Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CFD uses a series of cells (previously referred to as control volumes), elements and nodes
that combined form the so called mesh. It is at each of these node locations, that CFD
calculates the fundamental equations of fluid dynamics, as mentioned in the previous
section, the shape of the cells greatly impacts the accuracy of the solution due to
discretisation errors, therefore the meshing stage is one of the most crucial stages in the
problem simulation.
Structured
Unstructured
Figure 3-1 Left section unstructured mesh, right section structured mesh
Structured meshing uses hexagonal shaped elements (12 edges and 8 nodes) while
unstructured meshing uses tetrahedron shaped elements (6 edges and 4 nodes). Each
method has advantages and disadvantages and it is imperative that the CFD user
understands which meshing type is applicable for the given problem.
38
Figure 3-2 Hexahedral and tetrahedral elements
Mesh generation, in most cases is the timeliest task in the CFD simulation and can be quit
challenging to generate a mesh that accurately defines the problem. Two available
programs for this study are ANSYS CFX Mesh Generation which generates an unstructured
mesh and ANSYS-ICEM CFD which can generate both a structured and unstructured mesh.
Both mesh types have their strengths and weakness and are listed in Table 3-1 and Table
3-2.
Table 3-1 Structured; mesh strengths and weaknesses (Quak F.L. 2006)
Structured Mesh
Strengths Weakness
• Allows user high degree of control.
• Excessive time spent producing the
Mesh can be accurately designed to
mesh compared to unstructured mesh
user’s requirements
39
Table 3-2 Unstructured; mesh strengths and weaknesses (Quak F.L. 2006)
Unstructured Mesh
Strengths Weakness
• Automated grid generation allows • Lack of user control – mesh may not
much less effort by user to define be defined as well as the user may like
mesh. in certain areas
• Users are able to get results for • Post processing software requires
relatively large mesh size quickly larger computer power to generate
The aim of this study is to find the most optimum and efficient meshing techniques for
underwater vehicles. A preliminary unstructured mesh was created, however the majority of
this study is focused on the optimisation of a structured mesh due to its high level of user
control which allows for simpler validation. Validation will be done through an iterative
process outlined in Figure 3-3 Suboff mesh generation processes (Ackerman 2008)
Structured and unstructured meshing are only discussed in this study, an area of future
development could be an investigation into the effects of a hybrid mesh, that uses a
structured mesh on the critical regions and a unstructured mesh in the less critical regions.
40
Figure 3-3 Suboff mesh generation processes (Ackerman 2008)
3.2 Geometry
The geometry used in this study was kept the same as that used in the initial study, allowing
for direct comparison of results. Ackerman (2008) explains that testing a submarine body
requires a large domain for the mesh to be tested in, with little or no effects from the domain
41
itself. By creating a large domain with a blocking ratio of only 4% (with respect to the hull
frontal area), the domain affects have been minimised.
Figure 3-4 shows the hemispherical inlet, which is located 6.543m upstream of the bow, the
outlet is located 15.246m downstream of the stern end cap, and the far-field boundary is
located 6.534m from the hull centreline.
As mentioned previously a structured mesh uses hexahedron shaped elements to create the
mesh used to simulate the problem. ANSY-ICEM CFD uses hexahedron blocks that the
user manipulates by slicing into a series of smaller blocks.
42
Figure 3-5 Initial block to be split into sections
Splitting of the blocks allows for the edges of the blocks to be associated to the geometry.
The edges are then given parameters and node spacing’s that define the mesh. The power
of ANSYS_ICEM CFD comes from these blocks, as they can be split many times to give the
user complete control over the mesh.
43
Figure 3-7 Edges of blocks that can be associated to the geometry
Associating the vertexes, edges and faces of these blocks to the points, curves and surfaces
of the geometry shape the mesh to geometry.
44
Figure 3-9 Mesh created after association and edge parameters defined
However, difficulty with a structured mesh comes from trying to adapt a hexagon shaped
element to a curved or complex shape and can result in a poor quality cells. In chapter 3 it
was discussed how the quality of the mesh will greatly affect the results of the simulation, for
this reason it is imperative to ensure the mesh quality is sufficient.
3.4.1 Skewness
For quad elements, the skew is obtained by first connecting the midpoints of each side with
the midpoint of the opposite side, and finding the angle α as shown in Figure 3-10 with the
smaller of the two angles used so that α is less than 180 degrees. The result is usually
normalized by dividing α by 180 degrees
45
Figure 3-10 Skew definition (ANSYS ICEM 2009)
A D
C
B
3.4.4 Determinants
The determinant is found by dividing the smallest determinant of the Jacobian matrix by the
largest determinant of the Jacobian matrix at each corner of the hexahedron. A determinant
value of unity indicates a perfectly regular mesh element. Zero would indicate that the
46
element has 1 or more degenerate edges, and a negative determinant indicates an inverted
element
Table 3-3 of this section shows the recommended values to ensure sufficient mesh quality
for CFD simulations
Significant orthogonality and non-orthogonality are illustrated Figure 3-13 at Ip1 and Ip2,
respectively. Orthogonality angle involves the angle between the vector s, that joins two
mesh (or control volume) nodes and the normal vector n, for each integration point
associated with that edge.
Mesh expansion factor measures the magnitude of the rate of change of the adjacent
element areas or volumes.
47
The mesh aspect ratio is determined by dividing the smallest element edge length by the
largest, usually they must be less than 100, however it is expected and accepted that mesh
aspect ratio within the boundary layer will be of the magnitude 105-106. Table 3-3 shows the
ICEM criteria that if achieved usually results in the ANSYS CFX criteria being achieved, and
the values for the base mesh used in this study.
Table 3-3 CFX ICEM Criteria to determine acceptable mesh quality for CFX Solver
Key Factor Requirement Base mesh Value
Minimum volume >0 1.22 x10-13
Minimum determinant >0.2 0.37
Minimum angle Preferably > 18, definitely > 9 17.28
Negative volumes or determinants indicate an inverted element and ANSYS CFX solver will
not run.
3.5.1 2D Topology
• H mesh
• mesh
• C mesh
3.5.1.1 H mesh
48
H type mesh is the standard meshing method used in ANSY-ICEM CFD. H mesh can
achieve good results for a simple geometry, however to maintain accuracy for complex
shapes the blocking becomes quit complex.
3.5.1.2 O mesh
O type mesh is ideally suited for circular or curved surfaces; Figure 3-15 H mesh to O mesh
shows that when an H mesh is used on a circular geometry highly skewed elements exist at
angles of 45˚ around the geometry, an O type mesh removes this skewness. O type
meshing is not well suited to wake flows, Figure 3-16 O type mesh around cylindershows
that as the O expands to outer edges of the geometry the elements become quite large, and
would not accurately capture the wake region of the flow.
49
3.5.1.3 C mesh
C mesh is a combination of an H and C grid, it has the benefit of the O grid where it
accurately models a curved surface, but also allows for refinement of the mesh in the
leeward edge of the geometry. C type meshing is ideally suited for flows where a wake
needs to be captured and anything that has a bluff leading edge and small finite to infinite
trailing edge such as foils and wings as the mesh reduces to H mesh at these sections
allowing for mesh edges to fully capture the geometry of these critical regions. Often when
creating a C grid for a foil, a triangular block is created which creates a poor quality mesh, a
Quarter O grid or y grid (see Topology creation steps) can be used on triangular blocks to
increase mesh quality.
3.5.2 3D Topology
When these topologies are used in 3D, they combine to give the following topologies
50
3.6 Topology Used
To successfully mesh a complex shape such as a submarine body, a combination of these
topologies need to be used in the associated regions, to ensure the geometry is represented
accurately by the mesh. The Suboff geometry can be broken into 3 critical regions where
different topologies are used:
O Topology
Figure 3-18 O type mesh in the bow region resulting from the C grid
51
O Topology
Figure 3-19 O type mesh used in the stern region resulting from the C
The C grid (longitudinal) resolves into a H grid to allow refinement of the mesh to fully
capture the effects of the wake.
H Grid
C Grid
52
C Grid
O Grid
Figure 3-21 O-C Topology – O grid in the YZ plane and C grid in the XZ plane
Skewed cells
53
Quality cells
The initial study used an H-O topology which removed these poor angles at the leading and
trailing edges of the appendages, See Figure 3-25 and Figure 3-27.
54
Poor cells
Figure 3-25 Poor Cells at the leading and trailing edges of the appendages
(Ackerman 2008)
55
Figure 3-27 Improved cells dues to H-O topology
An aim of this study was to find a topology that enhanced the quality of the mesh within this
region. Two topologies have evolved from the original H-O topology, both are essentially an
H-O topology, but have varying blocking strategies:
1. H grid combined with a Y-grid on the leading and trailing edges of the
appendages
2. H grid combined with an O-grid on the leading edge and Y- grid on the
trailing edge of the appendages
A y grid or commonly known as a quarter o grid is an alternative method (to an O grid) used
to eliminate degenerate blocks. y gridding replaces degenerate blocks with 3 regular blocks,
refer to the preceding sections for a detailed y grid explanation.
56
Figure 3-29 Y grid on the leading and trailing edges of the appendages
Figure 3-30 Y topology used on the leading and trailing edges of the appendages
Figure 3-31 O grid on the leading and y grid on the trailing edges of the
appendages
57
Further refinement can be done to the OY topology by removing the block in mid-span of the
appendage shown in Figure 3-33, The indicated block creates an unnecessary congestion of
elements shown in Figure 3-34, by using a C and y topology as shown in Figure 3-35 ,this
block would be removed thus improving the mesh. However as the OT topology yielded
accuracy, the CY topology was not created, this is an area of recommend future work.
Unnecessary
congestion of
elements
Figure 3-34 Mesh with degenerate blocks removed using an O grid fwd and a y grid
aft
58
Figure 3-35 Plan view sketch of block edges showing, CY topology (bottom)
compared to an OY topology (top)
1. Index Control
2. C grid to create fluid domain and SUBOFF blocks
3. External O grid to create appendages
4. C Grid around appendages
5. Y grid to remove degenerate blocks
6. Internal O grid to remove degenerate blocks
The author emphasises that the user manual is written with the assumption that the user is
familiar with the basic procedures for creating geometry’s, blocks and generating a mesh in
ANSYS-ICEM CFD. It is not designed to be a comprehensive outline of all ANSYS-ICEM
CFD techniques rather focused on the key procedures mentioned above.
59