Applied Hydraulics (UGNA3023) 2022

course overview
1. What we learn
Extend what have been learned in Fluid mechanics
(UGNA1073) and open-channel Flow (UGNA2072) to apply
principles and methods in evaluating and improving the
infrastructure and the environment involving water which will
further be explored in Water Supply Engineering and Water
Resources.
2. Schedule (see separate handout)
• lectures (12 weeks + review)
• 6 tutorials
• 3 practicals
• 1 assignment and a quiz
• Mid term and final examination
• Virtual site visit
 Applied Hydraulics (UGNA3023) 2022
course overview (cont.)
3. References (important parts will be uploaded)
1. Chadwick, Morfett and Borthwick, Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Spon Press, 2013.
2. Houghtalen, Akan and Hwang, Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering
Systems, Pearson,2010.
3. Nalluri and Featherstone, Civil Engineering Hydraulics, Blackwell Science,
2001. (NF)

4. Lecturer
Prof. Dr. Akihiko Nakayama
M Teams: UTAR – UGNA3023 Applied Hydraulics 2022 Code: 6tutqt1
Whatsapp group: UGNA3023 Applied Hyd2022
Syllabus
 Syllabus

and quiz 10
15
15
 Applied Hydraulics 2021
Lecture Topics
wk Topics related activity
1. 1. Introduction
2. 2. Principles of fluid flow Tutorial 1
3. 3. Behavior of real fluids
4. 4. Hydraulic structures Tutorial 2, Practical M1
5. 5. Hydraulic structures Tutorial 3,
6. 6. Hydraulic machine
7. 7. Sediment transport Tutorial 4 Practical M2
8 8. Sediment transport Midterm test
9. 10. Culvert design I
10. 11. Culvert design Tutorial 5
11. 12. Computational hydraulics Practical 3
12. 13,14. Computational hydraulics Tutorial 6
13. 9. Flood Design Quiz
14. Review
 Programme Objectives (PEO)
1. Produce multi-skilled engineer who can apply fundamental scientific
and engineering principles to solve complex engineering problems
systematically, creatively and innovatively, with the aids of modern
analytical and design tools including research methodology, to
contribute to the advancement of Environmental engineering knowledge
and practice.
2. Nurture engineer who is able to communicate and manage
effectively as a leader and/or team player in diverse destinations of
environmental engineering and in multi-disciplinary environment,
striving for responsible leadership and engineering innovations.
3. Foster development of engineer who practices professional virtues with
strong commitment to moral and ethical responsibilities in the
course of environmental engineering practice, applies principles of
sustainable development with considerations for natural resources,
public health and safety, and environment, and is committed to personal
holistic development through life-long learning.
Mission 1 (U) Mission 2 (T) Mission 3 (A) Mission 4 (R)

√
PEO1

√ √
PEO2

√
PEO3
 Programme Outcomes (PO): we cover
PO1. Acquire and apply fundamental knowledge of science, engineering and mathematics, with an engineering focus in solving complex
engineering problems;
PO2. Apply first principles of mathematics, natural and engineering sciences to identify, study, formulate and
evaluate complex engineering problems based on systematic approach and leading to authenticated
conclusions;
PO3. Devise solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems, components or processes by
taking into consideration cost-effectiveness and specific concerns for public health, safety and
environment;
PO4. Make use of research based knowledge and methodology through critical thinking to interpret, analyse,
and study complex engineering problems, designs and operational performances to reach convincing
conclusions;
PO5. Apply original engineering techniques and state of the art engineering and IT resources to model, simulate
and analyse complex engineering problems within the relevant constraints and range of validity;
PO6. Apply appropriate knowledge in the evaluation and assessment of subject matters pertinent to the professional engineering practice with
considerations of public health and safety, community welfare and cultural perspectives as well as legal, moral and ethical responsibilities;
PO7. Recognize the significance of sustainable development when devising professional solutions to engineering problems with a clear
understanding and pro-active considerations of environmental concerns as well as needs for eco-friendly continual growth for local and
global community;
PO8. Apply professional virtues and principles with strong commitment to moral and ethical responsibilities during the course of engineering
practice;
PO9. Demonstrate the ability to convey ideas and information effectively within the engineering profession and the general community when
addressing complex engineering issues and activities, including unambiguous interpretation of data and instructions, enlightening oral
presentations and writing skills evident in accurate documentation of designs and solutions;
PO10.Display capability to work competently in the context of a diverse team within multidisciplinary environment, as an individual member with
teamwork fortitude or as an inspiring leader with effective management skills;
PO11.Recognize the need to take on independent life-long learning and continuous self improvement in the context of scientific and engineering
advancement and professional development;
PO12. Show capability to comprehend and apply engineering and management philosophy to manage projects of in cross disciplinary content, as a
member or a leader in a team realising the importance of cost-effective design and solution for sustainable development.
 Objectives (of the unit)
• To extend the student knowledge about the
application of principles of hydraulics.

Synopsis
• Towards application of basic theories and principles of
hydraulics to river and water engineering and environment
• Understand basic laws of flows in channels and conduits
and apply them to hydraulic structures and hydraulics
machines
• Introduce sediment transport in channels and rivers
• Introduce methods of computational hydraulics, discuss
how complex problems can be solved by this method
 Objectives (of the unit)

Unit Learning Outcome (ULO)

• Characterize and analyze flows in rivers, around
structures and in environmental water bodies based
on geometrical and Reynolds and Froude numbers
• Classify the characteristics sediment in streams and
able to perform sediment transport calculations
• Design hydraulic structures and understand the use of
the structures in hydraulic engineering.
• Identify the basic equations and methods used in
computational hydraulics and know what computer-
aided design methods are available
 Applied Hydraulics
Lecture topic 1. Introduction
What is Applied Hydraulics
➢ What is Hydraulics ?

Common use of this word hydraulics is to

mean machines that use liquid to transmit
force as opposed to pneumatics which use
air pressure

We do not mean these by hydraulics

(they are done by mechanical engineers)
 What is Applied Hydraulics
➢ Hydraulics
- Study of water (or similar liquid not chemical H2O) in motion and at
rest (of scales from a few centimeters in small passages to
kilometers in nature)
➢ Hydraulic Engineering
- Engineering that controls distribution and movement of water for
living, agricultural and industrial purposes, and for the safety and
good quality of human life and environment. (including water supply
and water resources)
➢ Applied Hydraulics
- Knowledge of Hydraulics applied in Hydraulic Engineering
➢ Related subjects:
Hydrology
- Study of water circulation on earth with emphasis on rainfall (precipitation)
Fluid Mechanics
- Study of mechanics of fluid (liquid and gas) in motion and at rest
Hydrodynamics
- Study of motion of liquid
Examples where hydraulics is applied
Make use of energy Prevent disaster

How to build structures

How to prevent damages

due to water hazards
 Preserve nature, ecosystem

Enjoy life

how to enhance life

 What is Applied Hydraulics
➢ Examples of Hydraulic Engineering
- Control safe flow of rivers and coastal currents
- Construct water supply and wastewater and heat disposal systems
- Construction and operation of hydropower facility
- Protect coasts from waves, erosion and tsunami

➢ Methods of Hydraulic Engineering (emphasis)

- semi-empirical criteria based on past experiences (△)
- use principles of fluid flow for design criteria (◎)
- verification using scale models (×)
- examination using numerical simulation (〇)

* Applied Hydraulics is not an engineering application of Fluid Mechanics

- Applied hydraulics is a collection of engineering methods used to
analyze and to estimate fluid flows needed in hydraulic engineering
and not necessarily direct application of fluid mechanics
 In Short
Hydraulics
1. Utilize water (利水)

2. Control water （治水）

and

3. Preserve environment （環境）

 Characteristics of water flows in
Environment with and without
hydraulic engineering
Human controlled

Natural
Chapter 1 (Chadwick et al)
HYDROSTATICS

Why force is horizontal on the

vertical surface and vertical on
horizontal surface?
Why is p constant on bottom
surface?
 The main object we deal is Water
physical properties of liquid
(as opposed to solid and gas)

Solid(aluminum) liquid(water in glass) gas(air in glass)

• fixed volume • fixed volume • volume not fixed
• fixed shape • shape not fixed • shape not fixed
 Newton’s laws
Solid body
• This cylinder body not in motion

• The forces acting on it are in balance (1st law)

- equilibrium
W • The forces are weight (W) and Reaction
(R) (3rd law)
R=W
R
Liquid
How does the liquid stay at rest?
How do Newton’s laws work for liquid?
What forces are acting on the water and on
the glass?
Newton’s Laws of motion for a solid body
( from Engineering Mechanics)

1st Law : An object persists to be in its

original state unless acted upon by an
external force. (equilibrium)

2nd Law: The acceleration of a body is

directly proportional to the net applied
force. (law of motion)
F = ma

3rd Law: Every action has an equal and

opposite reaction. (action - reaction)
 Newton’s law of Motion
for solid – liquid – gas – basically same
ma=SF
F t Solid
a
v =  a dt mass
0

Liquid Need to apply

F ?
? Newton’s law
a
to part(s) of
body or
gas whole body
?
 Newton’s laws apply to a whole body,
or part of body
・Newton’s laws apply to a mass
(body) or any part of body.
・If small part is cut out of the rest -
then interface forces appear.
・ The forces on unit area are stresst
(Strength of Materials). Component
normal to surface is pressure p.
Small p
element t In case of (elastic) solid we learned
w that the stress is related to strain
p
(deformation). In case of fluid?
 Questions I:
In solid bodies, stresses are related to the deformation or
strain. One may say the strain generates the stress.

1. What then generates the stress in liquid?

(a) strain
(b) change of volume
(c) rate of change of strain

2. How do we find the answer to Question 1?

(a) put water in glass

(b) watch how water reacts as you pour water
(c) what do you find about stress and
 solid – liquid – gas
fluid

Solid(aluminum) liquid(water in glass) gas(air in glass)

fixed volume
fixed shape
Reaction forces (stresses)
generated by deformation
(The cylinder deforms by small
amount) and keeps its shape
fixed volume
shape not fixed
Liquid deforms freely (no stress) to
adjust the shape of glass.
Generates pressure only if the
volume is tended to change.
volume not fixed
shape not fixed
Same as water except, the
pressure forces generated by
motion and thermo-dynamic
state

They all (parts) satisfy Newton’s laws with different mechanism

of generation of reaction forces (pressure and stresses)
 Questions II
(to be answered in next class)
Review previously taken class materials to answer:

1. What is the equation of equilibrium for a volume of fluid at rest.

2. Write the equation of motion of a solid body in two dimension.

3. Write the equations of motion of fluid with constant density and

no viscosity. What is the name for them?
Some reference books on hydraulics and related subjects
 Open Learning website
https://www.openlearning.com/courses/highlights-of-applied-
hydraulics/course_content
 Question 1:
Which one(s) of the following is(are) hydraulic engineering
(a) Construction of a weir to control water level of a river
(b) Examine if a channel may be built to drain a lake water to a
river is safe
(c) Design blades of a water pump impellor to be used to store
water in a tank
(d) Control the water temperature downstream of power plant
that disposes cooling water
 Question 2:
Which is Applied Hydraulics?

(a) Engineering dealing with water

(b) Study of motion of water
(c) Knowledge of hydraulics applied to hydraulic engineering
(d) Study of distribution of water
 Question 3:
Which one(s) of the following describes hydraulic engineering?
(a) Controls movement of water
(b) Produce water
(c) Utilize water
(d) Sell and trade water
 Question 4:
Which one(s) of the following method(s) is(are) used in
solving problems hydraulic engineering?

(a) Fluid mechanics principles and formulas

(b) Numerical simulation methods
(c) Chemical reaction processes
(d) Political methods
 Question 5:
Which one(s) of the following is(are) the characteristics of flow
encountered in hydraulics?
(a) Always very smooth and orderly
(b) Various scales of motion
(c) Regular and precise time changes
(d) Confined within solid
 Question 6:
Which one(s) of the following situation(s) are that(those)
encountered in hydraulic engineering?
(a) Influenced by gravity
(b) Influenced by electro-magnetic fields
(c) Influenced by solid and gas mixed in liquid
(d) Influenced by acoustic waves (sound waves)
 Question 7:
Which subjects are related to the hydraulic engineering?

(a) Open channel hydraulics

(b) Nuclear reaction theory
(c) Hydrology
(d) Ground water hydraulics
 Back to question of basic property of liquid

• Newtons laws apply to the whole or a part

F of fluid body same as solid
a
• Except, the way the internal reacting force, or
stresses are generated are different from solid
• In solid body, stresses are generated to keep
the original shape of the body. The shape
changes according to the magnitudes of the
applied external force.
• In fluid body, only pressure is generated to keep
the original volume acting on internal surfaces
W at all directions. The shear stresses are
generated only to stop sliding by the relative
 Back to question of basic property of liquid
Water column supported by walls on one side of a tank.
Koshizuka (1994)
Pressure distribution and motion of water after the right wall is removed
Simulation applying Newtons law to small parts (32000 parts)
 When water is at rest
Forces on small element balance in
y equilibrium – not moving
Forces are, gravity and pressure only
x
w=mg Apply equilibrium eq. to a rectangle
with width 1 height dy, then
S Fy=0
p+dp
-(p+dp) -w + p=0
1
dy dp=-w=-rgdy
w=rgdy Integrate with respect to y to get
p p= -rgy + const.
Hydrostatic
pressure
 Solid body
・For solid body, the normal stress is not
isotropic like pressure and it can be in
the vertical direction only.

・ Shear stress can also be generated

if the part is skewed.

-(p+dp) -w + p +t=0
p+Dp
dp= t - w
t
w p t is zero if no skewing
 Equilibrium of the whole water in glass
Pa
Forces acting on the entire water

Pw 1. The gravitational force or the

weight W
W
2. Force the inner surface of glass
Pb is acting on the water
3. The force the air on top of the
water acting on the water surface
The vector sum of all these forces is zero
Pa+Pw+Pb+W=0
 Summary
• Applied hydraulics works on real problems involving water using
basic knowledge of hydraulics.
• The real problems involve water at rest or in motion.
• Behavior of water at rest or in motion is governed by the general
Newton’s laws of motion.
• The important difference between mechanics of solid and fluid is
that the resisting force to an external force in fluids is generated
only by motion while solids generate resisting forces by
deformation (strain). Only isotropic pressure is generated in fluid at
rest.
• So the main problem in solid mechanics is how the solid deforms
but question in fluid mechanics is how the fluid moves.
• The pressure tries to preserve volume(liquid, incompressible) and
adjusts to thermal state including temperature (gas, compressible).