Transforming Lives, Inventing Future

A
Seminar Report On
TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

YOMIT BHARAT CHOPADE

(21510620181129310003)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. R. R. WAGHULDE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

KCES’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT, JALGAON
2021-22

1
 Khandesh College Education Society’s
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT, JALGAON
Department of Electrical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled, “TESTING OF TRANSFORMER”,

which is being submitted herewith for the partial fulfillment of the award of B.Tech, is the
result of the work completed by YOMIT BHARAT CHOPADE under my supervision and
guidance within the four walls of the institute during the academic year 2021-22and the same
has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree.

Prof. R.R. Waghulade Prof. K. M. Mahajan

Guide Head of the Electrical

Department

Principal Examiner

1
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the seminar entitled, “TESTING OF TRANSFORMER ” was carried
out and written by me under the guidance of name of guide, designation, Department of
Electrical Engineering, Khandesh College Education Society’s College of Engineering And
Management, Jalgaon. This work has not been previously formed the basis for the award of
any degree or diploma or certificate nor has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any
degree or diploma or certificate.

Place: Jalgaon Name and signature of

student(s)
Date: Yomit Bharat Chopade

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Prof. K. M. Mahajan (HOD) & guided
Prof. R. R. WAGHULDE, for the help, guidance and encouragement, provided during the
seminar report name “TESTING OF TRANSFORMER”. he constantly gave me helpful
suggestion during each phase of the development of the report; moreover, he was really
available and patient. I really appreciated the attention. He paid to me; certainly, the technical
discussion I had with hIM were very beneficial.

I would like to thank our respected Principal Mr. S. O. DHAHAD for his support and
providing all necessary facilities to us.

Last but not least I would like to thank all the teacher, and Staff Members of Department of
Electrical Engineering and I would also like to thank to my classmates and friends for the
wonderful time we had together

Name of Students:
YOMIT BHARAT CHOPADE

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 ABSTRACT

Transformers are the most important equipment electrical network. Failure of a Transformer
leads to loss of revenue besides affecting reliability of power supply to consumers. In order to
ensure that Transformers provide long and trouble-free service, several diagnostic tests are
carried out and remedial actions initiated throughout their operational lifetime. Many
methods are there which access the Residual life of transformer like Tan & and capacitance
measurements for windings, Degree of Polymerisation, Insulation Measurement Test,
Dissolved gas Analysis, Partial Discharge measurement, Magnetising current measurement
etc. These methods can help the utilities in making optimum use of the Transformers and also
taking timely decisions regarding refurbishment / replacement of Transformer Long-term test
of alternating current voltage in power transformers greatly contributes ot the improvement of
the reliability of insulation. Many kinds of V-t characteristics are collected by experimental
research, and typical V-t characteristics of a whole transformer insulation are discussed in the
report.

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 CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page no.

no.

Certificate

Declaration

Acknowledgement

Abstract

List of Figures

List of Tables

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction of transformer 1

1.2 Component of transformer 1

1.2.1 Insulation 2

1.2.2 Windings 2

1.3 Working principle of transformer 3

1.4 Construction 4

1.5 Transformer construction using dot orientation 5

1.6 Classification of Transformer 6

2 Fundamental Transformer 7

2.1 EMF education of transformer 7

2.2 Testing of transformer 9

2.3 Voltage Regulation 10

2.4 Losses 10

5
 2.5 Losses in transformer 10

2.6 Efficiency of Transformer 11

3 Testing of transformer 13

3.1 Types of transformer system 13

3.2 Transformer windings resistances measurement 13

3.3 Bridge method of measurement of low winding resistance 14

3.4 Transformer ratio test 15

3.5 Vector group test of transformer 17

3.6 Dielectric test of transformer 20

3.7 Measurement of insulation resistance test 22

3.8 Impulse test of transformer 24

3.9 Measurement of impedance voltage 26

3.10 Temperature rise test of transformer 29

3.11 Winding temperature rise test on transformer 30

3.12 Induced voltage test of transformer 31

4 Protection of transformer 32

4.1 Protection of transformer 32

4.2 restricted earth fault protection of transformer 32

4.3 Differential protection of transformer 35

4.3.1 Principle of differential protection 35

4.4 Buchholz relay 36

4.4.1 Buchholz relay operation certain precaution 37

4.4.2 construction of Buchholz relay 38

4.5 Earthing and Grounding protection of transformer 39

5 Advantages and disadvantages of transformer 42

6 Conclusion and Future Scope 43

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 7 References 44

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1.1 Ideal transformer 1

1.2 Phasor diagram 1
1.3 Transformer core 2
1.4 Ideal transformer 3
1.5 Construction of transformer 4
3.1 Kelvin Bridge to measure low resistance 14
3.2 Wheatstone bridge 15
3.3 For turns ratio 16
3.4 Procedure of vector group test of transformer 19
3.5 Dielectric test 21
3.6 For connection of impulse test 25

3.7 Impulse response of lightning 25

3.8 Open circuit test 27
3.9 Short circuit test 28
3.10 Induced AC voltage test of connection diagram 31
4.1 Restricted emf protection of star winding 33
4.2 Power transformer 34
4.3 Differential protection of transformer 36
4.4 Buchholz law relay 37
4.5 Operation of Buchholz relay 38
4.6 Construction of Buchholz law relay 39
4.7 Construction of ground fault current in zigzag winding 40

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

3.1 Typical parameter values of micro-controller 89C52 17

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9
 CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces
an electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications.

Figure 1.1 Ideal transformer Figure 1.2 Phasor diagram of ideal

transformer

1.2. COMPONENT OF TRANSFORMER

Transformer consist of two main components

 Core
 Insulation
 Transformer winding

Transformer core: The transformer core is constructed by the soft iron. The core of the
transformer provides the low reluctance path of the flux to flow. The core connect the both
winding of transformer magnetically.

1
 Figure 1.3 Transformer core

This magnetic circuit, know more commonly as the “transformer core” is designed to provide
a path for the magnetic field to flow around, which is necessary for induction of the voltage
between the two windings

1.2.1 INSULATION

Insulation in the transformer winding is provide by the paper insulation or the silicon paper
tape. Oil used in the transformer is also work as the insulating oil that is the stable at high
temperature and has the excellent properties. It is used in oil filled transformer

1.2.2 WINDINGS

Transformer windings form another important part of a transformer construction, because

they are the main current-carrying conductors wound around the laminated sections of the
core. In a single-phase two winding transformer, two windings would be present as shown.
The one which is connected to the voltage source and creates the magnetic flux called the
primary winding, and the second winding called the secondary in which a voltage is induced
as a result of mutual induction.

Primary Winding; Primary winding is the winding at which the voltage source is connected.
It is generally carry the N1 numbers of turns.

Secondary winding; Secondary winding is the winding at which the load is connected. It is
generally carry the N2 no of turns.

2
1.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

The transformer action depends on the principle of faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction. Let the two winding of transformer called primary winding and secondary winding
have the no of turns Np and Ns. If Vp is the applied voltage of primary winding then voltage
Vs will induced at the terminal of secondary windings. In case if ideal transformer

If Np>Ns, the primary winding is high voltage winding and secondary winding is low voltage
winding therefore if high voltage is input winding and low voltage winding is output winding
then the transformer is called step down transformer and if the low voltage winding is input
winding and high voltage winding is output winding then the transformer is called step up
transformer. So we can say that same transformer may work as either step up or down
transformer.

Figure 1.4 Ideal transformer

Where; Vp is primary voltage.

Vs is the secondary voltage.

Ip is the primary current.

Is is the secondary current.

Np is the number of turns in primary winding.

Ns is number of turns in secondary winding.

3
 The principle operation can be explained with the help of fig 4.Fig 4 shows an ideal
transformer with no drop in the core as well as copper winding. The steps explaining the
working principle of transformer are given below.

 The AC input is applied to the primary or input winding.

 Due to this voltage a current Ip flows in the primary winding and links to turns Np. In
these turns an mmf (Np.Ip) develops which produce a flux in the primary winding.
 Assuming no leakage flux through air, this developed a flux flow n the low reluctance
path of iron core which is also linked with secondary winding. Now the secondary
winding also has flux that is of changing nature.
 According to the faraday’s law an EMF is produced due to changing flux in the
secondary winding.
 If the circuit is closed a current Is is flows in the secondary winding and an mmf
(Ns.Is) is equal to mmf (Np.Ip) in the primary winding and a voltage Vs appears
across load.

1.4. CONSTRUCTION

The two coils are wound over a Core of iron piece such that they are magnetically coupled
the two coils are known as the primary and the secondary winding. The coupling between the
coils is source of making a path for the magnetic flux to link both coils. A core as shown in
fig is used and the coils are wound on the limbs of core. Because of high permeability of iron
the path for the flux is only through the iron and hence the flux links both windings. This flux
is called main flux. There is also a little leakage flux this term leakage flux denotes the part of
the flux which does not link both the coils and flow through air. In high frequency
transformer ferrite core is used.

Figure 1.5 Construction of the Transformer

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1.5 TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION USING DOT ORIENTATION

The first transformer shows its two “dots” side by side on the two windings. The current
leaving the secondary dot is “in-phase” with the current entering the primary side dot. Thus
the polarities of the voltages at the dotted ends are also in-phase so when the voltage is
positive at the dotted end of the primary coil, the voltage across the secondary coil is also
positive at the dotted end.

The second transformer shows the two dots at opposite ends of the windings which means
that the transformers primary and secondary coil windings are wound in opposite directions.
The result of this is that the current leaving the secondary dot is 180o “out-of-phase” with the
current entering the primary dot. So the polarities of the voltages at the dotted ends are also
out-of-phase so when the voltage is positive at the dotted end of the primary coil, the voltage
across the corresponding secondary coil will be negative.

Then the construction of a transformer can be such that the secondary voltage may be either
“in-phase” or “out-of-phase” with respect to the primary voltage.

1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER

The transformer can be classified on different basis like

1. On the basis of output voltage

i) Step up Transformer: The output is more than the input.

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 ii) Step down Transformer: The output is less than input.

2. On the basis of construction

i) Core type Transformer: The winding are outside to the core.

ii) Shell type Transformer: The core is outside to the winding.

3. On the basis of winding

i) Two winding transformer: The output voltage may not vary with constant
input voltage.
ii) Auto Transformer: The output voltage may vary with constant input voltage.

4. On the basis of AC supply

i) 1-phase Transformer: It is used for 220V supply.

ii) 3-phase transformer: It is use for 440V supply.

5. On the basis of service and load

i) Distribution transformer: It works for variable load.

ii) Power Transformer: It works for constant load.

1.7 IDEAL TRANSFORMER

An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer to understand the basic concept of the

practical transformer. An ideal transformer possesses the following characteristics.

 The resistance of primary and secondary winding is zero.

 The loss in the core of the transformer i.e, resistance, hysteresis loss and eddy current
loss is zero
 The core of transformer is highly permeable so that it requires very small mmf to set
up the flux in the core.
 Its leakage flux is zero, i.e, the entire flux is confined to the core.

CHAPTER – 2
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRANSFORMER

6
2.1 E.M.F EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
When an alternating voltage is applied in the primary winding it takes a current called
magnetizing current and a flux is established in the transformer core. The flux linked with
both winding primary as well as the secondary the applied voltage to primary winding is of
alternating nature therefore the flux generated would be of alternating nature and so emf is
produced in the transformer winding as per faraday’s law

Fig 2.1 ideal transformer fig 2.2 Phasor diagram of transformer

Let's say, T is number of turns in a winding, Φm is the maximum flux in the core in

wb

As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, Where φ is the instantaneous alternating

flux and represented as,

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As the maximum value of cos2πft is 1, the maximum value of induced emf
e is,

To obtain the rms value of induced counter emf, divide this maximum value of e/√2.

This is EMF equation of transformer. If E1 & E2 are primary and secondary emfs and T1 & T2
are primary and secondary

Ratio of transformer parameter:

Now we know that
N p.V s =¿ N .V
s p ¿

Np Vp
=
Ns V s

Ep N p
=
Es N s

We also know in transformer the power transfer in both winding is equal

P p=¿ P ¿
s

V p . I p=V s . I s

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 V p Is
=
Vs Ip

V p I s Ep N p
= = = =n
V s I p Es N s
Where k is the transform ratio.
turns then, voltage ratio or turns ratio of transformer is,
This constant is called transformation ratio of transformer.
 If N s > N p, n > 1, then the transformer is step up transformer.
 If N s < N p, n < 1, then the transformer is step down transformer.

Voltage Ratio of Transformer

This above stated ratio is also known as voltage ratio of transformer if it is expressed as ratio
of the primary and secondary voltages of transformer.

2.2 TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

For confirming the specifications and performances of an electrical power transformer it has
to go through numbers of testing procedures. Some tests are done at manufacturer premises
before delivering the transformer. Mainly two types of transformer testing are done at
manufacturer premises- type test of transformer and routine test of transformer. In addition to
that some transformer tests are also carried out at the consumer site before commissioning
and also periodically in regular & emergency basis throughout its service life.

Testing of transformer is also perform to find the losses of the transformer and reduce the
losses and improves the voltage regulation of the transformer. With the help of this test we
can also find the all parameter of the transformer like core parameters or winding parameter
and we can also determine the efficiency of the transformer

2.3 VOLTAGE REGULATION

The voltage regulation is also an important characteristic which define the operating
performance between two extreme conditions of the transformer. There is a voltage drop
between no load to full load condition of the transformer these is due to the drop of the
voltage into winding parameter of the transformer.

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 Therefore the voltage regulation is defined as the net change in the output terminal under no
load to full load condition respectively. The percentage voltage regulation is given by

voltage at no load−voltage at full load

Voltage regulation= * 100 %
voltage at no load

2.4 LOSSES

In any electrical machine, 'loss' can be defined as the difference between input power and
output power. An electrical transformer is a static device, hence mechanical losses (like wind
age or friction losses) are absent in it. A transformer only consists of electrical losses (iron
losses and copper losses). Transformer losses are similar to losses in a DC machine, except
that transformers do not have mechanical losses.

2.5 LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER 

(I) CORE LOSSES OR IRON LOSSES

Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend upon the magnetic properties of the material
used for the construction of core. Hence these losses are also known as core losses or iron
losses.

(II) HYSTERESIS LOSS IN TRANSFORMER

Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization in the transformer core. This loss depends
upon the volume and grade of the iron, frequency of magnetic reversals and value of flux
density. It can be given by, Steinmetz

Wh=ηBmax1.6fV (watts)

where, η=Steinmetz hysteresis constant

             V = volume of the core in m3

(III) EDDY CURRENT LOSS IN TRANSFORMER

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 In transformer, AC current is supplied to the primary winding which sets up alternating
magnetizing flux. When this flux links with secondary winding, it produces induced emf in it.
But some part of this flux also gets linked with other conducting parts like steel core or iron
body or the transformer, which will result in induced emf in those parts, causing small
circulating current in them. This current is called as eddy current. Due to these eddy currents,
some energy will be dissipated in the form of heat.

(IV) COPPER LOSS IN TRANSFORMER

Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings.  Copper loss for the
primary winding is I12R1 and for secondary winding is I22R2. Where, I1 and I2 are current in
primary and secondary winding respectively, R1 and R2 are the resistances of primary and
secondary winding respectively. It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to square of the
current, and current depends on the load. Hence copper loss in transformer varies with the
load.

2.6 EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER

Just like any other electrical machine, efficiency of a transformer can be defined as the output
power divided by the input power. That is efficiency = output / input.

Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical devices. Most of the transformers have
full load efficiency between 95% to 98.5%. As a transformer being highly efficient, output
and input are having nearly same value, and hence it is impractical to measure the efficiency
of transformer by using output / input. A better method to find efficiency of a transformer is
using,

Efficiency = (input - losses) / input = 1 - (losses / input).

Efficiency of the transformer is define as the ratio of output of the transformer to input of the
transformer.

output power
Efficiency of transformer= *100%
input power

output power
n= *100%
output power+ losses

11
 CHAPTER – 3
TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

In the power transformer testing is the most important to check the healthiness of the
transformer during the operation there may be different types of interrupt can occur like
lighting over loading over heating due to the different type of losses may be occur. To reduce
the losses and improve the efficiency we perform the different type of test.

3.1 TYPE OF TRANSFORMER TESTING

1) Transformer winding resistance test.
2) Transformer ratio test.

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 3) Transformer vector group test.
4) Dielectric tests of transformer.
5) Measurement of insulation resistance.
6) Impulse test of transformer
7) Measurement of impedance voltage
8) Temperature rise test of Transformer.
9) Induced voltage test.

3.2 TRANSFORMER WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Transformer winding resistance measurement is carried out to calculate the I2R losses and to
calculate winding temperature at the end of a temperature rise test. It is carried out as a type
test as well as routine test. It is also done at site to ensure healthiness of a transformer that is
to check loose connections, broken strands of conductor, high contact resistance in tap
changers, high voltage leads and bushings etc.

There are different methods for measuring of transformer winding, likewise

♣ Current voltage method of measureme0nt of winding resistance.

♣ Bridge method of measurement of winding resistance.      
 ♠ Kelvin bridge method of Measuring Winding Resistance.        
 ♠ Measuring winding resistance by Automatic Winding Resistance Measurement Kit.

3.3 BRIDGE METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF LOW WINDING RESISTANCE

The main principle of bridge method is based on comparing an unknown resistance with a
known resistance. When currents flowing through the arms of bridge circuit become
balanced, the reading of galvanometer shows zero deflection that means at balanced
condition no current will flow through the galvanometer. Very small value of resistance ( in
milli-ohms range) can be accurately measured by Kelvin bridge method whereas for higher
value Wheatstone bridge method of resistance measurement is applied. In bridge method of
measurement of winding resistance, the errors is minimized.

13
 Figure 3.1

The resistance measured by Kelvin bridge,

All other steps to be taken during transformer winding resistance measurement in these
methods are similar to that of current voltage method of measurement of winding resistance
of transformer, except the measuring technique of resistance.

Fig 3.2 wheatstone bridge

The resistance measured by Wheatstone bridge,

14
 RA
R=R x
RB

3.4 TRANSFORMER RATIO TEST

The performance of a transformer largely depends upon perfection of specific turns or
voltage ratio of transformer. So transformer ratio test is an essential type test of transformer.
This test also performed as routine test of transformer. So for ensuring proper performance of
electrical power transformer, voltage and turn ratio test of transformer one of the vital tests.

The procedure of transformer ratio test is simple. We just apply three phase 415 V supply to
HV winding, with keeping LV winding open. The we measure the induced voltages at HV
and LV terminals of transformer to find out actual voltage ratio of transformer. We repeat the
test for all tap position separately.

PROCEDURE OF TRANSFORMER RATIO TEST

1. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV terminals are
kept open.
2. Then apply 3-phase 415 V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages applied on each
phase (Phase-phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV terminals simultaneously.
3. After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of transformer
should be raised by one position and repeat test.
4. Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately

Fig 3.3 for turns ratio

15
 The above transformer ratio test can also be performed by portable transformer turns ratio
(TTR) meter. They have an inbuilt power supply, with the voltages commonly used being
very low, such as 8-10 V and 50 Hz. The HV and LV windings of one phase of a transformer
are connected to the instrument, and the internal bridge elements are varied to produce a null
indication on the detector.
A phase voltage is applied to the one of the windings by means of a bridge circuit and the
ratio of induced voltage is measured at the bridge. The accuracy of the measuring instrument
is < 0.1 %

HV winding volage
Theoretical turn ratio= *100%
LV winding voltage
This theoretical turn ratio is adjusted on the transformer turn ratio tested or TTR by the
adjustable transformer as shown in the figure above and it should be changed until a balance
occurs in the percentage error indicator. The reading on this indicator implies the deviation of
measured turn ratio from expected turn ratio in percentage.

measured turnratio−expected turnratio

Deviation in percentage= *100 %
expected turnratio

Out-of-tolerance, ratio test of transformer can be due to shorted turns, especially if there is an
associated high excitation current. Open turns in HV winding will indicate very low exciting
current and no output voltage since open turns in HV winding causes no excitation current in
the winding means no flux hence no induced voltage. But open turn in LV winding causes,
low fluctuating LV voltage but normal excitation current in HV winding. Hence open turns in
LV winding will be indicated by normal levels of exciting current, but very low levels of
unstable output voltage. The turn ratio test of transformer also detects high resistance
connections in the lead circuitry or high contact resistance in tap changers by higher
excitation current and a difficulty in balancing the bridge.

3.5 VECTOR GROUP TEST OF TRANSFORMER

The vector group of transformer is an essential property for successful parallel operation of
transformers. Hence every electrical power transformer must undergo through vector group
test of transformer at factory site for ensuring the customer specified vector group of
transformer. The phase sequence or the order in which the phases reach their maximum

16
positive voltages, must be identical for two paralleled transformers. Otherwise, during the
cycle, each pair of phases will be short circuited. The several secondary connections are
available in respect of various primary three phase connection in a the three phase
transformer. So for same primary applied three phase voltage there may be different three
phase secondary voltages with various magnitudes and phases for different internal
connection of the transformer. Let's have a discussion in detail by example for better
understanding.

We know that, the primary and secondary coils on any one limb have induced emfs that are in
time-phase. Let's consider two transformers of same number primary turns and the primary
windings are connected in star. The secondary number of turns per phase in both transformers
are also same. But the first transformer has star connected secondary and other transformer
has delta connected secondary. If same voltages are applied in primary of both transformers,
the secondary induced emf in each phase will be in same time-phase with that of respective
primary phase, as because the the primary and secondary coils of same phase are wound on
the same limb in the core of transformer. In first transformer, as the secondary is star
connected, the secondary line voltage is √3 times of induced voltage per secondary phase
coil. But in case of second transformer, where secondary is delta connected, the line voltage
is equal to induced voltage per secondary phase coil. If we go through the vector diagram of
secondary line voltages of both transformer, we will easily find that there will be a clear 30 o
angular difference between the line voltages of these transformers. Now, if we try to run
these transformers in parallel then there will be a circulating current flows between the
transformers as because there is a phase angle difference between their secondary line
voltages. This phase difference cannot be compensated. Thus two sets of connections giving
secondary voltages with a phase displacement cannot be intended for parallel operation of
transformers.

The following table gives the connections for which from the view point of phase sequence
and angular divergences, transformer can be operated parallel. According to their vector
relation, all three phase transformers are divided into different vector group of transformer.
All electrical power transformers of a particular vector group can easily be operated in
parallel if they fulfill other condition for parallel operation of transformers.

Group Connection Connection

0 Yy0 Dd0

17
(0o)

Yd1 Dy1

1
( 30o)

Yy6 Dd6

6
( 180
o
)

18
 Yd11 Dy11

11
(-
30o)

Fig 3.4 Procedure of Vector Group Test of Transformer

Let’s have a YNd11 transformer.

1. Connect neutral point of star connected winding with earth.

2. Join 1U of HV and 2W of LV together.
3. Apply 415 V, three phase supply to HV terminals.
4. Measure voltages between terminals 2U-1N, 2V-1N, 2W-1N, that means voltages between
each LV terminal and HV neutral.
5. Also measure voltages between terminals 2V-1V, 2W-1W and 2V-1W.
For YNd11 transformer, we will find, 2U-1N > 2V-1N > 2W-1N 2V-1W > 2V-1V or 2W-
1W . The vector group test of transformer for other group can also be done in similar way.

19
3.6 DIELECTRIC TESTS OF TRANSFORMER
Dielectric tests of transformer is one kind of insulation test. This test is performed to ensure
the expected over all insulation strength of transformer. There are several test performed to
ensure the required quality of transformer insulation, dielectric test is one of them. Dielectric
tests of transformer is performed in two different steps, first one called Separate source
voltage withstand test of transformer, where a single phase power frequency voltage of
prescribed level, is applied on transformer winding under test for 60 seconds while the other
windings and tank are connected to the earth and it is observed that whether any failure of
insulation occurs or not during the test. Second one is induced voltage test of Transformer
where, three phase voltage, twice of rated secondary voltage is applied to the secondary
winding for 60 second by keeping the primary of the transformer open circuited. The
frequency of the applied voltage should be double of power frequency too. Here also if no
failure of insulation, the test is successful. In addition to dielectric tests of transformer there
are other type test for checking insulation of transformer, such as lightning impulse test,
switching impulse test and partial discharge test.

PROCEDURE:
1. All three line terminals of the winding to be tested are connected together.
2. Other winding terminals which are not under test and also tank of the transformer should be
connected to earth.
3. Then a single-phase power frequency voltage of shape approximately sinusoidal is applied
for 60 seconds to the terminals of the winding under test.
4. The test shall be performed on all the windings one by one.
5. The test is successful if no breakdown in the dielectric of the insulation occurs
during test.

20
 Fig 3.5 dielectric test
In this transformer testing, the peak value of voltage is measured, that is why the capacitor
voltage divider with digital peak voltmeter is employed as shown in the diagram above. The
peal value multiplied by 0.707 (1/√2) is the test voltage.

the values of test voltage for different fully insulated winding are furnished below in the
table- 3.1

Nominal system Highest system Rated short duration

voltage rating voltage rating power frequency withstand
for equipment for equipment voltage

415V 1.1 KV 3 KV

11 KV 12 KV 28 KV

33 KV 36 KV 70 KV

132 KV 145 KV 230 / 275 KV

220 KV 245 KV 360 / 395 KV

400 KV 420 KV 570 / 630 KV

21
 Winding with graded insulation, which has neutral intended for direct earthing,
is tested at 38KV

3.7 MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST

Insulation resistance test of transformer is essential type test. This test is carried out to ensure
the healthiness of overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer.

Fig 3.6 measurement of insulation resistace

PROCEDURE OF INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST OF TRANSFORMER

1. First disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer.
2. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure insulation resistance
IR value in between the LV and HV windings.
3. Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to
measure insulation resistance IR value in between the HV windings and earth.
4. Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to
measure insulation resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth.
It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase wise in three
phase transformer. IR values are taken between the windings collectively as because all the
windings on HV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta and also all
the windings on LV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta.
Measurements are to be taken as follows: For auto transformer: HV-IV to LV, HV-IV to E,
LV to E. For two winding transformer: HV to LV, HV to E, LV to E. Three winding
transformer: HV to IV, HV to LV, IV to LV, HV to E, IV to E, LV to E. Oil temperature
should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test of transformer. Since the IR value of
transformer insulating oil may vary with temperature. IR values to be recorded at intervals of

22
15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes. With the duration of application of voltage, IR value
increases. The increase in IR is an indication of dryness of insulation.
Absorption coefficient = 1 minute value/ 15 secs. value.
Polarization index = 10 minutes value / 1 minute value.

(Ref: A Guide to Transformer Maintenance by. JJ. Kelly.

S.D Myer)

Transformer Formula

1 Phase Transformer IR Value (MΩ) = C X E /

(√KVA)

3 Phase Transformer IR Value (MΩ) = C X E (P-n) /

(Star) (√KVA)

3 Phase Transformer IR Value (MΩ) = C X E (P-P) /

(Delta) (√KVA)

Where C= 1.5 for Oil filled T/C with Oil Tank, 30 for Oil
filled T/C without Oil Tank or Dry Type T/C.

Temperature correction Factor (Base 20°C):

Temperature correction Factor
O
C F
O
Correction Factor

0 32 0.25

5 41 0.36

10 50 0.50

15 59 0.720

20 68 1.00

30 86 1.98

40 104 3.95

50 122 7.85

23
3.8 IMPULSE TEST OF TRANSFORMER
Lighting is a common phenomenon in transmission lines because of their tall height. This
lightning stroke on the line conductor causes impulse voltage. The terminal equipment of
transmission line such as distribution transformer then experiences this lightning impulse
voltages. Again during all kind of online switching operation in the system, there will be
switching impulses occur in the network. The magnitude of the switching impulses may be
about 3.5 times the system voltage. Insulation is one of the most important constituents of a
transformer. Any weakness in the insulation may cause failure of transformer. To ensure the
effectiveness of the insulation system of a transformer, it must confirms the dielectric test.
But the power frequency withstand test alone cannot be adequate to demonstrate the
dielectric strength of a transformer. That is why impulse test of transformer performed on it.
Both lightning impulse test and switching impulse test are included in this category of testing.
The lightning pulse is a pure natural phenomenon. So it is very difficult to predict the actual
wave shape of an lightning disturbance.
Connection of Impulse Test:

Fig 3.6 for connection of impulse test

All the dielectric tests check the insulation level of the job. Impulse generator is used to
produce the specified voltage impulse wave of 1.2/50 micro seconds wave. One impulse of a
reduced voltage between 50 to 75% of the full test voltage and subsequent three impulses at
full voltage. For a three phase transformer, impulse is carried out on all three phases in

24
succession. The voltage is applied on each of the line terminal in succession, keeping the
other terminals earthed. The current and voltage wave shapes are recorded on the
oscilloscope and any distortion in the wave shape is the criteria for failure.

PERFORMANCE OF IMPULSE TEST

The impulse test performance can be explain by the response given by

Fig 3.7 Impulse response of lighting

The test is performed with standard lightning impulses of negative polarity. The front time
(T1) and the time to half-value (T2) are defined in accordance with the standard. Standard
lightning impulse Front time T1 = 1,2 μs ± 30% Time to half-value T2 = 50 μs ± 20% In
practice the impulse shape may deviate from the standard impulse when testing low-voltage
windings of high rated power and windings of high input capacitance. The impulse test is
performed with negative polarity voltages to avoid erratic flashovers in the external insulation
and test circuit. Waveform adjustments are necessary for most test objects. Experience gained
from results of tests on similar units or eventual pre calculation can give guidance for
selecting components for the wave shaping circuit. The test sequence consists of one
reference impulse (RW) at 75% of full amplitude followed by the specified number of voltage
applications at full amplitude (FW) (according to IEC 60076-3 three full impulses). The
equipment for voltage and current signal recording consists of digital transient recorder,
monitor, computer, plotter and printer. The recordings at the two levels can be compared
directly for failure indication. For regulating transformers one phase is tested with the on-load
tap changer set for the rated voltage and the two other phases are tested in each of the
extreme positions.

25
3.9 MEASUREMENT OF IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE
These two tests are performed on a transformer to determine

1. equivalent circuit of transformer

2. voltage regulation of transformer
3. efficiency of transformer. The power required for these open circuit test and short circuit
test on transformer is equal to the power loss occurring in the transformer.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST ON TRANSFORMER

The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A
voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer as shown.
The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a variance of
variable ratio auto transformer.

The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with the help of variac, applied voltage
gets slowly increased until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV
side. After reaching at rated LV side voltage, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter,
Ammeter and Wattmeter readings) are recorded.

Fig 3.8 Open circuit test

The ammeter reading gives the no load current Ie. As no load current Ie is quite small
compared to rated current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this current that can be
taken as negligible. Since, voltmeter reading V1 can be considered equal to secondary
induced voltage of the transformer, the input power during test is indicated by watt-meter
reading. As the transformer is open circuited, there is no output, hence the input power here
consists of core losses in transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load condition.
But as said earlier, the no load current in the transformer is quite small compared to full load
current, so copper loss due to the small no load current can be neglected. Hence, the

26
wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to core losses in transformer. Let us consider
wattmeter reading is Po.

Where Rm is shunt branch resistance of transformer. If, Zm is shunt branch impedance of

transformer.

Therefore, if shunt branch reactance of transformer is X

These values are referred to the LV side of transformer as because the test is conduced on LV
side of transformer. These values could easily be referred to HV side by multiplying these
values with square of transformation ratio.
Therefore it is seen that the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses
in transformer and parameters of shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of transformer.

 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON TRANSFORMER

The connection diagram for short circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A
voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer as shown.
The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that HV side with the help of a variac of variable
ratio auto transformer.

The LV side of the transformer is short circuited. Now with the help of variac applied voltage
is slowly increased until the ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side.
After reaching at rated current of HV side, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter
and Watt-meter readings) are recorded. The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of

27
 full load current IL. As the voltage applied for full load current in short circuit test on
transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of the transformer, the core
losses in transformer can be taken as negligible here.

fig 3.9 Short circuit test of transformer

Let’s say, voltmeter reading is Vsc. The input power during test is indicated by watt-meter
reading. As the transformer is short circuited, there is no output; hence the input power here
consists of copper losses in transformer. Since, the applied voltage Vsc is short circuit voltage
in the transformer and hence it is quite small compared to rated voltage, so core loss due to
the small applied voltage can be neglected. Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as
equal to copper losses in transformer. Let us consider wattmeter reading is Psc.

Where Re is equivalent resistance of transformer. If, Ze is equivalent impedance of

transformer.

Therefore, if equivalent reactance of transformer is Xe.

28
 These values are referred to the HV side of transformer as because the test is conduced on
HV side of transformer. These values could easily be referred to LV side by dividing these
values with square of transformation ratio.
Therefore it is seen that the short circuit test on transformer is used to determine copper loss
in transformer at full load and parameters of approximate equivalent circuit of transformer.

3.10 TEMPERATURE RISE TEST OF TRANSFORMER

Temperature rise test of transformer is included in type test of transformer. In this test we
check whether the temperature rising limit of the transformer winding and oil as per
specification or not. In this type test of transformer, we have to check oil temperature rise as
well as winding temperature rise limits of an electrical transformer.

1. First the LV winding of the transformer is short circuited.

2. Then one thermometer is placed in a pocket in transformer top cover. Other two
thermometers are placed at the inlet and outlet of the cooler bank respectively.
3. The voltage of such value is applied to the HV winding that power input is equal to no load
losses plus load losses corrected to a reference temperature of 75°C.
4. The total losses are measured by three watt-meters method.
5. Hourly readings of the thermometers placed at inlet and outlet of the cooler bank are also
noted to calculate the mean temperature of the oil.
6. Ambient temperature is measured by means of thermometer placed around the transformer
at three or four points situated at a distance of 1 to 2 meter from and half-way up the
cooling surface of the transformer.
7. Temperature rise test for top oil of transformer should be continued until the top oil
temperature has reached an approximate steady value that means testing would be
continued until the temperature increment of the top oil becomes less than 3°C in one hour.
This steady value of top oil is determined as final temperature rise of transformer insulating
oil.
8. There is another method of determination of oil temperature. Here the test in allowed to be
continued until the top oil temperature rise does not vary more than 1°C per hour for four
consecutive hours. The least reading is taken as final temperature rise of the oil.
During temperature rise test for top oil of transformer we make the LV winding short
circuited and apply voltage to the HV winding. So for full load rated current flows in the

29
 transformer, the supply voltage required will much less than rated transformer voltage. We
know that core loss of a transformer depends upon voltage. So there will not be any
considerable core loss occurs in the transformer during test. But for getting actual
temperature rise of the oil in a transformer, we have to compensate the lack of core losses by
additional copper loss in the transformer. For supplying this total losses, transformer draws
current from the source much more than its rated value for transformer.

3.11 WINDING TEMPERATURE RISE TEST ON TRANSFORMER

1. After completion of temperature rise test for top oil of transformer the current is reduced to
its rated value for transformer and is maintained for one hour.
2. After one hour the supply is switch off and short circuit and supply connection to the HV
side and short circuit connection to the LV side are opened.
3. But, the fans and pumps are kept running (if any).
4. Then resistance of the windings are measured quickly.
5. But there is always a minimum 3 to 4 minutes time gap between first measurement of
resistance and the instant of switching off the transformer, which can not be avoided.
6. Then the resistances are measured at the same 3 to 4 minutes time intervals over a period
of 15 minutes.
7. Graph of hot resistance versus time is plotted, from which winding resistance (R2) at the
instant of shut down can be extrapolated.
8. From this value, θ2, the winding temperature at the instant of shut down can be determined
by the formula given below-

R2
θ2¿ (235+t)-235
R1

Where, R1 is the cold resistance of the winding at temperature t1.

For determining winding temperature rise we have to apply the above discussed indirect
method. That means hot winding resistance is measured and determined first and then from
that value we have to calculate the winding temperature rise, by applying resistance
temperature relation formula. This is because unlike oil the winding of transformer is not
accessible for external temperature measurement.

3.12 INDUCED VOLTAGE TEST OF TRANSFORMER

30
 The induced voltage test of transformer is intended to check the inter turn and line end
insulation as well as main insulation to earth and between windings-

Figure 3.10

1. Keep the primary winding of transformer open circuited.

2. Apply three phase voltage to the secondary winding. The applied voltage should be twice
of rated voltage of secondary winding in magnitude and frequency.
3. The duration of the test shall be 60 second.
4. The test shall start with a voltage lower than 1/3 the full test voltage, and it shall be quickly
increased up to desired value.
The test is successful if no break down occurs at full test voltage during test.

CHAPTER – 4
PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER

4.1 PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER

Protection of the transformer is the most important part of the power system it is most
important to prevent the economy loss like money and to prevent the shock to human. It is
most important for protect the power system element.

4.2 RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER

An external fault in the star side will result in current flowing in the line current transformer
of the affected phase and at the same time a balancing current flows in the neutral current
transformer, hence the resultant current in the relay is therefore zero. So this REF relay will
not be actuated for external earth fault. But during internal fault the neutral current

31
transformer only carries the unbalance fault current and operation of Restricted Earth Fault
Relay takes place. This scheme of restricted earth fault protection is very sensitive for
internal earth fault of electrical power transformer. The protection scheme is comparatively
cheaper than differential protection scheme. Restricted earth fault protection is provided in
electrical power transformer for sensing internal earth fault of the transformer. In this scheme
the CT secondary of each phase of electrical power transformer are connected together as
shown in the figure. Then common terminals are connected to the secondary of a Neutral
Current Transformer or NCT.

Transformers form the heart of all distribution systems. As a member of the Medium Voltage
community, I have to explain Transformer Protection schemes routinely to my clients.
Although I manage to answer most of their questions, some questions make me go to my
library. This article is about answering some of the questions on a particularly interesting
topic.

What is Restricted Earth Fault protection? How is it used in combination with Differential
Protection? I believe many of us must have had these questions in mind and also found
answers at various places. I am only trying to combine the answers to derive a coherent
understanding.

Restricted Earth Fault (REF) means an earth fault from a restricted/localized zone of a circuit.
The term "REF protection method " means not to sense any earth faults outside this restricted
zone. This type of protection is prevalent in Dry group of transformers (Delta Primary and
Star Secondary). The basic scheme for REF Protection is as below

32
 Fig 4.1

Under normal conditions, the vector sum of currents in RYB current transformers (CTs) and
NCT equals zero. If there is an earth fault between the CTs then some current will bypass the
CT's and the sum of currents will not be zero. By measuring this current imbalance faults
between the CTs can be easily identified and quickly cleared.
Fault detection is confined to the zone between the two CTs hence the name 'Restricted Earth
Fault'.
REF protection is fast and can isolate winding faults extremely quickly, thereby limiting
damage and consequent repair costs. If CTs are located on the transformer terminals only the
winding is protected. However, quite often the secondary CT is placed in the distribution
switchboard, thereby extending the protection zone to include the main cable.
Now this scheme is similar to differential protection in many aspects. Differential protection
scheme is as below

33
 Fig 4.2 power transformer

Differential protection is to detect phase faults within the TRF on both primary and secondary
sides. Restricted earth fault is to detect earth faults in the zone from secondary winding to
Secondary CTs. The working principle is "Merz-Prize Circulating Current Principle". In
Normal scenario, Current entering and leaving the zone will be same. The CT arrangement
will generate equal and opposite currents which cancel out each other at the relay. During an
internal fault, there shall be a difference between the current entering and leaving which shall
be sufficient to operate the relay.

Please note that the differential relay will operate for earth faults inside the zone only if the
earth fault current is more than the bias setting in the relay. The normal bias setting in a
differential relay is 20%. So, complete earth fault protection is not possible with differential
relay. That is why you need a restricted earth fault relay with sensitive settings like 5%.

Without REF, faults in the transformer star secondary winding need to be detected on the
primary of the transformer by the reflected current. As the winding fault position moves
towards the neutral, the magnitude of the current seen on the primary rapidly decreases and
could potentially not be detected (limiting the amount of winding which can be protected). As
the magnitude of the currents remain relatively large on the secondary (particularly if solidly
earthed), nearly the entire winding can be protected using REF. REF cannot have an
intentional time delay. They must operate instantaneously in the event of an internal fault.
34
 The above discussion only refers protection in Dry transformers with solidly earthed systems
which are one of the most common schemes. Any other schemes will need separate study and
case-to-case analysis.

4.3 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER

Generally Differential protection is provided in the electrical power transformer rated more
than 5MVA. The Differential Protection of Transformer has many advantages over other
schemes of protection.

1. The faults occur in the transformer inside the insulating oil can be detected by Buchholz
relay. But if any fault occurs in the transformer but not in oil then it can not be detected by
Buchholz relay. Any flash over at the bushings are not adequately covered by Buchholz
relay. Differential relays can detect such type of faults. Moreover Buchholz relay is
provided in transformer for detecting any internal fault in the transformer but Differential
Protection scheme detects the same in more faster way.
2. The differential relays normally response to those faults which occur in side the differential
protection zone of transformer.

4.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The
differential relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current of power
transformer, if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents the relay will
actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the transformer.

Suppose you have one transformer which has primary rated current Ip and secondary current
Is. If you install CT of ratio Ip/1A at the primary side and similarly, CT of ratio I s/1A at the
secondary side of the transformer. The secondary’s of these both CTs are connected together
in such a manner that secondary currents of both CTs will oppose each other. In other words,
the secondary’s of both CTs should be connected to the same current coil of a differential
relay in such an opposite manner that there will be no resultant current in that coil in a normal
working condition of the transformer. But if any major fault occurs inside the transformer due
to which the normal ratio of the transformer disturbed then the secondary current of both
transformers will not remain the same and one resultant current will flow through the current
coil of the differential relay, which will actuate the relay and inter trip both the primary and
secondary circuit breakers. To correct phase shift of current because of star - delta connection

35
of transformer winding in the case of three-phase transformer, the current transformer
secondary’s should be connected in delta and star as shown here.
At maximum through fault current, the spill output produced by the small percentage
unbalance may be substantial. Therefore, differential protection of transformer should be
provided with a proportional bias of an amount which exceeds in effect the maximum ratio
deviation.

Fig 4.3 differential protection of transformer

4.4 BUCHHLOZ RELAY

BUCHHOLZ RELAY PRINCIPLE

The Buchholz relay working principle of is very simple. Buchholz relay function is based
on very simple mechanical phenomenon. It is mechanically actuated. Whenever there will be
a minor internal fault in the transformer such as an insulation faults between turns, break
down of core of transformer, core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be decomposed
in different hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to decomposition of
transformer insulating oil will accumulate in the upper part the Buchholz container which
causes fall of oil level in it.

36
 Figure 4.4 Buchholz relay

Fall of oil level means lowering the position of float and thereby tilting the mercury switch.
The contacts of this mercury switch are closed and an alarm circuit energized. Sometime due
to oil leakage on the main tank air bubbles may be accumulated in the upper part the
Buchholz container which may also cause fall of oil level in it and alarm circuit will be
energized. By collecting the accumulated gases from the gas release pockets on the top of the
relay and by analyzing them one can predict the type of fault in the transformer.
More severe types of faults, such as short circuit between phases or to earth and faults in the
tap changing equipment, are accompanied by a surge of oil which strikes the baffle plate and
causes the mercury switch of the lower element to close. This switch energized the trip circuit
of the circuit breakers associated with the transformer and immediately isolate the faulty
transformer from the rest of the electrical power system by inter tripping the circuit breakers
associated with both LV and HV sides of the transformer. This is how Buchholz relay
functions.

4.4.1 BUCHHOLZ RELAY OPERATION CERTAIN PRECAUTION

The Buchholz relay operation may be actuated without any fault in the transformer. For
instance, when oil is added to a transformer, air may get in together with oil, accumulated
under the relay cover and thus cause a false Buchholz relay operation.

That is why mechanical lock is provided in that relay so that one can lock the movement of
mercury switches when oil is topping up in the transformer. This mechanical locking also
helps to prevent unnecessary movement of breakable glass bulb of mercury switches during
transportation of the Buchholz relays.

37
 Figure 4.5 operation of Buchholz relay

The lower float may also falsely operate if the oil velocity in the connection pipe through, not
due to internal fault, is sufficient to trip over the float. This can occurs in the event of external
short circuit when over currents flowing through the winding cause overheated the copper
and the oil and cause the oil to expand.

4.4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe from main tank
to conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float. The
float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the
oil level in the Buchholz relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The
alignment of mercury switch hence depends upon the position of the float. The lower element
consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge just in front of the
inlet (main tank side) of Buchholz relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters in
the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along with the
mercury switch attached to it, will change.

38
 Fig 4.6 construction of Buchholz relay

In addition to these main elements a Buchholz relay has gas release pockets on top. The
electrical leads from both mercury switches are taken out through a molded terminal block

4.5. EARTHING AND GROUNDING PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER

If the earthing transformer on the Delta Side is outsides the Zone of protection the Earth
Fault(E/F)in the delta system outside Current Transformer (CT) locations would produce
current distributions as shown which circulate within the differential CT secondary’s and is
kept out of operating coils. Zig-Zag or inter connected star grounding transformer has normal
magnetizing impedance of high value but for E/F, currents flow in windings of the same -
core in such a manner that the ampere turn cancel and hence offer lower impedance. In cases
where the neutral point of three phase system is not accessible like the system connected to
the delta connected side of a electrical power transformer, an artificial neutral point may be
created with help of a zigzag connected earthing transformer.

39
 Fig 4.7 distribution of ground fault current in the zigzag winding

This is a core type transformer with three limbs. Every phase winding in zigzag connection is
divided into two equal halves. One half of which is wound on one limb and other half is
wound on another limb of the core of transformer.

1st half of Red phase winding is wound on the 1st limb of the core and 2nd half of same Red
phase is wound on 3rd limb. 1st half of Yellow phase winding is wound on the 2nd limb of
the core and 2nd half of same Yellow phase is wound on 1st limb. 1st half of Blue phase
winding is wound on the 3rd limb of the core and 2nd half of same Blue phase is wound on
2nd limb. End point of all three winding ultimately connected together and forms a common
neutral point. Now if any fault occurs at any of the phases in delta connected system, the zero
sequence fault current has close path of circulating through earth as shown in the figure. In
normal condition of the system, the voltage across the winding of the earthing transformer is
1/√3 times of rated per phase voltage of the system. But when single line to ground fault
occurs on any phase of the system, as shown in the figure, zero sequence component of the
earth fault current flows in the earth and returns to the electrical power system by way of
earth star point of the earthing transformer. It gets divided equally in all the three phases.
Hence, as shown in the figure, the currents in the two different halves of two windings in the
same limb of the core flow in opposite directions.

And therefore the magnetic flux set up by these two currents will oppose and neutralize each
other. As there is no increase in flux due to fault current, there is no change of dφ/dt means
no choking effect occurs to impede the flow of fault current. So it can be concluded like that,

40
the zigzag type earthing or grounding transformer maintains the rated supply voltage at
normal current as well as when a solid single line to ground fault current flows through it.
The rated voltage of an earthing or grounding transformer is the line to line voltage on which
it is intended to be used. Current rating of this transformer is the maximum neutral current in
Amperes that the transformer is designed to carry in fault condition for a specific time.
Generally the time interval, for which transformer designed to carry the maximum fault
current through it safely, is taken as 30 second.

41
 CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static electrical device which can transfer the electrical energy between
two or more many circuits through electromagnetic induction. This article gives information
about the advantages and disadvantages of a transformer to know more details about it.

ADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMER
 A transformer will increase or decrease basically AC voltage, current or
independence.
 It is efficient for high-frequency range.
 The available power cannot change but will slightly too much decrease depending on
the efficiency of the transformer. 
 It has the advantage of preventing condensed flux leakage as well as iron loss
 It offers good mechanical strength.
 The transformer is widely used in power transmission.
DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMER
 A transformer will not work with DC voltage under any condition.
 The transformer size become un widely.
 The physical size of the transformer is directly related to the amount of power to be
desired.
 It is not good to use outdoors.
 It can be noisy.

42
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
In the report we have seen that the various test is performed on the transformer during the
construction and after the construction. Some test is perform routine which is called routine
test. For confirming the specifications and performances of an electrical power transformer it
has to go through numbers of testing procedures. Some tests are done at manufacturer
premises before delivering the transformer. The performance of a transformer largely
depends upon perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio of transformer. So transformer ratio
test is an essential type test of transformer. There are several internal connection of three
phase transformer are available in market. These several connections gives various
magnitudes and phase of the secondary voltage; the magnitude can be adjusted for parallel
operation by suitable choice of turn ratio, but the phase divergence can not be compensated.
So we perform vactor group test. Dielectric tests of transformer is one kind of insulation test.
This test is performed to ensure the expected over all insulation strength of transformer.
Lighting is a common phenomenon in transmission lines because of their tall height. This
lightning stroke on the line conductor causes impulse voltage. The connection diagram for
open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an
ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer as shown. The connection diagram for
short circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an
ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer as shown. The voltage at rated
frequency is applied to that HV side with the help of a variance of variable ratio auto
transformer. Temperature rise test of transformer is included in type test of transformer. In
this test we check whether the temperature rising limit of the transformer winding and oil as
per specification or not. In this type test of transformer, we have to check oil temperature rise
as well as winding temperature rise limits of an electrical transformer The induced voltage
test of transformer is intended to check the inter turn and line end insulation as well as main
insulation to earth and between windings.

43
 REFERENCE

[1].Dr. bhimbhra, P.S (2014).electrical machinery. Nai sarak,delhi:khanna publishers. P

(2-62). ISBN 8174091734

[2]. Rajput, R.K. (2002). Alternating current s (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi Publications.
p.  107. ISBN 9788170082224.

[3]. IEEE PES TC (Fall 2011).  "Discussion of Class I & II Terminology" (PDF). IEEE PES
Transformer Committee. p. slide 6. Retrieved 27 January 2013.

[4]. Say, M.G. (1983). Alternating Current Machines  (5th ed.). London: Pitman. ISBN 0-
273-01969-4.

[5]. Kothari, D.P.; Nagrath, I.J. (2010). Electric Machines  (4th ed.). Tata McGraw-
Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-069967-0.

44