Stability of structures

FE-based stability analysis

 Non-linear geometry, example
P

P
B

P=0
C

D -P
 Non-Linear geometry, example
- kinematics
The strains may be written as:

The lengths of the bar in undeformed and deformed

configurations: (Truncated Taylor expansion)

By insertion of the lengths, the strains may be written as:

 Non-Linear geometry, example
- equilibrium
Choosing a linear elastic material: N  A  EA

-P

Equilibrium of the central node:

N N
q

since sinq(a+u)/L1

and
 Non-Linear geometry, example
P
Kt

Tangential stiffness:
u
Derivation of the equilibrium equation:

Final form of tangential stiffness:

Ku= Ku(u)

K= K()
 Non-Linear geometry , example
• First order theory: Kt=K0
• Second order theory: Kt=K0+K
• Third order theory: Kt=K0+K+Ku

Ku= Ku(u)

K= K()
 General bar element
see: S. Krenk, Non-Linear Modeling and Analysis of Solids and Structures

 1 0 1 0 First order:
 0
EA  0 0 0 Kt=K0 bar2e.m in Calfem
K0 
L  1 0 1 0
 
 0 0 0 0

 0 0 0 0 Second order:
 0 1 0  1
N Kt=K0 +K bar2g.m in Calfem
Kσ 
L 0 0 0 0
 
 0 1 0 1

EA  b u  bu  Third order:
Kσ  3 
L  b u b u  Kt=K0 +K+Ku Not in Calfem

where a  ( x2  x1 )
 u x (2a  u x ) au y  bu x  u x u y ) b  ( y2  y1 )
bu    and u x  (u3  u1 )
au y  bu x  u x u y ) u y (2a  u y ) 
u y  (u 4  u 2 )
 General solid element
see: S. Krenk, Non-Linear Modeling and Analysis of Solids and Structures

The tangential element stiffness for solid elements may in many

cases also be written on the form:

• First order theory: Kt=K0

• Second order theory: Kt=K0+K
• Third order theory: Kt=K0+K+Ku
Stability- Linear Buckling - example
Bar with equilibrium in deformed configuration only:
Second order theory: Kt = K0+K
3 P= −N
 1 0 1 0  0 0 0 0
  0  1
EA  0 0 0 0 N  0 1
KT  
4 L  1 0 1 0 L  0 0 0 0
   
 0 0 0 0  0 1 0 1

Note! N= −P and the second term becomes negative:

 EA EA 
 L 0  0 
L
 P P   EA 
 0  0   0 
KT   L L  u1=u2=0 KT   L 
 EA 0
EA
0   0
P
 kf 
1  L L   L 
 P P 
 0 0  kf 
2  L L 

Tangent stiffness Kt= 0 when det(Kt) = 0

det(Kt) = 0 => P=kf L
 Stability - Linear Buckling
- Classical problem
• Look for displacements a when the tangent stiffness becomes zero:
KC a = 0
where KC = K0+K is the tangent stiffness in the current state. This is a
homogeneous equation system with non-trivial solutions a.
• In classical buckling analysis the current state is the unloaded base state.
• A homogeneous equation system may be formulated as an eigenvalue
problem:
(K0 +liK )xi = 0
li = the eigenvalues (force multipliers)
xi = the buckling mode shapes
• If the current state is the unloaded state, solve the second-order system for
loads f to get the stress distribution in the structure.
• The critical load fcr=lif (li becomes the load multiplier)
 Example: classical buckling
• Simple frame
• Unloaded base state
• Differential load = -1N in y-dir at top of both pillars
• Fixed supports at base

Frame Base state

 Example: classical buckling

1st eigenvalue=2.00 106 2nd eigenvalue=3.73 106

Critical load fcr=2.00 106 *(-1) N Critical load fcr=3.73 106 *(-1) N
fcr=-2.00 106 N fcr=-3.73 106 N
 Classical Linear Buckling in ABAQUS
• Apply loads, (for example 1 N) and
boundary conditions
• Choose ”Linear Perturbation” and then
”Buckle” as the step.
(Give number of eigenvalues that you want,
the first (lowest) eigenvalue gives the first
buckling mode)
• Apply boundary conditions.
• Solve the eigenvalue problem.
• The solution gives the buckling modes and
the force multipliers li for the buckling
loads.
• fcr=lif will then give the buckling loads.
 Stability - Linear Buckling
- General problem P
Kc

• If the current state is caused by pre-loads, fpre

KC = K0+K+Ku
is the tangent stiffness caused by the pre-loads.
u
• A homogeneous equation system may still be found as an eigenvalue
problem:
(Kc +liK )xi = 0
li = the eigenvalues (force multipliers)
xi = the buckling mode shapes
• K is now the differential stiffness at this state caused by the loads f.
• The critical load is now fcr= fpre + li f (where li is the load multiplier solved
by the eigenvalue problem)
• If geometric nonlinearity is included, the base state geometry is the deformed
geometry at the end of the last step.
 Example: general linear buckling
• Same frame
• Preload with -1.9 106 N in y-dir at top of both pillars
• Differential load = -1N in y-dir at top of both pillars
• Fixed supports at base

Frame Base state

 Example: general linear buckling

1st eigenvalue=0.11 106 2nd eigenvalue=1.84 106

Critical load fcr=(-1.9+0.11*(-1)) 106 N Critical load fcr=(-1.9+1.84*(-1)) 106 N
fcr=-2.01 106 N fcr=-3.74 106 N
 Example2: general linear buckling
• Same frame
• Preload with -1.9 106 N in y-dir at top of both pillars and a load at the left
top corner of 30 kN in negative x-dir
• Differential load = -1N in y-dir at top of both pillars
• Fixed support at base

Frame Base state

 Example2: general linear buckling
Pre-load -1.9 106 N in y-dir Pre-load -1.9 106 N in y-dir
and -20 kN in x-dir and -40 kN in x-dir

1st eigenvalue=0.15 106 1st eigenvalue=0.26 106

fcr=-2.05 106 N (+ stresses from pre-load) fcr=-2.16 106 N (+ stresses from pre-load)
 General Linear Buckling in ABAQUS
• First, create a general static step (and non-
linear geometry if desired)
• Create ”Linear Perturbation” and then
”Buckle” as the second step.
• Apply pre-loads and boundary conditions
in the first step (general static step)
• Apply loads and boundary conditions in
the second step (buckle), (for example 1 N)
• Solves first the pre-load step and then the
eigenvalue problem with the base state
from the pre-load.
• fcr= fpre + li f give the buckling loads.
 Stability - Non-linear Buckling
• Element stiffness calculated with equilibrium in deformed
configuration and updated displacement stiffness:
Third order theory: Kt = K0+K+Ku
• Includes all static effects in a physical problem.
• Loading may be made until collapse is reached and post-
buckling analysis may be performed.
 Solution of Non-linear Equations
Divide into a number of load-steps
P
Kt4

R
P 3 Kt3 Direct explicit method:

P 2
un = Kt-1 Pn
Kt2

un+1= un+ un+1

Kt1
P 1
R: residual, additive error

u1 u2 u3 u

 Out-of Balance Forces

• External forces: P
P = fb + fl
• Internal forces: element forces = I
I   tB T
DBdA a   tBT σ dA
A A
• Equilibrium: P-I=0
• In the direct explicit method: P-I=R
• R: Force Residual (Out-of-balance forces)
 Newton-Raphson Method
Load steps n=1,2,…
P n=1 Pn=Pn-1+Pn
un0=un-1
P 2 3 rn4 Iterations i=1,2,…
rn
calculate n from uni

calculate residual Rni=Pn-1-Ini

rn2 calculate Kt ni-1

P1=rn1
duni=(Kt ni-1)-1Rni
uni=uni-1+duni
stop iteration when reisdual is ok
end of load
dun1 dun2 dun3 u
un un+1
 Example 1: Non-linear buckling
• Same frame
• Load with -2.5 106 N in y-dir at top of both pillars
• Fixed support at base
• Solve with non-linear geometry

• No buckling!!!
• Why ?
Example2: Non-linear buckling , imperfections
Load -2.5 106 N in y-dir Load -2.5 106 N in y-dir
and -1 kN in x-dir (top left corner) and -10 kN in x-dir (top left corner)

No buckling!! Buckling at t=0.926

fcr=-2.35 106 N
 Stability with imperfections
• General types of imperfections may be added to non-linear
buckling analysis (2nd or 3rd order analysis)
1. Through adding eigenmode shapes on structure
2. Through adding deformation from a previous static
analysis
 Example 3: Non-linear buckling
- displacement control, imperfections
Displacement -0.2m in y-dir
and -1 kN in x-dir (top left corner)
force = 2.05 106 N Force at 0.2m displ =
2.09 106 N
 Non-linear Buckling in ABAQUS
• Apply a load larger than the
anticipated buckling load
• Choose ”Static, General” problem
as the step.
• Choose Nlgeom: on
• The time is fictive, dividing the
load into load increments.
• Apply boundary conditions.
• A solution may not be found
when a buckling load is reached.
• Preferably use displacement
control.
 Examples
Snowloads on slender constructions
- and the finite element method
 Ishall
- underspänd tre-ledstakstol
• Total last under en snörik vinter ca: 1.5 kN/m2
• Ska klara ca 3.4 kN/m2
• Spännvidd 48m
 Unstable
Critical load ~ 1.2 kN/m2

Moment free joints

 Unstable
Critical load ~1.7 kN/m2

Spikplåtar
 Stable
Critical load ~ 2.5 kN/m2

But too high stresses

Another similar ice-arena (span 52m)
Measured imperfections
Buckling shape analysed with imperfections
 Buckling due to heat from fire

Brandförlopp temp.~ tid