GOOD

MORNING
CLASSICAL PHYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY /

PHYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

Submitted by
Fayiza M
Part 2
180020563
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Theories of child psychology
• Psychoanalytical theory
• Psychic triad
• Sigmund Freud’s stages of development
• Merits and demerits of Freud’s theory
• Conclusion
• Reference
INTRODUCTION

• Psychological development is a dynamic process, which begin

at birth and proceeds in an ascending order through a series of
sequential stages manifesting in various characteristic
behaviors
• These stages are governed by genetic, familial, cultural,
interpersonal and interpsychic factors
• The clinician should know emotional and social behavior
anticipated from children of different age groups, and should
be able to communicate on a level consistent with the child.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY

• It is the science or study of child's mind

and how it functions.
• It is also the science that deals with the
mental power or an interaction between
the conscious and subconscious elements
in a child
 THEORIES OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
I. Psychodynamic theories
• Psychosexual theory/Psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund
Freud
• Psychosocial theory/Model of personality development
by Erik Erikson
• Cognitive theory by Jean Piaget
II. Theories of learning and development of behaviour
• Classical conditioning by Pavlov
• Operant conditioning by Skinner
• Social/Observational learning theory by Bandura
III. Hierarchy of needs by Maslow
IV. Margaret S Mahler's theory of development
CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY /
PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

• This theory was given in 1905 by Sigmund

Freud, an Australian physician and father of
modern-day psychiatry
• He said that a body has two types of neurons:
◦ Phi neuron-concerned with condition of emotion
and
◦ Psi neuron-concerned with storage of emotion.
When the emotions reach a certain level, a
discharge is sparked off and this over display of
emotions is called archaic discharge
• Freud compared the human mind to an iceberg,
• The small part that shown above the surface of the water represents the
conscious experience, and the much larger base below water level
represents the unconscious store house of impulses, passions, and
inaccessible memories that affect thoughts and behaviors.
• The conscious mind is what you are aware of at any particular moment;
your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, and fantasies. Working
closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious
mind or available memory; anything that can be easily made conscious
• The largest, most complex, and hidden is unconscious
part.
• According to Freud, unconsciousness is the source of
our motivations, whether they may be simple desires
of food or sex, neurotic compulsions, or the motives of
an artist or scientist, and yet we are often driven to deny
or resist becoming conscious of these motives, and they
are often available to us only in disguised form.
 PSYCHIC TRIAD

◦ Freud in 1923 made the tripartite structural model of ego,

ID, and superego and hypothesized three structures in this
theory to understand the intrapsychic process called the
psychic triad
◦ Id: It is the basic structure of personality, which serves as a
reservoir of instincts or their mental representative.
◦ It is present at birth, impulse ridden and strives for
immediate pleasure and gratification (pleasure principle)
◦ Ego: It develops out of id in the 2nd to 6th month of life when the
infant begins to distinguish between itself and the outside world; it
is the mediation between id and super ego. Unlike id, ego is
governed by the reality principle. It is concerned with memory and
judgment. It is developed after birth, expands with age and it
delays. modifies and controls id impulses on a realistic level
(reality principle).
◦ Super ego: It is the prohibition learned from environment (more
from parents and authorities). It acts as a censor of acceptability of
thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
◦ It is determined by regulations imposed upon the child by parents,
society and culture (ethics and morals). It is the internalized
control, which produces the feeling of shame and guilt.
◦ Ego Defense Mechanisms
• The ego deals with the demands of reality, the id and the
superego as best as it can. But when the anxiety becomes
overwhelming, then the ego must defend itself. It does so by
unconciously blocking the impulses or distorting them into a
more acceptable, less threatening form. These techniques are
known as the ego defense mechanisms

◦ Displacement
• This is the transfer of desires or impulses onto a substitute or
object.
◦ Projection
• This is where characteristics or desires that are
unacceptable to a person's ego are externalized or
projected onto someone else.

◦ Reaction Formation
• This is where a person displays behaviour that is the
exact opposite of an impulse that he/she dare not express
or acknowledge.
◦ Regression
• An individual attempts to avoid current anxiety by
withdrawing to the behaviour patterns of an earlier age. It is
the age inappropriate response.

◦ Repression
• This can take two forms:
• The expulsion of thought and memories that might provoke
anxiety from the conscious mind (primary repression) and
• The process by which hidden id impulses are blocked from
ever reaching consciousness (primal repression).
◦ Rationalization
• This is an attempt to explain our behaviour to
ourselves and others, in ways that are seen as rational
and socially acceptable, instead of irrational and
unacceptable.
• It also means to find logic in one's actions.

◦ Denial
• This is where a person may deny some aspect of
reality.
◦ Identification
• This is incorporating an external object (usually
another person) into one's own personality,
making them part of one's self, i.e., one may come
to think, act and feel like someone else.
 Stage Age

◦ Oral stage ◦ Birth to 18 months of age

◦ Anal stage ◦ 18 months to 3 years
Sigmund Freud's ◦ Urethral stage ◦ Transitional stage
Stages of ◦ Phallic stage ◦ 3-5 years

Development ◦ Latency stage ◦ 5-11 years

◦ Genital stage ◦ 11-13 years
Merit of Freud's Theory

• One of the earliest and the most comprehensive theories of life

long psychological development.

Demerits of Sigmund Freud's Theory

• Freud formulated this theory by his extensive studies on adult
psychological patients and hence its extrapolation to children is
not very justified.
• This theory is based on obsessed observations of the
psychologist.
 INTRODUCTI CHARACTERESTICS OBJECTIVES PATHOLOGY
ON
• It is the 1" • Abrupt change at • These reactions • Neonates who
experience to birth results in help the child to fail to adapt to
effect psychophysiological learn some abrupt changes
personality emergency reactions adaptive get startled
development similar to fear and mechanisms easily
anxiety against anxiety • This results in
BIRTH • The characteristics generating a more
are observed in later stimuli protective
life during personality mechanism,
development and which is
depend on child's maladaptive in
susceptibility during later life
this period
• If the neonate gets
used to the stimuli he
is no longer anxious
 • In infants the • This is a • Satisfactio • If child's
oral cavity is dependent n of oral needs are
the site for stage since desires, not
identifying the infant e.g., adequately
needs is suckling of met in this
• It therefore dependent milk by stage the
serves as an on adults mother, following
ORAL erogenous zone for getting help in traits
STAGE his oral developme develop:
needs nt of trust Excessive
fulfilled optimism,
narcissism,
pessimism,
demanding
ness, envy,
jealousy
 • During this • Development • The child • Anal eroticism
stage, of personal realizes the and defenses
maturation of autonomy and increasing against it result
control occurs independence voluntary in fixation on
• Control over • Child realizes control, anal function
sphincters, his control over which • It is
particularly his needs and provides characterized by
anal sphincter, practices it him with various abnormal
ANAL results in with a sense of the sense of behaviours like:
STAGE increased shame or self- independen disorderliness,
voluntary doubt ce and abstinence,
activity autonomy stubbornness,
willfulness,
fragality
 • It is a • The child • The • Loss of urethra
transition derives objectives control results in
between the pleasures from are similar shame
URETHRAL anal stage exercising to those of • Competitiveness
STAGE and the control over anal stage • Ambition
phallic stage the urinary
sphincter
 • The stage • It is characterized • The child • If the above
begins during by: realizes the mentioned
the 3rd year of Oedipus complex sexual qualities characteristics
life till the 5th Castration anxiety without are not
year Penis envy embarrassment resolved the
Electra complex • Resolution of balance
• There is an the stage in between male
PHALLI increase in regulation of and female
C genital drive impulse roles does not
STAGE masturbation, develop
accompanied
with unusual
fantasies about
opposite sex
 • Resolution of • Maturation of • The goal of this • Lack of inner
any defects ego takes place phase is control or
occurs in this • There develops a • the further excessive
phase greater degree of development of inner control
• The phase ends control over personality result in a
in puberty instinctual • Consolidation pathological
impulses of sex roles trait
LATENC • Child gains Occurs • Lack results
Y STAGE better sense of • These result in in an
initiative & maturation of immature
starts adapting to ego and behaviour
the adverse mastery over and
environment skills decreased
development
of skills
 • Psychosexual • Sense of • Matures the • Unresolved
development identity personality of traits from
extends from develops the individual previous
11 to 13 yrs Child has a Helps to phases are
to young matured separate from seen in a
adulthood • personality the modified
GENITAL He can dependence on form
STAGE satisfy parents
genital • Their
potency and acceptance of
realizes his adult role,
goals for functions
reproduction with social
and survival expectations
and cultural
values
Oedipus Complex
◦ Castration anxiety (fear of punishment to a male child from father):
Young boys have a natural tendency to be attached to the mother
and they consider their father as their enemy. Hence they strive to
imitate their father to gain the affection of the mother. Freud has
also described oedipus complex as a desire to have sexual relation
with the mother.

Electra Complex
◦ Similarly, young girls develop an attraction towards their father and
they resent the mother being close to the father. Freud has reported
that little girls have a comparable Electra complex to resolve this. In
Greek mythology, Electra helped her brother slay the lover of their
father Agamemnon, in order to win her father's love.
Penis envy
◦ Seen in female child. She believes that she
once had penis but it was removed in
order to compensate the fact that she
wants to have child from father.
 CONCLUSION
◦ Children should not be studied as embryonic adults, but in
their essential child nature so as to understand their
capacities and know how to deal with them
◦ ---JOHN AMOS COMENIUS

‘STUDYING CHILD PSYCHOLOGY IS A BIT LIKE

SAILING A SMALL BOAT ON THE HIGH SEAS’
 REFERENCE

1. Paediatric dentistry, Shobha tandon , 3rd edition.

2. Textbook of pediatric dentistry, Nikhil marwah, 4th edition.
THANK YOU