Choke Manifold

Choke Manifold
Reference: InTouch content ID # 4227890

Version: 1.0
Release Date: 12-Jun-2007
EDMS UID: 1649505146
Produced: 13-Jun-2007 08:59:23
Owner: ELC Testing
Author: P. Quéré
Private /Choke
adjustable
Manifold,
choke,
gate
sniffer
valves, tapping points, fixed
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Choke Manifold
Reference: InTouch content ID # 4227890
Version: 1.0
Release Date: 12-Jun-2007
EDMS UID: 1649505146
Published: 13-Jun-2007 08:59:23
Owner: ELC Testing
Author: P. Quéré
Private /Choke
adjustable
Manifold,
choke,
gate
sniffer
valves, tapping points, fixed
Copyright © 2007 Sophia, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment — Choke
Manifold / Legal Information
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to identify the products and services described herein are either trademarks,
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v TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment v
— Choke Manifold / Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Choke Manifold — Overview

1.1 Introduction __________________________________________________ 1-1
1.2 Features and Benefits ________________________________________ 1-1
1.3 Applications _________________________________________________ 1-2
2 Full Training Package

2.1 Introduction __________________________________________________ 2-1
2.2 Objectives ___________________________________________________ 2-3
2.3 Principles of Operation _______________________________________ 2-3

2.4 Equipment __________________________________________________ 2-14
2.5 Safety ______________________________________________________ 2-15
2.6 Maintenance ________________________________________________ 2-16
2.7 Summary ___________________________________________________ 2-16
2.8 Posttest ____________________________________________________ 2-16
2.9 References _________________________________________________ 2-16
2.10 Other Useful Links __________________________________________ 2-17
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vi TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment vi
— Choke Manifold / Table of Contents
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vii TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment — vii
Choke Manifold / List of Figures
List of Figures
1-1 Choke Manifold Equipment_________________________________________ 1-1

2-1 Choke Manifold____________________________________________________ 2-1
2-2 Surface Testing Equipment _________________________________________ 2-2
2-3 Changing from Adjustable to Fixed Choke ___________________________ 2-4
2-4 Gate Valves _______________________________________________________ 2-5
2-5 Tapping Points ____________________________________________________ 2-7
2-6 Fixed Choke ______________________________________________________ 2-9
2-7 Adjustable Choke_________________________________________________ 2-10
2-8 Weak Blow _______________________________________________________ 2-11

2-9 Measuring BSW with a Manual Centrifuge__________________________ 2-12
2-10 Sniffer Operation _________________________________________________ 2-14
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viii TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment — viii
Choke Manifold / List of Figures
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1-i TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment — 1-i
Choke Manifold / Choke Manifold — Overview
1 Choke Manifold — Overview

1.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________ 1-1
1.2 Features and Benefits __________________________________________ 1-1
1.3 Applications ___________________________________________________ 1-2
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1-ii TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment — 1-ii
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1-1 TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment — 1-1
1 Choke Manifold — Overview Choketable

adjus Manifold,
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1.1 Introduction
The choke manifold is used to control the fluid from the well by reducing the
flowing pressure and by achieving a constant flow rate before the fluid enters the
processing equipment at surface. When a well is being tested, critical flow must
be achieved across the choke. At critical flow, changes in pressure and flow rate
made downstream from the choke do not affect the downhole conditions.
Figure 1-1: Choke Manifold Equipment
1.2 Features and Benefits

The choke manifold has the following features and benefits:
• four gate valves used to isolate the choke boxes on either side of the choke
manifold.
• an adjustable choke to gain quick control of the well and to change fixed
choke beans without interrupting the flow.
• a fixed choke box to insert calibrated choke beans of different diameters. The
bean sizes are usually in graduations of 1/64th in. to produce a flow rate that
can be specified at the end of a test.
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• tapping points for measurement of the upstream and downstream pressures,

sampling, injecting chemicals or to insert sand monitoring devices.
• thermometer well inserted in the flow path allowing the fluid temperature
to be monitored.
The choke manifold consists of valves and fittings arranged to direct the flow
through one of the two choke boxes. At both chokes, the size of the orifice that
fluid flows through can be varied, allowing maximum control over fluid flow rate
and pressure. In addition, the adjustable choke makes it possible to control flow
pressure without stopping the well, further enhancing the flexibility of the system.
The combination of a fixed and adjustable choke allows the choke manifold to
achieve various flow rates to support the well testing programme and client
requirements in a safe and controlled manner.
1.3 Applications
The choke manifold is part of the minimum set of surface testing equipment
needed when a well is being tested. It is used whenever the fluid flow rate and
pressure need to be controlled or altered for the purpose of testing the well.
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2-i TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment — 2-i
Choke Manifold / Full Training Package
2 Full Training Package

2.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________ 2-1
2.2 Objectives _____________________________________________________ 2-3
2.3 Principles of Operation _________________________________________ 2-3
2.3.1 Gate Valves _________________________________________________ 2-5
2.3.2 Choke Changes at Choke Manifold Multimedia ________________ 2-5
2.3.3 Tapping Points _______________________________________________ 2-6
2.3.4 Independent Pressure/temperature recorders __________________ 2-8
2.3.5 Fixed Choke _________________________________________________ 2-8
2.3.6 Adjustable Choke ____________________________________________ 2-9
2.3.7 Bleed off Port _______________________________________________ 2-10

2.3.8 Centrifuge __________________________________________________ 2-11
2.3.9 Basic Sediments and Water at Choke Manifold Multimedia ____ 2-13
2.3.10 Sniffer ______________________________________________________ 2-13
2.3.11 Connections ________________________________________________ 2-14
2.4 Equipment ____________________________________________________ 2-14
2.5 Safety _________________________________________________________ 2-15
2.6 Maintenance __________________________________________________ 2-16
2.7 Summary ______________________________________________________ 2-16
2.8 Posttest _______________________________________________________ 2-16
2.9 References ____________________________________________________ 2-16
2.10 Other Useful Links ____________________________________________ 2-17
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2-ii TS Technology Based Training — Well Testing — Surface Testing — Equipment — 2-ii
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2 Full Training Package Choketable

adjus Manifold,
choke,gate
sniffer
valves, tapping points, fixed /
Figure 2-1: Choke Manifold
2.1 Introduction
The "Surface Test Equipment" figure shows where the choke manifold is
located in relation to the other surface testing equipment. The choke manifold
is downstream of the flowhead. Its principal function is to control flowrate and
pressure. Fluid flows from the flowhead to the choke manifold, where flowrate is
controlled by the restrictive choke beans.
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Figure 2-2: Surface Testing Equipment
A choke device is used for a number of purposes either at surface or downhole.

For example, chokes can be used downhole as safety devices to control the
formation of hydrate (solid chemical compounds of hydrocarbons and water).
Its principal use is to control flow rate and pressure at the well head. This topic
focuses on the surface choke, commonly used during testing and production.
During production, a choke is located in the flow line where the well fluids leave
from the Christmas Tree (see Glossary)
During well testing, a special piece of equipment, the choke manifold, is used.
The choke manifold has a fixed and an adjustable choke boxes. The fixed choke
bean has a fixed calibrated diameter. The size of the orifice on the adjustable
choke can be varied. In addition the adjustable choke allows fixed chokes to
be switched out as needed without stopping the well, increasing the flexibility
of the overall system.
The surface choke has these principle functions:
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• It maintains a certain flow rate, as required for well testing. A test can require
different flow rates over several time periods, requiring the use of different
choke sizes.
• It prevents formation sand from entering the well by limiting the flow rate.
Limiting the flow rate reduces the velocity of the fluid, which in turn, minimizes
the amount of sand entering the well.
• It also prevents water and gas coning (see Glossary) by limiting the flow rate.
• Lastly, it permits to establish critical flow (see Glossary) conditions, meaning
that pressure fluctuations downstream of the choke do not affect the
upstream conditions.
2.2 Objectives
Upon completion of this package, you should be able to:
• Explain the purpose of a choke manifold.

• Explain the operating principles for choke manifolds.
• Describe the various types of choke manifolds, their applications and
limitations.
• Describe the function of each component of the choke manifold.
• Describe how to change the choke when the well is flowing.
Upon completion of the Compass Tasksheets for the Choke Manifold , you
should be able to:
• Write a procedure to pressure-test and to operate a choke manifold.

• Using the choke manifold provided, study the complete fast inspection tool
(FIT) (see Glossary) and tool review and inspection monthly (TRIM) (see
Glossary) procedures as described in the relevant maintenance manual ,
review the InTouch Choke Manifold reference page and study the Field
Operating Handbook (FOH) for Surface Well Testing.
• Dismantle and reassemble the adjustable choke assembly.
2.3 Principles of Operation

The choke manifold controls the fluid produced from the well by imposing a
constant flow rate. A choke is a device used to restrict fluid flow and the choke
manifold usually has two choke boxes that house two chokes: one is usually
adjustable, while the other is fixed.
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The choke manifold has an upstream (high pressure) side and a downstream
(low pressure) side. All valves have the same pressure rating on both sides,
making the valves interchangeable.
Figure 2-3: Changing from Adjustable to Fixed Choke
Flow can be directed through one choke or the other, or through both in parallel.
It is important to know the exact diameter of the choke when making pressure
and flow rate measurements because the choke size is part of the flow rate
calculation. It is standard to include the choke size when describing flow rate:
“2,000 barrels a day on a 1/2 inch choke.”
A typical choke operation involves switching the flow from the adjustable choke
side to the fixed choke side. First the well is opened to flow fluid through the
adjustable choke that has been preset to a specific diameter. (This is done
before the upstream valve on the choke manifold is opened). The adjustable
choke size is changed until the required wellhead pressure or flow rate is
attained. The required choke size for a specified flow rate can be estimated from
choke performance charts displaying the relationships between choke size,
pressure, and flow rates. When the required pressure is reached and is stable,
the graduated barrel on the adjustable choke is read and the corresponding
size of bean is put in the fixed choke box. For example, if the adjustable choke
reading is 1/2-inch, then the 1/2-inch choke bean is put in the fixed choke box.
The flow can then be diverted through the fixed choke.
General rules to ensure that critical flow conditions are respected are as follows:
• For Gas Well: Downstream Pressure < 0.5 x Upstream Pressure

• For Oil Well: Downstream Pressure < 0.6 x Upstream Pressure
More precisions can be found from FOH1 and FOH2
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2.3.1 Gate Valves

These valves are arranged so the flow can be directed through one of two
choke boxes that contain either a fixed or an adjustable choke. The valves
have identical pressure ratings and are interchangeable. To cope with higher
safety requirements, some choke manifolds are fitted with hydraulic actuator
valves (normally closed type), a by-pass line or can even present a full back
up of the valves.
Figure 2-4: Gate Valves
2.3.2 Choke Changes at Choke Manifold Multimedia

Objective: How to safely switch between an adjustable and a fixed choke
Comment: This animation first covers some basic topics such as counting the
number of turns for every gate valve and what to do when a valve is in an
unknown position. Then all the steps required to switch from the adjustable
choke to the fixed choke are described and illustrated.
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NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

2.3.3 Tapping Points

Both inlet and outlet of the choke manifold have some 1/2-inch National Pipe
Threads (NPT) tapping points or holes. These holes are used to connect
temperature and pressure gauges, either mechanical or electronic, as well as a
chart recorder to monitor the pressure and temperature of effluent during a test.
All the pressure tapping points are fitted with a needle valve (see Glossary) so the
gauges can easily be isolated. Tapping points can also used to collect samples
for quick on-site analysis, to inject chemicals or to insert sand monitoring devices.
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Figure 2-5: Tapping Points
One hole can be fitted with a thermometric well so that a thermometer (alcohol
or electronic) can be inserted.
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2.3.4 Independent Pressure/temperature recorders

The following types of independent pressure recorders are used to monitor the
wellhead pressure. It is important to note that, mechanical measuring devices
can be used simultaneously with electronic sensors.
• a Bourdon tube (see Glossary) (manometer) pressure gauge quickly provides

an indication of the upstream pressure.
• a dead weight tester (see Glossary) (DWT) accurately measures the well
head pressure.
• a pressure chart recorder (see Glossary) keeps track of the pressure over
time during the test.
• thermometer, either alcohol or electronic.
2.3.5 Fixed Choke

On one side of the choke manifold, calibrated choke beans are used to control
flow rate through the fixed choke box. Each bean presents a specific inner
diameter, usually in graduations of 1/64-inch, and is screwed into the choke box.
These are the most common sizes (in inches) of choke beans used: 8/64, 16/64,
24/64, 32/64, 40/64, 48/64, 64/64, 80/64 and 96/64-inch. Depending on the type
of equipment used, the size of the choke bean can be as large as 3 inches. (In
the field the term fixed choke is used to refer to the fixed choke bean.)
The fixed choke box is equipped with a 1/2 inch-NPT hole connection that is
used to bleed off the pressure before changing the bean.
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Figure 2-6: Fixed Choke
2.3.6 Adjustable Choke

An adjustable or variable choke is a variable geometry orifice that is fitted on
one side of the choke manifold. It allows the size of the orifice that fluids flow
through to be changed, and it permits the fixed choke to be changed out without
shutting the well. The adjustable choke is a conical plug against a tapered seat.
Flow control is obtained by turning the external hand wheel to open or close the
choke. A graduated barrel on the axle indicates the orifice size. The seat for the
adjustable choke looks similar to the choke beans for the fixed choke; however
they are different, both in the length and in the shape of the inlet. Therefore they
must not be inverted.
• Because the size of the opening varies, flow rate calculations for adjustable
chokes is not as accurate as flow rate calculations for fixed chokes.
• Adjustable chokes are particularly vulnerable to erosion from suspended
sand particles.
• The adjustable choke is not designed to work as a valve.
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• Seats are commonly available in the following sizes: 64/64, 80/64,

96/64-inch. Depending on the type of equipment used, the size of the choke
seat can be as large as 3 inches.
• The adjustable choke box is equipped with a 1/2 inch-NPT connection that is
used to bleed off the pressure before changing the seat, and for inspecting
the choke tip.
Figure 2-7: Adjustable Choke
2.3.7 Bleed off Port

On both choke boxes, the bleed off port is also used to connect a hose, one end
of which is immersed in a bucket of water. At the very beginning of a test, if
effluent does not reach the surface the hose and bucket can be used to check
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whether air/gas flow exists. During the clean-up period, this hose can also
be used to collect fluid samples at surface to measure the amount of basic
sediments and water (BSW).
Figure 2-8: Weak Blow
2.3.8 Centrifuge
BSW is measured with a manual or electric centrifuge separating the sample into
its components according to their densities. The percentage of oil, water and
sediments is read directly from the graduated glass tubes in which the sample
was taken, as shown in the following multimedia. This check will ensure that the
flow will not be diverted to the separator before less than 1% of BSW is obtained
so the separator will not be filled up with sediments (for conventional separators).
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Figure 2-9: Measuring BSW with a Manual Centrifuge
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2.3.9 Basic Sediments and Water at Choke Manifold

Multimedia
Objective: To measure the percentage of sediment/sand and percentage of
water in the effluent.
Comment: This animation shows how to perform the BSW measurements. It

covers the possible sampling points, the different types of tubes, the usage of
a de-emulsifier and toluene and explains how to obtain the BSW value from
the readings.
2.3.10 Sniffer
At the same time a fluid sample is taken, you can measure the gas concentration,
typically CO2 and or H2S, using a sniffer (see Glossary) (or hand pump). The
reactive tube connected to the sniffer is made of glass and contains a reactive
material for the gas that it measures. The concentration of gas is measured by
the graduated lines on the reactive tube.
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Figure 2-10: Sniffer Operation
2.3.11 Connections
Both the inlet and outlet of the choke manifold are equipped either with Graylock
or with Weco hammer wing union (the inlet being female and the outlet male)
connectors (see Glossary) to allow quick connection and/or disconnection to
other equipment.
2.4 Equipment
Pressure Ratings for Choke Manifolds
Choke manifolds are available in 5,000; 10,000; and 15,000 psi.
The wide range of choke manifolds makes it possible to select one that
accommodates the well test needs, while not being larger, more complicated,
or expensive than the overall project requirements.
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The choke manifolds used by Schlumberger can be assembled with gate valves
(see Glossary) from one manufacturer: WOM.
The following datasheet shows the most common types of choke manifold
available and their respective specifications. For additional information, please
refer to InTouchSupport.com.
Choke Manifold Identification - The choke manifold can be identified by its

working pressure (WP) rating and internal diameter. This information can be on a
metal plate, on a permanently attached metal ring, or on a dot that is stamped on
a noncritical area of the choke manifold. It is also typical to use colored bands
(painted or taped) on the choke manifold for quick visual identification of choke
manifold pressure rating.
2.5 Safety
The following is a list of key safety considerations for choke manifolds:
• When diverting flow, always open one valve before closing another. This
practice prevents flow interruption and pressure buildup upstream of the
valves.
• Never flow through the manifold if the chokes are not in place. Corrosive
fluids and/or sand particles can erode the threads in the choke boxes.
• Do not use the adjustable choke to stop the flow, you can break the stem tip.
• Always count the number of turns to open and close each valve, then back
up the valves one-quarter turn to make it easier to open and close the valves
and to prevent sticking.
• Brass or copper hammers must be used to prevent sparks. These hammers
must be in good condition to avoid injuries from brass or copper chips that
can break off during use.
• Beware of trapped pressure - pressure can kill. Always bleed off pressure
using the bleed off port before changing a choke.
• Stay upwind when taking fluid samples and wear the required PPE to prevent
injury. Fluid can contain dangerous effluents, such as H2S and acid.
• A minimum of two primary pressure barriers must be used in the flow path
(e.g. the upstream and downstream valves of a choke manifold) to respect
the POM minimum requirement.
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2.6 Maintenance
For information about choke manifold preparation and functional checks, see the
recommended steps in the Field Operating Handbook (FOH) for Surface Well
Testing.
For information about equipment maintenance, refer to the relevant maintenance

manual and to the Field Operating Handbook (FOH) for Surface Well Testing.
For this type of equipment, it is quite common to implement some modifications

issued by the product center (Modification Recaps-MR). Some MR (modification

recaps) can be mandatory and are listed under the Technical Alerts in
InTouchSupport.com. Up to date information are available under the InTouch
Choke Manifold Reference Page.
2.7 Summary
In this training page, we have discussed:
• The principal functions (see Introduction) of the choke manifold.

• How to perform a typical choke manifold operation (see Principles of
Operation): switching the flow from the adjustable to the fixed choke.
• An important benefit of the Adjustable Choke is that it allows the fixed choke
to be changed without interrupting the fluid flow from the well.
• Calibrated choke beans are used to control flow rate through the Fixed
Choke box.
2.8 Posttest
To access the posttest, click the link below.
Test your understanding
2.9 References
• Choke Manifold Reference Page
2-1. Schlumberger publication order number.
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• Field Operating Handbook II (FOH II) (Feb 1994). M-073899 2-1

• Job Preparation Handbook for Well Testing Operations (April 1996).
M-073913. 2-2
• Field Operating Handbook (FOH) for Surface Well Testing. M-073898 (A4
format) or M-073899 (A5 format).2-3
• Pressure Operations Manual rev. 5.2
2-4
• Testing Services Catalog (2002). SMP-7086–1.
2.10 Other Useful Links

• LMS Login Page
• LMS Reference Page
• COMPASS Reference Page
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Copyright © 2007 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

REMOVE THIS PAGE

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Trademarks & Service marks

Schlumberger, the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used

A complete list of Schlumberger marks may be viewed at the Schlumberger

Name: ELC Testing

1 Choke Manifold — Overview

2 Full Training Package

2.3 Principles of Operation _______________________________________ 2-3

1-1 Choke Manifold Equipment_________________________________________ 1-1

2-8 Weak Blow _______________________________________________________ 2-11

1 Choke Manifold — Overview

1 Choke Manifold — Overview Choketable

Figure 1-1: Choke Manifold Equipment

1.2 Features and Benefits

• tapping points for measurement of the upstream and downstream pressures,

2 Full Training Package

2.3.7 Bleed off Port _______________________________________________ 2-10

2 Full Training Package Choketable

Figure 2-1: Choke Manifold

Figure 2-2: Surface Testing Equipment

A choke device is used for a number of purposes either at surface or downhole.

The surface choke has these principle functions:

• Explain the purpose of a choke manifold.

• Write a procedure to pressure-test and to operate a choke manifold.

2.3 Principles of Operation

Figure 2-3: Changing from Adjustable to Fixed Choke

• For Gas Well: Downstream Pressure < 0.5 x Upstream Pressure

More precisions can be found from FOH1 and FOH2

2.3.1 Gate Valves

Figure 2-4: Gate Valves

2.3.2 Choke Changes at Choke Manifold Multimedia

NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

2.3.3 Tapping Points

Figure 2-5: Tapping Points

2.3.4 Independent Pressure/temperature recorders

• a Bourdon tube (see Glossary) (manometer) pressure gauge quickly provides

2.3.5 Fixed Choke

Figure 2-6: Fixed Choke

2.3.6 Adjustable Choke

• Seats are commonly available in the following sizes: 64/64, 80/64,

Figure 2-7: Adjustable Choke

2.3.7 Bleed off Port

Figure 2-8: Weak Blow

Figure 2-9: Measuring BSW with a Manual Centrifuge

2.3.9 Basic Sediments and Water at Choke Manifold

Comment: This animation shows how to perform the BSW measurements. It

NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.

Figure 2-10: Sniffer Operation

Choke manifolds are available in 5,000; 10,000; and 15,000 psi.