Chapter 3: Personality: CREATED BY: Dr. Pooja A Basu. Images Are Taken From Open Sourced

Chapter 3: Personality
CREATED BY: Dr. Pooja A Basu. Images are taken from open
sourced
• Define personality
• Describe the stages of personality development
• Discuss the determinants of personality
• Explain the theories of personality
• Describe the personality traits that affect organisational behaviour
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• VIDEO (Personality Test)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ef6-iS2BAeI
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• CASE (PROSENJIT)
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PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA : DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES
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DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY
• We can conclude that personality can be defined as a combination of physical, mental and moral qualities of
individuals that are reflected in their unique behaviour.
• “Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual REACTS and INTERACTS with
others.”
• Personality refers to a person’s unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions
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WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
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1. STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
The Phallic
Stage
The Latent
The Anal Stage
Stage
Freudian The Genital

The Oral Stage
Stages Stage
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STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
The Oral Stage (Age Range: Birth to 1 Year)

Because the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers (who
are responsible for feeding the child), the child also develops a
sense of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation.
The Anal Stage (Age Range: 1 to 3 years)
The major conflict at this stage is toilet training—the child has to
learn to control their bodily needs. Developing this control leads
to a sense of accomplishment and independence.
According to Freud, success at this stage is dependent upon the
way in which parents approach toilet training. Parents who utilize
praise and rewards for using the toilet at the appropriate time
encourage positive outcomes and help children feel capable and
productive According to Freud, inappropriate parental responses
can result in negative outcomes.
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The Phallic Stage (Age Range: 3 to 6 Years)

At this age, children also begin to discover the differences
between males and females.
Freud also believed that boys begin to view their fathers as
a rival for the mother’s affections. The Oedipus
complex describes these feelings of wanting to possess the
mother and the desire to replace the father.
The Latent Period( Age Range: 6 to Puberty)

During this stage, the superego continues to develop while
the id's energies are suppressed. Children develop social
skills, values and relationships with peers and adults
outside of the family.
The development of the ego and superego contribute to
this period of calm. The stage begins around the time that
children enter into school and become more concerned
with peer relationships, hobbies, and other interests.
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• The Genital Stage (Age Range: Puberty

to Death)
• Where in earlier stages the focus was solely

on individual needs, interest in the welfare of
others grows during this stage. The goal of this
stage is to establish a balance between the
various life areas.
• If the other stages have been completed
successfully, the individual should now be
well-balanced, warm, and caring.
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2. STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Erikson Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
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DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
Following are the main determinants of personality:
• Heredity
• Environment:
– Cultural Factor
unique
– Family Factor
– Social Factor
– Situational Factor
• Other Factors
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DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
Heredity Environment Situation
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LOCUS OF CONTROL
• Locus of control is a psychological concept that

refers to how strongly people believe they
have control over the situations and experiences
that affect their lives. In education, locus of
control typically refers to how students perceive the
causes of their academic success or failure in school.
• The concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in

1954, and has since become an aspect of personality
psychology.
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INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
If you believe that you have control over what

happens, then you have what psychologists refer to as
an internal locus of control.
• Are more likely to take responsibility for their
actions
• Tend to be less influenced by the opinions of other
people
• Often do better at tasks when they are allowed to
work at their own pace
• Usually, have a strong sense of self-efficacy
• Tend to work hard to achieve the things they want
• Feel confident in the face of challenges
• Tend to be physically healthier
• Report being happier and more independent
• Often achieve greater success in the workplace
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EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
If you believe that you have no control over what

happens and that external variables are to blame,
then you have what is known as an external locus of
control.
• Blame outside forces for their circumstances
• Often credit luck or chance for any successes
• Don't believe that they can change their situation
through their own efforts
• Frequently feel hopeless or powerless in the face
of difficult situations
• Are more prone to experiencing learned
helplessness
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WHICH LOCUS OF CONTROL????
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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
• Psychoanalytic Theory:
– This theory originated with the work
of Sigmund Freud. From his clinical
work with patients suffering from
mental illness, Freud came to the
conclusion that childhood
experiences and unconscious desires
influenced the behaviour of
individuals.
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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY:
Id
The id according to Freud is the part of the
unconscious that seeks pleasure.
Ego
In order for people to maintain a realistic sense
here on earth, the ego is responsible for
creating balance between pleasure and pain. It
is impossible for all desires of the id to be met
and the ego realizes this but continues to seek
pleasure and satisfaction
Superego
The superego, which develops around age four
or five, incorporates the morals of society.
Freud believed that the superego is what
allows the mind to control its impulses that are
looked down upon morally.
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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
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• Video (Id Vs Ego)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMgpFnycZCg
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• Neo-Freudian Theories
– These theories are the brain work of
psychologists who agreed with the basis of
Freud`s psychoanalytic theory. Major neo-
Freudian psychologists include Carl Jung,
Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Karen Homey
and Erich Fromm.
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Trait Theory:
• A personality trait refers to a long-lasting attribute of a
person that emerges in different situations.
• We can differentiate the personality of an individual from

the personality of another person through traits. According
to the trait theory, every person has a specific and unique
set of features.
• Following are some of the other assumptions of the theory:
– It allows variations in traits of different individuals.
– It presumes traits to be relatively stable.
– It measures traits by using behaviour indicators.
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STORY OF TWO BROTHERS
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• Social Learning Theory:

• There are three core concepts of the social
learning theory. These are as follows:
– People can learn by observing others.
– The internal mental condition of an

individual is an essential part of the
learning process.
– An individual’s learning does not

necessarily result in a change in his/her
behaviour.
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• Self Theory:
– Carl Rogers (1902-1987), an influential American
psychologist, is the proponent of this theory.
– This is defined as "the organized, consistent set of

perceptions and beliefs about oneself." ... The self is
influenced by the experiences a person has in their
life, and out interpretations of those experiences.
– Self concept is learned
– Self concept is dynamic
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SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITY TRAITS AFFECTING
ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Extroversion
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience
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Conscientiousness: A tendency to be organized and
ALICE PATTEN … SUE
dependable, show self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for
achievement, and prefer planned rather than
spontaneous behaviour.
• It refers to the goal-orientation of an individual. In
other words, it refers to the degree to which a person:
•Feels capable of achieving goals
•Is organised
•Is reliable and possesses a drive for success
•Is an effective thinker and focuses on completing tasks
Individuals with high levels of conscientiousness
perform better in most jobs and are effective team
players. This personality trait is important for top level
managers and employees working in leadership
positions
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SHARMAN JOSHI … SUKHI / RAJGURU
Extroversion: Some of the major psychologists involved
in the research of this trait include Carl Jung, Hans
Eysenck and Raymond Cattel. Extroversion refers to
the degree to which a person is outgoing and derives
energy from being around other people. In other words,
it refers to the degree to which an individual:
•Enjoys being with others
•Is warm to others
•Opens up in a group setting
•Stays cheerful and likes excitement
Extroversion is positively correlated to job satisfaction
at a workplace. Extroversion is very important in jobs
related to customer services and client servicing.
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Agreeableness: A tendency to AAMIR KHAN … DALJEET ‘DJ’
be compassionate and cooperative rather
than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.It
refers to the extent to which a person is outgoing and
tolerant. In other words, it refers to the degree to which
an individual:
•Is honest and straightforward
•Believes in the honesty of others
•Is helpful
•Tends to yield under pressure
•Exhibits humility and sensitivity to others
Agreeableness is especially important in jobs where
team work is involve
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SOHA ALI KHAN … SONIA
Emotional Stability or Neuroticism: It relates to how a
person reacts in a stressful or demanding situation.
Some of the specific features of this trait include the
degree to which a person:
•Is relaxed and capable of handling stressful situations
•Maintains calm and does not exhibit anger
•Becomes embarrassed and discouraged
•Handles difficult situations
Emotional stability is important in all levels of jobs in
an organisation.
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MADHAVAN … FLIGHT LT. AJAY
Openness to Experience: It refers to the degree to which a
person seeks new experiences and thinks creatively about
RATHOD
the future. To be more specific, openness refers to the
degree to which a person:
•Is imaginative
•Appreciates art and beauty
•Values and respects others` emotions
•Is curious
•Is open to change
Individuals who are more open to new experiences
perform well at creative jobs, for example, fashion
designing, advertising, and media
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QUIZ!!!!
1. Social Learning theory was propounded by ______________________
2. According to which theory every person has a specific and unique set of features.
• Psychoanalytic theory
• Trait theory
• Self theory
• Social Learning theory.
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QUIZ!!!!
1. Social Learning theory was propounded by Albert Bandura
2. According to which theory every person has a specific and unique set of features.
• Psychoanalytic theory
• Trait theory
• Self theory
• Social Learning theory.
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LET’S SUM UP
• Personality refers to the set of traits possessed by an individual that makes him/her distinct from others.
Personality determines the behaviour of an individual.
• The elements of personality are behaviour; freedom; peculiarity; physical, mental and moral qualities;
adaptability to the environment; psychological systems and habits.
• The Freudian stages of personality development include the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent stage
and genital stage.
• Erikson`s stages of personality development include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt,
initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs.
stagnation and integrity vs. despair.
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Chapter 3: Personality

• Describe the stages of personality development

• Discuss the determinants of personality

• Explain the theories of personality

• Describe the personality traits that affect organisational behaviour

Freudian The Genital

The Oral Stage (Age Range: Birth to 1 Year)

The Phallic Stage (Age Range: 3 to 6 Years)

The Latent Period( Age Range: 6 to Puberty)

• The Genital Stage (Age Range: Puberty

• Where in earlier stages the focus was solely

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority

Identity vs. Confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Integrity vs. Despair

Following are the main determinants of personality:

Heredity Environment Situation

• Locus of control is a psychological concept that

• The concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in

If you believe that you have control over what

If you believe that you have no control over what

• We can differentiate the personality of an individual from

• Following are some of the other assumptions of the theory:

– It allows variations in traits of different individuals.

– It presumes traits to be relatively stable.

– It measures traits by using behaviour indicators.

• Social Learning Theory:

– People can learn by observing others.

– The internal mental condition of an

– An individual’s learning does not

– This is defined as "the organized, consistent set of

– Self concept is learned

– Self concept is dynamic

1. Social Learning theory was propounded by ______________________

• Social Learning theory.

1. Social Learning theory was propounded by Albert Bandura

• Social Learning theory.

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