Biological Macromolecules

MONOSACCHARIDES
Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone
H

OH
Aldehydle:

of atomS
Aldose Ketose
Ketone strortin A
Glyceraldehyde Ribose Glucose
with C
A-

OH OH O

OH OH MO
ttoo avoups star¥ina
sithC
OR OH

H O

OH

Triose Pentose Hexose

ge modined penStax Bio

Carbohydrates
 6 CH OH
1 CH,OH

H H H
H
OH HO
HO OH CH,OH
6

H OH OH
Glucose Fructose

CH,OH
H CH,OH
H H

OH H H HO
OH CH,OH
O

H OH OH H

Sucrose Glycosidic Bond

 CH,OH CH,OH

OH
H H
OH OH

HO H

H OH H OH

Maltose

CH,OH

OH
CH,OH
OH

OH

OH
OH

Lactose OH

CH,OH
CH,OH
OH

OH HO
OH CHOH

H OH OH

Sucrose
 Lipids
Glycerol
H

H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H

Fatty Acid

HO
--Cc--c-c-c-C
H

hree of thes, may havt

ferent stvuctures)
Triacylglycerol

H-C-0 +3H,O

H
H
H-C-O Oc
H
 DNA

Pyrimidines
NH2
CH3
CH HIN HN
- C H

CH
H H

Cytosine Thymine (in DNA) Uracil (in

U
RNA)
Purines
NH2

NH
H C
Hc

N N
NH2
H

Adenine Guanine
A G

Base 5' carbon

NH2 NH2

o-P-0-CH2 P-0
Deoxyribose Fcarbon
or ribosee
4' carbon
sugar
3 carbon 2 carbon
Phosphate
OH OH

HOCH2o OH HOCH2O OH

DH OH DH
Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA)
 0 .. .
. H 2 N Adenine
Thymine
3 OH

Osp NH

H2N
NH-N
-O
HO. Guanine NHE Cytosine
 Amino acids & Proteins
Twenty-One Amino Acids Positive Negative
Side chain.charge.at physiological.pH 7A
A. Amino Acids with Electrically Charged Side Chains

Positive Negative
Arginine Histidine Lysine Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid
(Arg) (His) Lys (Asp) (Glu)
H K
Ho20 NO pa170 NOpRa 215 70 pKa 193 O pKa 216
O O O
NH2pka 9 00
-NH, pka 909
-NH,
pKa 9.16
-NH,
Ka 9.60
-NH, pKa 9.58

-O
pKa 371

NH
HN WH

HN NH
pka 4.15

NH,
pKa 1210
pka 1067

B. Amino Acids with Polar Uncharged Side Chains C.Special Cases

Serine Threoninee Asparagine Glutamine Cysteine Selenocysteine Glycine Proline
(Ser) S (Thr) (Asn) Cys (Sec)
T N (Gln U (Gly G (Pro P
pKa 2.13 pRa 220 pKa 2.16 pKa 2.18

No Ho Ho paHO pKa HO pKa 25 O pKa 1950

O O O
O pKa 9.05 O pka896 pka 876 O pka 9.00
-NH -NH,
pka 1047

NH2 -NH
-NH, -NH, -NH2 NH pKa 10.28 pKa 10
pa
HO SH SeH
pKa B14
OH
NH2
NH2
D. Amino Acids with Hydrophobic Side Chain

Alanine Isoleucine Leucine Methionine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine

(Ala)
A
(le) (Leu) (Met) (Phe) (Trp)
(TyoY (Val)

pka 2.36
pa21
2.18
Ho
2 2 4

HO 227
O 2 6
Ho O O
O
O
O O O -NH NH2
oKa 934
-N
pKa 904
NH
-NH2 pka 9 09 pa 52

O N2 -NH2 pKa 908

NH

OH
pKa 10 10

pKa Data CRC Handbook of Chemistry, v2010

Dan Cojocari, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 2010
 Amino acids
Primary protein structure
sequence of a chain of
animo acids

Pleated sheet Alpha helix Secondary protein structure

hydrogen bonding of the peptide
backbone causes the amino
acids to fold into a repeating
pattern

Tertiary protein structure

three-dimensional folding
pattern of a protein due to side
chain interactions

Quaternary protein structure

protein consisting of more
than one amino acid chain