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ANTICANCER AGENTS:
PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS
1. Protein Kinases
•Enzymes that catalyse phosphorylation reactions on protein substrates
N N
N 6 O O O N 6 O O
1 1
N N O P O P O P O N N O P O P O
O O O O O
O O
H H O H H
H H H H
OH OH O P O OH OH
O
1. Protein Kinases
Tyrosine kinases
O O
H H H H
N N
Protein Protein Protein Protein
O
ATP ADP
P
OH O OH
OH
1. Protein Kinases
Serine-threonine kinases
O O
H H H H
N N
Protein Protein Protein Protein
OH O
ATP ADP P
Serine O OH
OH
O
O H H
H H N
N Protein Protein
Protein Protein
H3C O
H3C OH ATP ADP
P
Threonine O OH
OH
1. Protein Kinases
Active Site
•ATP binding site is similar but not identical for all protein kinases
Gln-767
Hydrophobic
H2NOC
pocket
H
N
H O
HC N HBD
Leu-768 3 H H
H3C O N
Cleft
HBA
Met-769 N N
N O O O
S H
H3C
N N O P O P O P O
O O O
O O
H H
H H
OH OH
Ribose pocket
Gln-767
HBA Cleft
Met-769 N N
N O O O
S H
H 3C
N N O P O P O P O
O O O
O O
H H
H H
OH OH
Ribose pocket
•An empty hydrophobic pocket lies opposite the ribose binding pocket
•The nature of amino acids in the binding pockets is important to drug design
2. Protein Kinase Inhibitors
Notes
•Type I inhibitors bind to the ATP binding site and block access to ATP
•Type II inhibitors bind to the enzyme and stabilise the inactive conformation
Type I inhibitors
Gefitinib, erlotinib, SU11248 and seliciclib
Type II inhibitors
Imatinib, lapatinib, sorafenib and vatalanib
3. Gefitinib (Iressa)
Aniline
HN Cl O
4 6 O N
N3
1 Morpholine
N 7 OMe
Quinazoline
Notes
•Developed by Astra Zeneca
•Inhibits the kinase active site of the epidermal growth factor receptor
I; IC50 5 nM
Notes
•The secondary amine, electron-donating substituents and small lipophilic
group are all important for activity
OH
Cytochrome
OH
HN CH3
P450 HN HN CH3
enzymes
4
6 OMe OMe + OMe
N Oxidation N N
I; IC50 5 nM II III
Notes
HN CH3 HN Cl
4 OMe
6 OMe
N N
N 7 OMe N OMe
I; IC50 5 nM IV: IC50 9 nM
Notes
•Fluoro-substituent blocks para-hydroxylation of the aromatic ring
F F
Morpholine
HN CH3 HN Cl HN Cl O
4 OMe 4
6 OMe 6 O N
N N N3
Spacer
1
N 7 OMe N OMe N 7 OMe
I; IC50 5 nM Gefitinib Ionisable
IV: IC50 9 nM
Notes
•Morpholine ring increases water solubility
Hydrophobic
pocket
F
H
Thr-830 N Cl O
HBA O N
OH2 N
Cleft
N OMe
HBA
Met-769
3. Gefitinib (Iressa)
Synthesis of gefitinib and analogues
Aniline substituent
Cl NHAr NHAr
OAc OAc OH
N MeOH N
SOCl2 ArNH2 N
NH4OH
N OMe N OMe N OMe
Ar
HN O
R2N(CH2)nBr O N
N
N OMe
4. Lapatinib and Etlotinib
F
O Aniline ring
Aniline ring
NH
Cl NH 4
O
N OMe
N O
HN OMe
N O
N SO2Me
Quinazoline
Quinazoline ring
ring
Notes
•4-Anilinoquinazoline structures - compare gefitinib
Me
NH
4 Pyrrole
N
OH
Pyrimidine N
N H
HBA HBD
Notes
•Pyrrolopyrimidine structure
HBD
H H
N ATP
HBA N N
O O O
N N O P O P O P O
O O O
O
H H
H H
OH OH
6. Imatinib (Glivec or Gleevec)
N
Me
H
N N
N O
H
N
N
Me
Notes
•First protein kinase inhibitor to reach the market
•Phenylaminopyrimidine structure
•Identified by random screening of compound libraries
•Originally identified as a PKC inhibitor
•PKC is a serine-threonine kinase
6. Imatinib (Glivec or Gleevec)
Drug design
Pyridine
N N
H H H
N N 3' N N N N
N N N
Amide
I II N O
IV
(IC50 5 M) H
Inhibits tyrosine
kinases as well
6. Imatinib (Glivec or Gleevec)
Drug design Conformational
N
blocker N
N Me
Me
H H
H N N N N
N N
N N N
N O IV N O
N O
H
H (IC50 5 M) H
Imatinib
CGP 53716
(IC50 0.1 M)
Piperazine
N Spacer •Increased activity vs
tyrosine kinases
N
Me •No activity against
serine-threonine kinases
•Piperazine increases
activity, selectivity and
water solubility
•Spacer inserted to avoid
aniline structure
6. Imatinib (Glivec or Gleevec)
Binding interactions
•Identified from a crystal structure of an inhibitor-Abl kinase complex
Hydrophobic region
Selectivity region 2
H
Glu
O N N Me
Hydrophobic pocket
Selectivity region 1
O
H
N N
N N O
H N
O N H O
H
O N
H Me
Met O
Asp
MeS O2C
Thr
Gatekeeper
residue
6. Imatinib (Glivec or Gleevec)
Binding interactions
•Other interactions determine target selectivity
H
Glu
O N N Me
Hydrophobic pocket
Selectivity region 1
O
H
N N
N N O
H N
O N H O
H
O N
H Me
Met O
Asp
MeS O2C
Thr
Gatekeeper
residue
6. Imatinib (Glivec or Gleevec)
Binding interactions
•Molecular modelling studies suggest that the piperazinyl group interacts with
a glutamate residue
•Imatinib inhibits protein kinases containing this glutamate residue (Abl, c-Kit
and PDGF-R) Hydrophobic region
Selectivity region 2
Ionic
bond
Glu
H
Glu
O N N Me
Hydrophobic pocket
Selectivity region 1
O Piperazinyl
group
H
N N
N N O
H N
O N H O
H
O N
H Me
Met O
Asp
MeS O2C
Thr
Gatekeeper
residue
6. Imatinib (Glivec or Gleevec)
Binding interactions
•Conformational blocker aids selectivity
H
Glu
O N N Me
Hydrophobic pocket
Selectivity region 1
O
H
N N
N N O
H N
O N H O
H
O N
H Me
Met O
Asp
MeS O2C
Thr
Gatekeeper
residue Conformational
blocker
6. Imatinib (Glivec or Gleevec)
Drug resistance
•Mutation of the gatekeeper residue to isoleucine introduces resistance (T315I
mutation)
H
Glu
O N N Me
Hydrophobic pocket
Selectivity region 1
O
H
N N
N N O
H N
O N H O
H
O N
H Me
Met O
Asp
MeS O2C
Thr
Gatekeeper
residue Mutation to Isoleucine
6. Imatinib (Glivec or Gleevec)
Synthesis of imatinib and analogues
N N
N Me
HC(OEt)2NMe2 Phenylguanidine H
N N
O O derivative
Me N
I II
NO2
NMe2
N N
Me Me
H H
H2 N N N N
ArCOCl
Pd/C
Reduction N Acylation N
NH2 N O
H
III Amide
Ar
7. Second Generation Bcr-Abl inhibitors
More active against tumour-resistant cells (excpet T315I-mutant strains)
F3C
Glu-286 N
N
H
Me
N N
N N O
N Asp-381
Met-318
H
Thr-315 Me
Nilotinib
Nilotinib 20-30 fold increase in activity
Me
Thr-315 N
N
N OH
Me H N N
N N
S
H
O Met-318
Cl
Dasatinib
Dasatinib; BMS-354825 Best activity
7. Second Generation Bcr-Abl inhibitors
Cl Cl
HN OMe
MeO CN
N O N
MeN
Bosutinib
Notes
•Inhibits two protein kinase targets (Abl and Src)
O Me
NH2 HN CO2H
MeO
OMe
O O
MeO S
N
N N MeO OMe
H
GNF-2 ON012380
Notes Notes
•Allosteric inhibitor of Bcr-Abl •Binds to the protein substrate site
•Does not bind to ATP binding site •under study
•Stabilises inactive form of the enzyme
•CDKs are involved in control of the cell cycle and are overexpressed
in many cancer cells
•Serine-threonine kinases
•Activated by cyclins
HO O
OH
Piperidine Phenyl
N ring
Me
Flavopiridol
HN
HO O
N N
Me N
OH O N
Me
Piperidine Phenyl HO
N N N
N ring
MeO H
Me
Me NHMe Me
N Me
F H
NH
O
N N
N
H
N
Sunitinib
Cl
Vatalanib
Notes
•Sorafenib approved as a VEGF-R kinase inhibitor
MeO2C Urea
H H
N N
S
O
H
Lead compound;
IC50 17 M
10. Multi-tyrosine receptor kinase inhibitors
Design of sorafenib - variation of substituents
Notes
•Methyl substituent is optimum for activity
MeO2C H H
H H Isoxazole N N
N N N
S O
O O
H
Notes
•Variation of rings also carried out systematically
MeO2C Isoxazole
H H H H
N N N N N
S O
O O
H O
Phenoxy
group
Lead compound IV; IC50 1.1 M
IC50 17 M
new lead compound
Notes
•Parallel synthesis - 1000 analogues synthesised with all possible
combinations of rings and substituents
•Isoxazole ring and phenoxy substituent are good for activity when
combined in the same structure - synergistic effect
10. Multi-tyrosine receptor kinase inhibitors
Design of sorafenib
MeO2C Isoxazole
H H H H
N N N N N
S O
O O
H O
Phenoxy
group
Lead compound IV; IC50 1.1 M
IC50 17 M
Pyridine
H H
N N N
N •Ring variation
O
O
•5-fold increase in activity
O •Increase in aqueous
solubility and cLogP
V; IC50 0.23 M
10. Multi-tyrosine receptor kinase inhibitors
Design of sorafenib
MeO2C Isoxazole
H H H H
N N N N N
S O
O O
H O
Phenoxy
group
Lead compound IV; IC50 1.1 M
IC50 17 M
Ring H
Pyridine Substituent
H H variation H
N N N N N variation
N N H
O
O O N
O Cl O CH3
Substituent CF O
3
variation
V; IC50 0.23 M Sorafenib IC50 12 nM
HBD
H
H
N N HBA HBD
N H
O N
Cl HBA O CH3
CF3 O
Notes
•Urea functional group acts as a binding anchor (compare imatinib)
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