppg
(from leak-off test data)
Casing seat TVD =8000 ft
MASP,psi=(15.0-12.0) 0.052 8000=1248 psi
Maximum Aollowable Surface Pressure(MASP) Governed by Casing Burst Pressure
MASP=(casing burst pressure,psi safty factor)-(mud wt in use, ppg-mud wt outside casing,ppg)
0.052 casing shoe TVD,ft)
举例：
Example: casing –10-3/4 in. –51 1b/ft n-80
Casing burst pressure =6070 psi
Casing setting depth =8000 ft
Mud weight behind casing =9.4 ppg
Mud weight in use =12.0 ppg
Casing safty factor =80%
MASP=(6070 80%)-[(12.0-9.4) 0.052 8000]=3774 psi
40. Workover Operations 作业井的井控方法与计算
NOTE: The following procedures and calculations are more commonly used in workover operations, but
at times they are used in drilling operations.
Bullheading
Bullheading is a tearm used to describe killing the well by forcing formation fluids back into the
formation by pumping kill weight fluid down the tubing and in some cases down the casing.
The bullheading method of killing a well is primarily used in the following situations:
a) Tubing in the well with a packer set. No communication exists between tubing and annulus.
b) Tubing in the well, influx in the annulus, and for some reason, cannot circulate through the tubing.
c) No tubing in the well, influx in the casing. Bullheading is simplest,fastest,and saftest method to use
to kill the well.
NOTE: Tubing could be well off bottom also.
d) In drillingoperations, bullheading has been used successfully in areas where hydrogen sulfide is a
possibility.
Example calculations involved in bullheading operations:
Using the information given below,the necessary calculations will be performed to kill the well by
第 146 页
bullheading.
举例：
The example calculations will pertain to “a”above:
DATA:Depth of perforations =6480 ft
Fracture gradient =0.862 psi/ft
Formation pressure gradient =0.401 psi/ft
Tubing hydrostatic pressure(THP) =326 psi
Shut-in tubing pressure =2000 psi
Tubing =2-7/8 in –6.5 1b/ft
Tubing capacity =0.00579 bbl/ft
Tubing internal yield pressure =7260 psi
Kill fluid density = 8.4 ppg
NOTE: Determine the best pump rate to use. The pump rate must exceed the rate of gas bubble
migration, ft/hr, in a shut-in well can determined by the following formula:
Rate of gas migration, ft/hr=(increase in pressure per/psi) (completion fluid gradient, psi/ft)
Solution:
Calculate the maximum allowable tubing(surface) pressure(MATP)for formation fracture:
a) MATP, initial, with influx in the tubing:
MATP, initial=(dracture gradient,psi/ft depth of perforations, ft) – (tubing hydrostatic pressure, psi)
MATP, initial=(0.862 psi/ft 6480 ft) – 326 psi=5260 psi
b) MATP, final,with kill fluid in tubing:
MATP,final=(fracture gradient, psi/ft depth of perforations,ft) – (tubing hydrostatic pressure,psi)
MATP,final=(0.862 6480) – (8.4 0.052 6480)=2756 psi
Determine tubing capacity:
Tubing capacity,bbl=tubing length,ft tubing capacity,bbl/ft
Tubing capacitybbl=6480 ft 0.00579 bbl/ft =37.5 bbl
Plot these values as shown below:
Tubing Burst Pressure

10 7260 psi 20 30 40 0 psi
8000
Displace tubing
Maximum allowable static tubing
600 pressure for formation feacture
0
Lubricate and Bleed
400 2756psi
The lubricate and bleed method involves
0
alternately static tubing displacemrnt pressure pumping a kill fluid into the
tubing or into 2000psi the casing if there is no
tubing in the well,allowing the kill fluid to
fall,then 200 bleeding off a volume of gas
until kill fluid 0 reaches the choke. As each
volume of kill fluid is pumped into the
第 147 页
tubing, the SITP should decrease by a calculated value until the well is eventually killed.
This method is often used for two reasons: 1) shut-in pressures approach the rated working pressure
may exceed the limits, as in the case of bullheading,and 2) either to completely kill the well or lower the
SITP to a value where other kill methods can be safely employed without exceeding rated limits.
This method can also be applied when the wellbore or perforations are plugged,rendering bullheading
useless.In this case, the well can be killed without necessitating the use of tubing or snubbing small
diameter tubing.
Users should be aware that the lubricate and bleed method is often a very time consuming
process,whereas another method may kill the well more quickly. The following is an example of a
typical lubricate and bleed kill procedure.
举例：
Example: A workover is planned for a well where the SITP approaches the working pressure of the
wellhead equipment. To minimize method will be used to reduce the SITP to a level at which
bullheading can be safely conducted. The data below will be used to describe this procedure:
TVD =6500 ft
Depth of perforations =6450 ft
SITP =2830 psi
Tubing =2-7/8 in.—6.5 1b/ft-N-80
Tubing capacity =0.00579 bbl/ft
172.76 ft/bbl
Tubing internal yield =10,570 psi
Wellhead working pressure =3000 psi
Kill fluid density =9.0 ppg
Calculations:
Calculate the expected pressure reduction for each barrel of kill fluid pumped:
Psi/bbl=tubing capacity, ft/bbl 0.052 kill weight fluid, ppg

Psi/bbl=172.76 ft/bbl 0.052 9.0 ppg=80.85
For each one barrel pumped, the SITP will be reduced by 80.85 psi.
Calculate tubing capacity, bbl, to the perforations:

bbl =tubing capacity, bbl/ft depth to perforations,ft=37.3 bbl
procedure:
1. Rig up all surface equipment including pumps and gas flare lines.
2. record SITP and SICP
3. Open the choke to allow gas to escape from the well and momentarily reduce the SITP.
4. close the choke and pump in 9.0 ppg brine until the tubing pressure reaches 2830 psi.
5. wait for a period of time to allow the brine to fall in the tubing. This period will range from 1/4 to 1
hour depending on gas density, pressure, and tubing size.
6. Open the choke and bleed das until 9.0 brine begins to escape.
7. close the choke and pump in 9.0 ppg brine water.
第 148 页
8. Continue the process until a low level, safe working pressure is attained.
A certain amount of time is required for the kill fluid to fall down the tubing after the pumping stops.The
actual waiting time is not toallow fluid to fall, but rather,for gas to migrate up through the kill
fluid.Gasmigrates at rates of 1000 to 2000 ft/hr.Therefore,after pumping,it is important to wait several
minutes before bleeding gas to prevent bleeding off kill fluid through the choke.
41．Critical Annular Velocity and Critical Flow Rate 临界环空返速和排量的计算
1. Determine n:
N=3.32log
2. Determine K:
K=
3. Determine x:
x=
4. Determine critical annular velocity:
AVc=
5. Determine critical flow rate:
GPMc=
Nomenclature:
n =dimensionless
K = dimensionless
x = dimensionless
600 =600 viscometer dial reading
300 =300 viscometer dial reading
Dh = hole diameter,in.
Dp =pipe or collar OD,in.
MW =mud weight,ppg
AVc =critical annular velocity, ft/min
GPMc =critical flow rate, gpm
举例：
Example: Mud weight =14.0 ppg
600 =64
300 =37
Hole diameter =8.5 in.
Pipe OD =7.0 in.
1. Determine n:
第 149 页
n=3.32log
2. Determine K:
K= =0.2684
3. Determine x:
x= =1035
4. Determine critical annular velocity:
AVc= =
AVc=310 ft/min
Determine critical flow rate:
GPMc= =294 gpm
42．“d”Exponent d 指数的计算
The “d” exponent is derived from the general drilling equation:

R N=a(W D)
Where R=penetration rate
N=rotary speed,rpm
a=a constant,dimensionless
W=weight on bit,1b
d=exponent in general drilling equation,dimensionless
“d” exponent equation;
“d” =log(R 60N) log(12W 1000D)
Where d =d exponent, dimensionless

R=penetration rate, ft/hr
N=rotary speed, rpm
W=weight on bit, 1,000 1b
D=bit size,in.
举例：
Example: R=30 ft/hr
N=120 rpm
W=350000 1b
d=log[30 (60 120)] log[(12 35) (1000 8.5)]=1.82
Corrected “d” exponent:
The “d” exponent is influenced by mud weight variations, so modifications have to be made to correct
for changes in mud weight:
dc=d(MW1 MW2)
where dc =corrected “d” exponent
第 150 页
MW1=normal mud weight—9.0 ppg

MW2=actual mud weight,ppg
举例：
Example: d =1.64
MW1=9.0 ppg
MW2=12.7ppg
Solution: dc=1.64(9.0 12.7)=1.16
43．Surge and Swab Pressures 激动和抽吸压力的计算
Method 1
1. Determine n:
n=3.32log
2. Determine K:
K=
3. Determine velocity,ft/min:
For pluged flow:
v=[0.45+ ]Vp
4. Maximum pipe velocity:

Vm=1.5 v
5. Determine pressure losses:
Ps=
Nomenclature:
n =dimensionless
K = dimensionless
600=600 viscometer dial reading
300=300 viscometer dial reading
v =fluid velocity, ft/min
Vp =pipe velocity, ft/min
Vm =maximum pipe velocity, ft/min
Ps =pressure loss,psi
L =pipe length,ft
Dh =hole diameter,in
Dp =drill pipe or drill collar OD,in
Di = drill pipe or drill collar ID,in.
举例：
Example: well depth =15,000 ft
Hole size =7-7/8 in.
Drilling pipe OD =4-1/2 in.
第 151 页
Drilling pipe ID = 3.82 in.

Drill collar =6-1/4” OD 2-3/4”ID
Drilling collar length =700 ft
Viscometer readings:
600 =140
300 =80
1. Determine n:
n=3.32log =0.8069
2. Determine K:
K= =0.522
3. Determine velocity, ft/min:
v=[0.45+ ]270=252 ft/min
4. Determine maximum pipe velocity, ft/min:

Vm=252 1.5=378 ft/min
5. determine pressure loss,psi
Ps= =716 psi surge pressure
Therefore,this pressure is added to the hydrostatic pressure of the mud in the wellbore.
If,however,the swab pressure is desired,this pressure would be subtracted from the hydrostatic
pressure.
举例：
Example 2: determine surge pressure for open pipe:
1. Determine velocity, ft/min:
v=[0.45+ ]270=149 ft/min
2. Maximum pipe velocity, ft/min:

Vm=149 1.5=224 ft/min
3. Pressure loss,psi:
Ps= =469 psi surge pressure
Therefore,this pressure would be added to the hydrostatic pressure of the mud in the wellbore.
If,however,the swab pressure is desired,this pressure would be subtracted from the hydrostatic
pressure of the mud in the wellbore.
Method 2
Surge and swab pressures
Assume: 1)plugged pipe
2)laminar flow around drill pipe
第 152 页
3)turbulent flow around drill collars
These calculations outline the procedure and calculations necessary to determine the increase or
decrease in equivalent mud weight ( bottomhole pressure ) due to pressure surges caused by pulling or
running pipe . These calculations assume that the end of the pipe is plugged ( as in running casing with
a float shoe or drill pipe with bit and jie nozzles in place ), not open ended.
A. Surge pressure around drill pipe :
1. Estimated annular fluid velocity (v) around drill pipe :
v=
2. Maximum pipe velocity (Vm)

Vm = v × 1.5
3.Calculate n:
n = 3.32 log
4.Calculate K:
K=
5.Calculate the shear rate (Ym) of the mud moving around the pipe :
Ym =
6.Calculate the shear stress (T) of the mud moving around the pipe:
T = K (Ym)n
7.Calculate the pressure (Ps) decrease for the interval :
Ps=
B.Surge pressure around drill collars:

1.Calculate the estimated annular fluid velocity (v) around the drill collars :
v=
2.Calculate maximum pipe velocity (Vm)

Vm = v × 1.5
3.Convert the equivalent velocity of the mud due to pipe movement to equivalent flowrate (Q):
Q=
4.Calculate the pressure loss for each interval (Ps)
Ps=
C. Total surge pressure converted to mud weight:

Total surge ( or swad) pressures
psi = Ps (drill pipe)+ Ps (drill collars )
第 153 页
D. If surge pressure is desired :

SP,ppg = Ps ÷0.052÷TVD, ft “ +“ MW , ppg
E. If swab pressure is desired :
SP,ppg = Ps ÷0.052 ÷TVD,ft “-“ MW,ppg
举例：
Example : Determine both the surge and swab pressure for the data listed below:
Data: Mud weight = 15.0 ppg
Plastic viscosity = 60 cps
Yield point = 20 lb/100 sq ft
Hole diameter = 7-7/8 in.
Drill pipe OD = 4-1/2 in.
Drill pipe length = 14,300 ft
Drill collar OD = 6-1/4 in.
Drill collar length = 700 ft
Pipe running speed = 270 ft/min
A.Around drill pipe:
1.Calculate annular fluid velocity (v) around drill pipe :
v= = 253 ft/min

Vm = 253×1.5= 379 ft/min
NOTE:Determine n and K from the plastic viscosity and yield point as follows:
PV+YP = θ300 reading
θ300 reading + PV =θ600 reading
Example : PV = 60
YP = 20
60+20=80 (θ300reading)
80+60=140 (θ600reading)
3.Calculate n:
n = 3.32 log 80 = 0.8069
4.Calculate K:
K= = 0.522
5.Calculate the shear rate (Ym) of the mud moving around the pipe :
Ym = = 269.5
6.Calculate the shear stress (T) of the mud moving around the pipe :
T=0.522(269.5)0.8069=47.74
7.Calculate the pressure decrease (Ps) for the interval :
Ps= =673 psi
B.Around drill collars:

第 154 页
1.Calculate the estimated annular fluid velocity (v) around the drill collars:
v= =581 ft/min

Vm=581×1.5=871.54 ft/min
3.Convert the equivalent velocity of the mud due to pipe movement to equivalent flowrate (Q):
Q= =816.5
4.Calculate the pressure loss (Ps) for interval:
Ps= =368.6 psi
C. Toltal pressure:
Psi=672.9psi+368.6 psi=1041.5 psi
D. Pressure converted to mud weight,ppg:
Ppg=1041.5 psi 0.052 15,000 ft=1.34
E. If surge pressure is desired:
Surge pressure,ppg =15.0 ppg +1.34 ppg =16.34 ppg
F. If swab pressure is desired:
Swab pressure,ppg =15.0 ppg – 1.34 ppg =13.66 ppg
44．Directional Drilling Calculations 定向井计算

1）Directional Survey Calculations
The following are the two most commonly used methods to calculate directional surveys:
1. Angle Averaging Method
North =
East =
Vert =
2. Radius of Curvature Method
North =
East =
Vert =
第 155 页
Where MD=course length between surveys in measured depth,ft

I1,I2=inclination(angle) at upper and lower surveys,degrees
A1,A2 =direction at upper and lower surveys
Example:Use the Angle Averaging Method and the Radius of Curvature Method to calculate the
following surveys:
Survey 1 Survey 2
Depth ,ft 7482 7782

Inclination,degrees 4 8
Azimuth ,degrees 10 35
Angle Averaging Method:
North = =28.97 ft
East= =12.0ft
Vert= =298.35 ft
Radius of Curvature Method:
North = =28.56 ft
East = =11.91 ft
Vert = =298.3ft
2）Deviation/Departure Calculation
Deviation is defined as departure of the wellbore from the vertical,measured by the horizontal distance
from the rotary table to the target.The amount of deviation is a function of the drift angle(inclination)and
hole depth.
The following diagram illustrates how to determine the deviation/departure:
A
DATA:
B KOP AB=distance from the surface locationto the KOP
BC=distance from KOP to the true vertical depth(TVD)
第 156 页
BD= distance from KOP to the bottom of the hole(MD)

C D CD=Deviation/departure-departure of the wellbore from the vertical
AC=true vertical depth
AD=Measured depth
To calculate the deviation/departure(CD),ft:

CD,ft=
举例：
Example:Kick off point(KOP) is a distance 2000 ft from the surface.MD is 8000 ft. Hole
angle(inclination) is 20 degrees. Therefore the distance from KOP to MD =6000 ft(BD):
CD,ft = sin 20 6000 ft=2052 ft
From this calculation, the measured depth(MD) is 2052 ft away from vertical.
Dogleg Severity Calculation

Method 1
Dogleg severity(DLS) is usually given in degrees/100 ft. The following formula provides dogleg severity
in degrees/100 ft and is based on the Radius of Curvature Method:
DLS=
For metric calculation,substitute
Where DLS=dogleg severity,degrees/100 ft

CL =course length,distance between survey points,ft
I1,I2 =inclination(angle) at upper and lower surveys,ft
A1,A2=direction at upper and lower surveys,degrees
Azimuth =azimuth change between surveys,degrees
Example:
Survey 1 Survey 2
Depth ,ft 4231 4262

Inclination,degrees 13.5 14.7
Azimuth ,degrees N 10 E N 19 E
DLS=
=8.051886 degrees/100 ft
Method 2
The method of calculating dogleg severity is based on the tangential method:
第 157 页
DLS=
Where DLS=dogleg severity,degrees/100 ft

L =course length, ft
I1,I2 =inclination(angle) at upper and lower surveys,degrees
A1,A2=direction at upper and lower surveys,degrees
Example:
Survey 1 Survey 2
Depth 4231 4262

Inclination,degrees 13.5 14.7
Azimuth ,degrees N 10 E N 19 E
Dogleg severity=
DLS=3.229 degrees/100 ft
Available Weight on Bit in Directional Wells

A directionally drilled well requires that a correction be made in total drill collar weight because only a
portion of the total weight will be available to the bit:
P=W Cos I
Where P =partial weight available for bit
Cos=cosine
I=degrees inclination(angle)
W=total weight of collars
举例：
Example: W=45,000 lb
I=25 degrees
P=45,000 cos 25=40,784 lb
Thus the available weight on bit is 40,784 lb.
Determining True Vertical Depth

The following is a simple method of correcting for the TVD on directional wells.This calculation will give
the approximate TVD interval corresponding to the measured interval and is generally accurate enough
for any pressure calculations. At the nex survey,the TVD should be correspond to the directional driller’s
calculated true vertical depth:
第 158 页
where =new true vertical depth,ft
Cos = cosine
CL =course length —number of feet since last survey
=last true vertical depth,ft
举例：
Example: TVD(last survey) =8500 ft
Deviation angle =40 degrees
Course length =30 ft
Solution :
45．Tank Capacity Determinations 罐体容积的计算
Rectangular Tanks with Flat Bottoms
Side end
Volume,bbl=
举例：
Example 1:Determine the total capacity of a rectangular tank with flat bottom using the following data:
Length =30 ft
Width =10ft
Depth =8ft
Volume,bbl= =427.84 bbl
Example 2:Determine the total capacity of this same tank with only 5-1/2 ft of fluid in it:
Rectangular Tanks with Sloping Sides:

Side end
Volume,bbl=
举例：
第 159 页
Example :Determine the total tank capacity using the following data:
Length =30 ft
Width1(top) =10ft
Width2(bottom) =6ft
Depth =8ft
Volume, bbl = =683.3 bbl
Circular Cylindrical Tanks:
side
v
Volume,bbl =
举例：
Example: Determine the total capacity of a cylindrical tank with the following diamensions:
Height =15 ft
Diameter =10 ft
NOTE: The radius® is one half of the diameter:
R= =5
Volume, bbl = =209.89 bbl
Tapered Cylindrical Tanks:
第 160 页
a) Volume of cylindrical section:
Vc =
b) Volume of tapered section:
Vt=
Where Vc=volume of cylindrical section,bbl
=radius of cylindrical section,ft
=height of cylindrical section ,ft
=volume of tapered section,bbl
=height of tapered section,bbl
=radius at bottom,ft
举例：
Example:Determine the total volume of a cylindrical tank with the following dimensions:
Height of cylindrical section =5.0 ft
Radius of cylindrical section =6.0 ft
Height of tapered section =10.0 ft
Radius at bottom =1.0 ft
Solution:
a) Volume of the cylindrical section:
Vc= =100.66 bbl
b) Volume of the tapered section:
Vt= =79.66 bbl
c) Total volume:
bbl= 100.66 bbl +79.66 bbl=180.32
Horizontal Cylindrical Tank:

a) Total tank capacity:
Volume,bbl=
b) Partial volume:
Vol, =
举例：
Example 1:Determine the total volume of the following tank:
第 161 页
Length =30 ft
Radius =4 ft
a) Total tank capacity:
Example 2:Determine the volume if there are only 2 feet of fluid in this tank:(h=2 ft)
Volume , = =294
To convert volume , ,to barrels ,multiply by 0.1781.
To convert volume , ,to gallons ,multiply by 7.4805.
Therefore,2 feet of fluid in this tank would result in:
Volume,bbl= 294 0.1781=52.36 bbl
NOTE: This is only applicable until the tank is half full (r-h).After that,calculate total volume of the tank
and substract the empty space.The empty space can be calculated by h=height of empty space.
第 162 页

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钻井工程简明手册

DRILLING ENGINEERING MANUAL

Drilling Branch of Greatwall Drilling Company .Ltd，

formulas and clearly offers the examples.

SECTION ONE: SHALE PROBLEMS 与页岩有关的各种钻井难题

SECTION TWO: WELLBORE STABILITY 井眼稳定

SECTION THREE: Special Cases 特殊情况

SECTION FOUR: HOLE CLEANING 井眼清洁

4-3-1 Hole Cleaning in Near Vertical Wells – Guidelines 直井的井眼清洁—一般指导原则 …… 25

SECTION FIVE: BARITE SAG 重晶石沉淀

SECTION SIX: TORQUE AND DRAG 扭矩和摩阻

SECTION SEVEN: STUCK PIPE 卡钻

7-2-2-1 Planning 计划 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………48

SECTION EIGHT: LOST CIRCULATION 井漏

SECTION NINE: MUD CONTAMINANTS 泥浆污染

SECTION TEN: APPENDIX 附录

SECTION ELEVEN: FORMULAS AND CALCULATION 公式和计算 …… 93

SECTION ONE: SHALE PROBLEMS 与页岩有关的各种钻井难题

3. ledges if interbedded with

3. particularly prone to bit

Hard 1. cavings 掉块 3-10 5-15 illite + poss. 2.2-2.5

Brittle 1. cavings 掉块 0-3 2-5 illite, kaolinite 2.5-2.7

1-0-1 Mechanical Effects: 机械因素

1-0-2 Chemical Effects: 化学影响

1.1 Problems in Soft/Firm Shales 软 / 较硬页岩中的事故

1-1-2 Mud Rings 泥饼环

1-1-3 Tight Hole 井眼缩径

1-1-4 Erosion / Washout 地层侵蚀 / 冲蚀

Preventative Measures 防范措施

1.2 Problems in Hard/Brittle Shales 坚硬 / 脆性页岩中的事故

1-2-2 Sloughing, Cavings and Packing-off 地层坍塌、掉块和井眼埋堵

SECTION TWO: WELLBORE STABILITY 第二部分：井眼稳定

2.1 Common Misconceptions 常见的错误观念

2-2-2 Competent Formations 致密地层

2.3 The Mechanisms of Wellbore Instability - Chemical Aspects

SECTION THREE: Special Cases 第三部分：特殊情况

3.1 Coal Formations 煤层

SECTION FOUR: HOLE CLEANING 井眼清洁

井眼直径对泥浆的环空返速有很大影响，如井眼直径从 17 1/2 减到 16 英寸，环空返速就会增加 20%。

4.2 Rig Site Monitoring 井场监测

4.3 Vertical and Near Vertical Wells 直井

HOLE SIZE 井眼尺寸 TYPICAL FLOW RATES 适用排量

17 1/2" 1100 gpm minimum（1gpm=0.063l/s）

8 1/2" Aim for 500 gpm

 Selection of Flow Regime 泥浆流态的选择

17 1/2 and 16 Intervals 12 1/4 Intervals 8 1/2 Intervals

50 bbl 30 - 50 bbl 20 bbl

Hole Angle 井眼角度 8 1/2" 12 1/4" 17 1/2"

0 - 10 1.3 1.3 1.5

10 - 30 1.4 1.4 1.7

30 - 60 1.6 1.8 2.5

60 + 1.7 2.0 3.0

 Wiper Trips 短起下钻

SECTION FIVE: BARITE SAG 重晶石沉淀

起下钻的时间间隔：时间间隔越久，重晶石沉淀床越严重，尤其当井斜在 60-70 度之间。为了减少将沉淀的重

SECTION SIX: TORQUE AND DRAG 扭矩和摩阻

The wall force 井壁力

Surface properties 表面特性

Drillstring design 钻具设计

Mud design 泥浆设计

SECTION SEVEN: STUCK PIPE 卡钻

7-0-1 Teamwork, Planning & Actions 集体配合、计划和措施

 High overbalance in a porous formation 在孔隙性地层，井底压力超压

国内油田 API 标准接头扣型每英寸公扣小头母扣台肩