MARINE OIL TERMINALS
ignored if it is in poor condition. These assumptions The first step in the Coefficient Method requires
shall be used for the analysis, unless a detailed con-
dition assessment and lateral analysis indicate that
the existing bracing and connections may provide
reliable lateral resistance.
A series of single pile analyses may be sufficient
to establish the nonlinear springs required for the
pushover analysis.
FIGURE 31F-4-3
SIMPLIFIED SINGLE PILE MODEL OF A
TIMBER PILE SUPPORTED STRUCTURE
3104F.2.3.2 Nonlinear static demand procedure. A
nonlinear static procedure shall be used to determine
the displacement demand for all concrete and steel
structures, with the exception of irregular configura-
tions with high or moderate spill classifications. A lin-
ear modal procedure is required for irregular
structures with high or moderate spill classifications,
and may be used for all other classifications in lieu of
the nonlinear static procedure.
In the nonlinear static demand procedure, deforma-
tion demand in each element shall be computed at the
target node displacement demand. The analysis shall be
conducted in each of the two orthogonal directions and
results combined as described in Section 3104F.4.2.
The target displacement demand of the structure,
> Δd, shall be calculated from:
Δd = SA(Te2/4π2) (4-1)
where:
Te = effective elastic structural period defined in
Equation (4-3) or Equation (4-9)
SA = spectral response acceleration corresponding
to Te
If Te < T0, where T0 is the period corresponding to
the peak of the acceleration response spectrum, a
refined analysis (see Section 3104F.2.3.2.1 or
3104F.2.3.2.2) shall be used to calculate the displace-
ment demand. In the refined analysis, the target node
displacement demand may be computed from the Coef-
> ficient Method (Section 3104F.2.3.2.1) or the Substitute
> Structure Method (Section 3104F.2.3.2.2). Both of
these methods utilize the pushover curve developed in
Section 3104F.2.3.1.
3104F.2.3.2.1 Coefficient Method. The Coefficient
Method is based on the procedures presented in ASCE/
SEI 41 [4.3] and FEMA 440 [4.4].
2019 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE
idealization of the pushover curve to calculate the
effective elastic lateral stiffness, ke, and effective
yield strength, Fy, of the structure as shown in Fig-
ure 31F-4-4.
FIGURE 31F-4-4
IDEALIZATION OF PUSHOVER
CURVE (ADAPTED FROM [4.3])
The first line segment of the idealized pushover
curve shall begin at the origin and have a slope
equal to the effective elastic lateral stiffness, ke. The
effective elastic lateral stiffness, ke, shall be taken as
the secant stiffness calculated at the lateral force
equal to 60 percent of the effective yield strength, Fy,
of the structure. The effective yield strength, Fy,
shall not be taken as greater than the maximum lat-
eral force at any point along the pushover curve.
The second line segment shall represent the posi-
tive post-yield slope (α1ke) determined by a point
(Fd,Δd) and a point at the intersection with the first
line segment such that the area above and below the
actual curve area approximately balanced. (Fd,Δd)
shall be a point on the actual pushover curve at the
calculated target displacement, or at the displace-
ment corresponding to the maximum lateral force,
whichever is smaller.
The third line segment shall represent the nega-
tive post-yield slope (α2ke), determined by the point
at the end of the positive post-yield slope (Fd,Δd) and
the point at which the lateral force degrades to 60
percent of the effective yield strength.
The target displacement shall be calculated from:
2
Te
Δ d = C 1 C 2 S A -------
-2 (4-2)
4π
where:
SA = spectral acceleration of the linear-elastic
system at vibration period, which is
computed from:
m-
T e = 2π --- (4-3)
ke
527