MARINE OIL TERMINALS

α2 = Negative post-yield slope ratio equal to No. SSRP – 94/16, University of California, San
negative post-yield stiffness divided by the Diego. >
effective stiffness [4.7] Ferritto, J., Dickenson, S., Priestley N., Werner, S.,
αe = Effective negative post-yield slope ratio equal to Taylor, C., Burke, D., Seelig, W., and Kelly, S.,
effective post-yield negative stiffness divided by 1999, “Seismic Criteria for California Marine Oil
the effective stiffness Terminals,” Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, Technical Report
TR-2103-SHR, Naval Facilities Engineering Ser-
αP-Δ = Negative slope ratio caused by P-Δ effects vice Center, Port Hueneme, CA.
Δavg = Average of displacements, Δ1 and Δ2, at ends of [4.8] CalARP Program Seismic Guidance Committee,
the MOT transverse to an axis December 2013, “Guidance for California Acci-
Δd = Target displacement dental Release Prevention (CalARP) Program
Seismic Assessments,” Sacramento, CA.
Δm = Maximum of displacements, Δ1 and Δ2, at ends
of the MOT transverse to an axis [4.9] American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011,
“Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of
Δy = Displacement at yield strength Petrochemical Facilities,” 2nd ed., New York.
Δ1, Δ2 = Displacement at ends of the MOT transverse to [4.10] Goel, R. K., 2017, “Estimating Seismic Forces
an axis in Ancillary Components and Nonbuilding
δd = Design displacement demand at an element Structures Supported on Piers, Wharves, and
Marine Oil Terminals,” Earthquake Spectra,
δx = Displacement of an element in X direction https://doi.org/10.1193/041017EQS068M.
δy = Displacement of an element in Y direction Authority: Sections 8750 through 8760, Public Resources
Code.
δxx = X displacement under X direction excitation
Reference: Sections 8750, 8751, 8755 and 8757, Public
δxy = X displacement under Y direction excitation Resources Code.
δyx = Y displacement under X direction excitation
δyy = Y displacement under Y direction excitation
λ = Near-field effect factor
μmax = Maximum strength ratio
μstrength = Ratio of elastic strength demand to yield strength
> μΔ,ι = Initial ductility level
> ξeff,i = Effective structural damping at step i of iteration
3104F.7 References.
[4.1] American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2016,
ASCE/SEI 7-16 (ASCE/SEI 7), “Minimum Design
Loads and Associates Criteria for Buildings and
Other Structures,” Reston, VA.
[4.2] American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2014,
ASCE/COPRI 61-14 (ASCE/COPRI 61), “Seismic
Design of Piers and Wharves,” Reston, VA.
[4.3] American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2017,
ASCE/SEI 41-17 (ASCE/SEI 41), “Seismic Evalua-
tion and Retrofit of Existing Buildings,” Reston, VA.
[4.4] Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),
June 2005, FEMA 440, “Improvement of Nonlin-
ear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures,” Redwood
City, CA.
[4.5] Priestley, M.J.N., Seible, F., Calvi, G.M., 1996,
“Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges,” John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
[4.6] Kowalsky, M.J., Priestley, M.J.N, MacRae, G.A.,
1994, “Displacement-Based Design – A Methodol-
ogy for Seismic Design Applied to Single Degree of
Freedom Reinforced Concrete Structures,” Report

2019 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 535