MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE

JUNE 2021 EXAMINATION

Answer 1: -
Introduction & concept: -Every organization now days are moving towards MIS. Not only
Railways, hospitals, malls, manufacturing but Jewelers are also Set up their MIS System.
MIS: -MIS stands for Management information system. It records, store & Process data and
Draws meaningful information from it. And that information us used by decision makers to make
decisions for achieving organization’s goals and objective by planning, organizing, directing &
controlling. It is integrated user-machine system.
Characteristics: -
1.Mangement Oriented: - It means correct information used by correct person & at required
time when necessary. Top-Down approach is applied while designing the MIS. So, The system
development kick-off from the resolution of management requirement and overall organization’s
business goals.
2.System Approach: - It is an integrated System.it is sum of different management operations &
activities. Information given by MIS is used by all the departments. It helps to take decisions in a
coordinated manner.
3.Need-base: -MIS should design and develop in such a manner that a particular information is
shown at a particular level as per their need. So, it should provide information by taking
hierarchy into consideration.
4.Exception Base: - it should be developed in such a way that it should work in exceptional
situation too, which means it should help in decision making when the information is beyond
tolerances or expected limit i.e. max. limit, minimum limited.
5.Future Oriented: -MIS should focus on the future.so, it should not provide old information,
but it should provide information based upon projections, interpolation etc. on which job is
started.
6.Long-term Planning: -MIS is not developed in one day. It would take much time to develop
systems. The Developer of MIS should consider Future goal and objectives and organization’s
requirement.
7.Sub-System concept: -it comprises of various sub-systems which are connected together and
passes require information with each other, so that decision maker can making decisions. These
subsystems when collected are set to do particular function.
8.Central Data-Base: - Central data-base means each sub-system use central data base. It
performs as an integrator between the sub-systems. It provides the information at different
hierarchy levels in an organization.
Components of MIS: -
1.People: -MIS system is used and serviced by people.it does not fulfill its purpose if it is not
used by people. People are divided into two categories.: -
End Users: -End -users are those who uses information provided by MIS. e.g., Production
manager.
Information system specialist: - These are those who are expert in designing and operation of
MIS. e.g., Programmers.
2.Hadware Resources: -It comprises of all type of physical devices used to operate MIS. e.g.,
CPU, keyboard, mouse, desktop printers etc.
3.Software Resources: -It include set of instructions to operate and control the hardware.
Software is of two types: -
Programs: -These are inbuilt in computers. e.g., O.S. such as windows 10, Linux & Application
software.
Procedures: -There are defined by organization as per their needs.e.g., Approval line up,
distribution line up.
4.Data: -It is un-organized raw form of facts and observation collected from various sources and
methods. Data is entered in MIS so that it can remain store.
5.Network: -when two or more computers are connected with each other so that they can
communicate with each other is called network. E.g., internet, internet
6.Process: -Data is processed into useful information and depicted in the form of graph and
figures so, that decision can be taken efficiently.
Advantages of MIS: -
1.Increased Customer Satisfaction
2. Improve quality and quantity of information.
3.Provide useful information used for decision making.
4.Decentarzation of Authority by providing same information to all the levels of mgt.
5.improved quality control and supervision.
6. Generate Various reports which help to know strength and weakness of organization.
 Limitations of MIS: -
1.Maintenance cost is high
2.Resitance to sharing interdepartmental information.
3.can not provide creative response in all critical positions.
4.Technical failure and issue due to heavy data.
5.Can not full fill the special requirement of individual.
6. MIS is not good if data is old and obsolete.
Conclusion: -
MIS is info management tool used for decision makings to solve business related problems used
by individuals in an organization.
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Answer 2: -
Introduction & concept: -
While seeking expansion of Business in a new country it is very important to study the culture of
that country, because it varies from location to location. Culture plays a vital role by influence
Personal behavior and values at work. Dr. Geert Hofstede Created the concept of Five
Dimensions of culture in 1980s after research in 30-40 countries. He have given scored each
country 0-100 in each dimensions. To analyze the culture using his concept, firstly understand
Each Dimension which is as following: -

Low High
Egalitarian Power Embraces
Collectivist Individualis Hierarchy
Individualis
Traditional Long-Term tFuturistic & long-term
Comfortabl orientation
Uncertinity Not comfortable with uncertainty
e with Nurture Femininity/ Power Important
Masculinity

1.Power Distance Index: - It depicts the degree or level of inequality & equality exit in the
location or country & same is accepted by their residence living over there.
High Power Distance means people have accepted the power inequality & found it ok. If I talk
about structure, it is centralized.
But on the other hand, low Power distance means all the people consider at same level &
structure is decentralized. Here team work is main strength to accomplish task to achieve
organization goal.
So, this dimension help and guide Premier Automobile in understanding the structure or
framework, like how they accept power distribution & how they respond against structure.
2.Individualism vs Collectivism: -Individualism refer that main focus is placed on fulfilling
personal targets & KPIs. So, in other words people mainly focus on ‘I’. They are not meant for
making relationship with another group.
On the contrary, Collectivism refers to ability of people to consider themselves as a part of group
or team, thus a team player or a group member. So, here main focus is given on ‘we’.
So, this dimension guide Premier Automobile to understand people are self-centered or Team
centered. People will focus on Individual KPIs or Team work to achieve company objectives.
3.Masculinity/Femininity: -The Masculinity refers division of role and work based upon sex. It
is concerned on material achievement & authorities.
On the other hand, in Femininity more focus on life style, patch up, good relationship with
individuals and groups.
This dimension guide Premier Automobiles in understanding the work distribution based upon
sex, Also distribution of values like accomplishments, powers, life quality etc.
4.Long-Term orientation: -It refers to the degree of people value long term traditions. High
Long-Term orientations means people are open to those practices & values who took them into
future. Here focus is made in getting long term success.
On the other hand, low long-term orientation means people like to live to their old tradition
values that have been in their old times and in present too and they are not open to change. Here
focus is made in getting short term success.
This dimension guide premier Automobiles in understanding their goals i.e. short term or long
term & also get to know how much they are open to change.
5.Uncertinity Avoidance Index: -It is the degree to which uncertainty & ambiguity are
tolerated. High uncertainty avoidance index means low margin for uncertainty. Here people are
likely to be remain safe & are not risk taker in nature.
On the other hand, low uncertainty avoidance means high margin for uncertainty. here people are
Risk taking and love challenges. They are fewer set of instructions and regulations.
This dimension guide us to understand how the people respond toward uncertainty.
How to apply: -
Define-Make a team of with the people of country whose culture to be get studied & share a Plan
to them.
Measure-identifying the Dimension & gather the dimension related info.
Analyze: -compare with your own country
In this way one can easily analyze the culture of any country.
Conclusion: -By understanding the above dimension one can understand the company core and
values match with the country or not and take decision whether the base should be set-up or not.
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Answer 3a: -
Introduction & Concept: - Everyone wants to live in its stable & previous state because
everyone has used to it and resist changes. Change is part of life. Everyone has to be change with
time to time & according to situations. Organization makes changes to compete with competitors
& adopt the new latest technology & to remain updated with time to time. But when these
changes being comes into execution & implementation employees show resistance to these
changes. Let’s understand the reasons: -
1.Lack of confidence: -Employees feel threatened that they do not have required set of skills to
be able to play in the new role. They would start demoralize and loose interest in the work.
2.Lack of rewards and recognition: - Employees feel threatened that change would not provide
any reward and recognition. They have felt that they should do more work and the say salary. So,
there would not any monetary benefit for them.
3. Risk of Technology upgradation: -Due to Automation, robots and machine upgradation
workers have threatened of becoming jobless. They feel that machine would take place of them
in factory.
4. Fear of pay reduction: -If they change is being implemented for better living style, working
hours would reduce and ultimately, they are threatened that their salary would also decrease.
5. Uselessness of skill: - Employees feel threatened they current skills would be obsolete and
they are not able to master the new skills.
Application & Conclusion: -
Due to Covid-19, Most of the staff is working from home to maintain social distancing. They
have limited access to resources at home due to confidentiality of information to accomplish the
task. Employee feel more work load and pressure while working from home. They are working
remotely and faces so many IT and network issues too. Earlier meetings happen Face to face &
after a certain gap, now meeting are happening remotely one after another, so they do not have
any breathing space between them. Contractual manpower lay off. Now Staff people are also
frightened to losing their job and cut off salary. So, they are working day and night to show their
competency. Earlier approvals are taken with pen & paper. Approvals are taken Digitally instead
of manually. Now Management is implementing so many new software and systems which they
have to learn and comes into practice rapidly. Employee find it hard to learn this new software,
system and technology. Basically, these are resistance and causes that affiliation is facing.
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Answer 3b: -
Introduction & concept: -Most of the Changes are carried out in an organization as ‘Kaizen’.
People are always unwilling to adapt the change. They oppose the change by showing their bad
work, lack of ownership and interest in job, remain absent, shut down and strikes. They basic key
element in implementing the change is ‘employee willingness’. To Manage resistance to change
there are many ways which are follows: -
1.Facilitation: -Leaders should work with employee and clear their doubts by facilitate them, so
that they can easily embrace change.
2.Education & information: - Leaders should provide proper information about the change,
reason, pros., advantages of the change which is going to be happen. So, there should not be any
communication gap between Leader and employee about the change.
3.Participation: -Leaders should encourage employees in planning and execution change by
providing their ideas and suggestion.so, employees and leaders should participate together to
make change Successful.
4.Discussion: - Managers and employees should discuss about change regularly to avoid
conflicts for change.
5.Training: -employee should be given well training to implement the change. training should
be conducted for particular change and change practices so that they can easily embrace the
change.
Application & Conclusion: -
So, to overcome the resistance to change and make it implement, leaders or managers work
together with employee. They should listen each other. Managers should provide them proper
knowledge, information, advantages of the change. They should provide the proper trainings
about the change, so that they can easily embrace the change. Like due to covid-19 new systems
are implemented so that they can work remotely. So, mangers should provide the proper
information about the system, advantages of systems etc. Training should be given about the
system. Managers should provide the financial position of the company regularly, so that they
could drive out fear of losing job & do their work with motivation.