Contemporary World Module

Certificate No.
AJA19-0226
MODULE
for
Contemporary World
Soc. Sci 222
For Nursing Students
ROGEL BERT A. BAILLO
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226
Information Sheet 1.0

Introduction to Contemporary World
Learning Objectives
At the end of this information sheet you should be able to:
1. Discuss origin of the term globalization;

2. Define terms relevant to globalization;
3. Differentiate the waves of globalization; and
4. Identify the technologies that lead to the development of each waves.
The Contemporary World
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the

multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social
sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technical, and other
transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of people and places around the globe. To this end the course
provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and
sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it
seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
The Study of Globalization
In order to understand globalization it is important to note that Theodore

Levitt, a former professor at the Harvard Business School is credited with the coining
the term when he published “The Globalizatio of Markets” in a 1983 Harvard
Business Review article (Feder, 2006). The term ‘globalization’ is widely used to
describe a variety of economic, cultural, social, and political changes that have
shaped the world over the past 50-odd years. Because it is a complex and
multifaceted phenomenon, globalisation has been credited with a wide range of
powers and effects. Its proponents claim that it is both ‘natural’ and an inevitable
outcome of technological progress, and creates positive economic and political
convergences (Guttal, 2010).
There is a fierce debate among scholars about when globalization began. The

debate stems partly from the lack of a precise definition of the word. Some argue that
globalization as a phenomenon began with the earliest human migratory routes, or
with Genghis Khan's invasions, or travel across the Silk Road. Conquering empires
throughout history resulted in the sharing of ideas, mixing of cultures and people, and
trade across those conquered lands (Investopedia, 2020).
Some lay importance to the Age of Exploration, when Europeans in the 1400s
set sail across the Atlantic, looking for shorter spice routes to China and India. Many
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mark the voyages of Christopher Columbus and other sea-faring captains for opening
up commercial trade routes across the world as the beginning of globalization. Other
scholars view globalization as a far more contemporary occurrence (Investopedia,
2020).
3 WAVES OF GLOBALIZATION:
First Globalization (1870-1914)
By the end of the 18th century, Great Britain had started to dominate
the world both geographically, through the establishment of the British
Empire, and technologically, with innovations like the steam engine, the
industrial weaving machine and more. It was the era of the First Industrial
Revolution (Vanham, 2019).
The “British” Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of

global trade. On the one hand, steamships and trains could transport goods
over thousands of miles, both within countries and across countries. On the
other hand, its industrialization allowed Britain to make products that were in
demand all over the world, like iron, textiles and manufactured goods
(Vanham, 2019).
While Britain was the country that benefited most from this
globalization, as it had the most capital and technology, others did too, by
exporting other goods. The invention of the refrigerated cargo ship or “reefer
ship” in the 1870s, for example, allowed for countries like Argentina and
Uruguay, to enter their golden age. They started to mass export meat, from
cattle grown on their vast lands. Other countries, too, started to specialize
their production in those fields in which they were most competitive (Vanham,
2019).
But the first wave of globalization and industrialization also coincided

with darker events, too. By the end of the 19th century, the Khan
Academy notes, “most [globalizing and industrialized] European nations
grabbed for a piece of Africa, and by 1900 the only independent country left
on the continent was Ethiopia”. In a similarly negative vein, large countries
like India, China, Mexico or Japan, which were previously powers to reckon
with, were not either not able or not allowed to adapt to the industrial and
global trends. Either the Western powers put restraints on their independent
development, or they were otherwise outcompeted because of their lack of
access to capital or technology. Finally, many workers in the industrialized
nations also did not benefit from globalization, their work commoditized by
industrial machinery, or their output undercut by foreign imports (Vanham,
2019).
Second Globalization (1944-1971)
The end of the World War II marked a new beginning for the global
economy. Under the leadership of a new hegemon, the United States of
America, and aided by the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution,
like the car and the plane, global trade started to rise once again. At first, this
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happened in two separate tracks, as the Iron Curtain divided the world into
two spheres of influence. But as of 1989, when the Iron Curtain fell,
globalization became a truly global phenomenon (Vanham, 2019).
Then, when the wall dividing East and West fell in Germany, and the
Soviet Union collapsed, globalization became an all-conquering force. The
newly created World Trade Organization (WTO) encouraged nations all over
the world to enter into free-trade agreements, and most of them did, including
many newly independent ones. In 2001, even China, which for the better part
of the 20th century had been a secluded, agrarian economy, became a
member of the WTO, and started to manufacture for the world. In this “new”
world, the US set the tone and led the way, but many others benefited in their
slipstream (Vanham, 2019).
Third Globalization (1989 to present)
A new technology from the Third Industrial Revolution, the internet,

connected people all over the world in an even more direct way. The orders
Keynes could place by phone in 1914 could now be placed over the internet.
Instead of having them delivered in a few weeks, they would arrive at one’s
doorstep in a few days. What was more, the internet also allowed for a further
global integration of value chains. You could do R&D in one country, sourcing
in others, production in yet another, and distribution all over the world
(Vanham, 2019).
The result has been a globalization on steroids. In the 2000s, global

exports reached a milestone, as they rose to about a quarter of global GDP.
Trade, the sum of imports and exports, consequentially grew to about half of
world GDP. In some countries, like Singapore, Belgium, or others, trade is
worth much more than 100% of GDP. A majority of global population has
benefited from this: more people than ever before belong to the global middle
class, and hundred of millions achieved that status by participating in the
global economy (Vanham, 2019).
Table 1. Comparing the three waves of globalization (From: Johnson, 2008)

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The First Wave The Second The Third Wave

Wave
Time Period 1860-1914 1944-1971 1989
Technology Steam engine Jet planes Microprocessor
Telegraph Television Computer
Electricity Commination Internet

Satellites
Internal Mobile telephones
combustion Container traffic
engine
Political Great Britain USA economic Multi-polar (USA,
Leadership economic leader, Cold War EU, China) Global
leadership democratic
processes
Colonialism
Commerce Initially free Gradually More and more
trade, but reduced countries adopt
increasing industrial tariffs free trade
protectionism
Trade in Limited scale, Limited scale, Increased scale in
Services shipping industry shipping industry more and more
most important most important branches
Capital Free Regulated Free
Movement
Migration Free movement Regulated Regulated
Emigration (excluding Nordic (Excluding EU)
Countries) Labor Political migration
migration
Globalization 4.0
Today, in a world increasingly dominated by two global powers, the

US and China, the new frontier of globalization is the cyber world. The digital
economy, in its infancy during the third wave of globalization, is now
becoming a force to reckon with through e-commerce, digital services, 3D
printing. It is further enabled by artificial intelligence, but threatened by cross-
border hacking and cyberattacks (Vanham, 2019).
At the same time, a negative globalization is expanding too, through

the global effect of climate change. Pollution in one part of the world leads to
extreme weather events in another (Vanham, 2019).
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Self-Check 1
I. Instruction: Write your answer in the space provided after each number.
1. Theodore Levitt. Who first coined the term globalization?

2. Great Britain. What country dominated the world during the first wave of
globalization?
3. United States of America. What country dominated the world during the 2nd
globalization?
4. & 5. _US_& _China_. What are the two major superpowers during the
globalization 4.0?
II. Instruction: Write at least 5 advantages of globalization

a. Improves productivity by expanding knowledge
b. Promotes peace
c. Improved access to technology
d. Creates more employment opportunities
e. Allows us to pool all our resources together
III. Instruction: Write at least 5 disadvantages of globalization

1. Destroys the environment
2. Leaves us vulnerable to infectious diseases
3. Increases international competition which creates a race to the bottom
4. Fuels inequality. Makes the rich richer and the poor poorer
5. Would not prevent resource consumption
IV. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. _____B____ The following are the technologies that influenced the
first wave of globalization, except?
a. Telegraph b. Jet engine c. electricity d. steam engine
2. __________Which of the following is a technology that is influential
during the 3rd wave of globalization?
a. Comm. Satellites b. electric power c. TV d. microchip
3. __Internet__ What do you think is the most influential technology that
propelled globalization as we know it today?
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Introduction to Contemporary World
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the basic aspects of globalization;

2. Discuss how trade contributes to globalization;
3. Discuss how capital movement affects the different countries involved;
4. Discuss the impact of globalization to the nursing profession; and
The Structure of Globalization
In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of

globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration a
nd movement of people, and the dissemination of knowledge:
 Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to

another, often in exchange for money. Developing countries as a whole have
increased their share of world trade–from 19 percent in 1971 to 29 percent in
1999. The newly industrialized economies (NIEs) of Asia have done well, while
Africa as a whole has fared poorly. The composition of what countries export is
also important. The strongest rise by far has been in the export of manufactured
goods. The share of primary commodities in world exports—such as food and raw
materials—that are often produced by the poorest countries, has declined.
 Capital movements refers to the movement of money for the purpose of

investment, trade or business production, including the flow of capital within
corporations in the form of investment capital, capital spending on operations
and research and development (R&D). On a larger scale, a government directs
capital flows from tax receipts into programs and operations and through trade with
other nations and currencies. Individual investors direct savings and investment
capital into securities, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.
 Movement of people: Workers move from one country to another partly to find
better employment opportunities. Filipino Nurses going abroad for better
opportunities is a common occurrence. The flow of migrants to advanced
economies is likely to provide a means through which global wages converge.
There is also the potential for skills to be transferred back to the developing
countries and for wages in those countries to rise.
 Spread of knowledge (and technology): Information exchange is an integral,

often overlooked, aspect of globalization. For instance, direct foreign investment
brings not only an expansion of the physical capital stock, but also technical
innovation. More generally, knowledge about production methods, management
techniques, export markets and economic policies is available at very low cost,
and it represents a highly valuable resource for the developing countries.
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Self-Check 2
I. Instruction: Answer the following questions comprehensively
1. What are the identified aspects of globalization according to
IMF?
2. How globalizations influence trade and capital movement?
3. How globalizations of knowledge influence the nursing
practice?
1. The identified aspects of Globalization according to IMF are

TRADE, CAPITAL MOVEMENT, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE,
SPREAD OF KNOWLEDGE (AND TECHNOLOGY)
2. Trade and capital movement are fundamental part of every
economic activity. Through globalization, in today’s economic
system, countries exchange products and this creates network
of economic interactions that covers the whole world. All of these
are made possible by globalization.
3. ___________________________________________________
_______________

Globalized Trade
Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the history of an internationally recognized currency;

2. Identify the different technologies that made global trade possible;
3. Define the terms relevant to global economy; and
4. Appreciate how wealth is distributed across nations.
The Global Economy
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After the WWII the dollar based economy we know today was created. Global
economy is the exchange of goods and services integrated into a huge single global
market. It is virtually a world without borders, inhabited by marketing individuals
and/or companies who have joined the geographical world with the intent of
conducting research and development and making sales (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
International trade permits countries to specialize in the resources they have.

Countries benefit by producing goods and services they can provide most cheaply
and by buying the goods and services other countries can provide most cheaply.
International trade makes it possible for more goods to be produced and for more
human wants to be satisfied than if every country tries by itself to produce everything
it needs (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Globalizing Economy
In the early twenty-first century, communication between most parts of the

world is instantaneous. A manager in Berlin, Germany, can phone or e-mail a
manager in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to discuss the latest news regarding the orange
crop. These new capabilities allow vast amounts of business data to be transferred
globally almost instantaneously at a reasonable cost. The world truly has become a
smaller place in terms of communication (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Technological advances have increased the potential for the transportation of

goods and individuals globally. This reality encourages a global market approach to
business as companies attempt to reach the largest number of consumers at the
lowest possible prices (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Another factor leading to a more globalized marketplace is the historical

decrease in tariff and nontariff barriers. In 1930 the United States raised tariffs under
the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act. Other countries followed suit, and international trade
slowed considerably. In 1947 several leading trading nations created the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to serve as a forum for bringing down trade barriers.
Between 1947 and 1994, trading countries around the world participated in eight
rounds of negotiating in an effort to reduce tariffs (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Multinational corporations search the globe for the lowest possible labor costs
and weakest environmental safeguards. It is not unusual for them to get help from
undemocratic governments that compete in the global marketplace by refusing to
protect their citizens from environmental degradation and workplace abuse—ranging
from below-survival wages to physical attacks (Encyclopedia.com, 2020).
Top 10 Economies in the World
Before we reveal the top 10 mammoth economies of the year 2019 lets
discuss first some basic terminology in order to appreciate better this concept.
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all
the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a
specific time period. As a broad measure of overall domestic production, it
functions as a comprehensive scorecard of the country’s economic health
(Chappelow, 2019).
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 GDP per capita is the total output divided by the number of people in the
population, so you can get a figure of the average output of each person, i.e.,
the average amount of money each person makes. The two most common
ways to measure GDP per capita are nominal and purchasing power parity
(abbreviated PPP)
 Nominal gross domestic product is a GDP evaluated at current market

prices. GDP is the monetary value of all the goods and services produced in a
country (Chappelow, 2019).
 Purchasing power parity is an economic term for measuring prices at

different locations. It is based on the law of one price, which says that, if there
are no transaction costs nor trade barriers for a particular good, then the price
for that good should be the same at every location (Krugman and Obstfeld,
2009).
To compare the data, each country's statistics must be converted into a common
currency. The two most common methods to convert GDP into a common currency
are nominal and purchasing power parity (PPP). A rule of thumb for understanding
GDP’s PPP and nominal is that PPP is how much of a local good (like real estate,
labor, or locally grown produce) a person can buy in their country, and nominal is
roughly how much of an internationally traded good (diamonds, DVD players,
Snickers bars) a person can buy in their country (IMF, 2019).
Table 2. Top 10 Economies in the World (2019)

Rank Nominal GDP (IMF 2019 GDP (PPP) (IMF 2020
estimates) estimates)
1 USA China
2 China USA
3 Japan India
4 Germany Japan
5 India Russia
6 UK Germany
7 France Indonesia
8 Italy Brazil
9 Brazil UK
10 Canada France
Nominal GDP vs. Real GDP
Real GDP starts with nominal GDP but factors in any change in prices from one
period to the other. Real GDP is calculated by taking
Self-Check 2 the total output for GDP and dividing it
by the GDP deflator (the difference in prices from the base year to the current year is called
the GDP price deflator.).
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173 Rest
21% United States
24%
Countries 11-20
13%
China
15%
Countries 6-10 Japan

13% 6%
United Kingdom Germany
3% 5%
Figure 1. Percentage Share of Global Economy
The different phases of economic cycles toss economies around the world.
However, it’s interesting to see that these top economies don't budge easily from the
positions they hold. When compared to the top 20 economies of 1980, 17 are still
present on the list, which means only three new entrants (Silver, 2020).
In addition to the key players remaining almost the same, this analysis
reveals these economies are the engine of growth, commanding a majority of the
global wealth. The nominal GDP of the top 10 economies adds up to about 66% of
the world's economy, while the top 20 economies contribute almost 79% (Silver,
2020).
The remaining 173 countries together constitute less than one-fourth to the
world's economy.
Self-Check 2.1
1. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) is the total monetary or

market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a
country’s borders in a specific time period.
2. NOMINAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT is a GDP evaluated at
current market prices.
3. PURCHASING POWER PARITY is an economic term for measuring
prices at different locations.
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4. GDP PER CAPITA_ is the total output divided by the number of

people in the population.
II. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. Why do we use US$ as an internationally recognized medium of
exchange?
2. Site at least three technologies that made world trade easier and
justify your answer.
3. What country has the most influence in terms of global trade?
1.
2. Internet, Electricity and Communication Satellites
3.

Globalized Trade
Learning Objectives
1. Define the term Market Integration;

2. Differentiate the types of market integration; and
3. Appreciate the concept of market integration
Market Integration
In a globalized world it is not surprising to discover that even the market place
is influenced by a interdependence of economies. Kohls and Ulrich have defined
market integration as a process which refers to the expansion of firms by
consolidating additional marketing functions and activities under a single
management.
Market integration is a term used to identify a phenomenon in which markets

of goods and services that are related to one another being to experience similar
patterns of increase or decrease in terms of the prices of those products. The term
can also refer to circumstances in which the prices of related goods and services
sold in a defined geographical location also begin to move in some sort of similar
pattern to one another. Market integration occurs when prices among different
locations or related goods follow similar patterns over a long period of time. Group of
prices time and again move proportionally to each other and when this relation is
very clear among different markets these markets are said to be integrated. Thus
market integration is an indicator that explains how much different markets are
related to each other. At times, market integration may be intentional, with a
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government implementing certain strategies as a way to control the direction of the

economy. At other times, the integration of the markets may be due to factor such as
shifts in supply and demand that have a spillover effect on several markets. When
market integration exists, the events occurring within two or more markets are
exerting effects that also prompt similar changes or shifts in other markets that focus
on related goods. For example, if the demand for wheat within a given geographical
market is suddenly reduced, there is a good chance that the demand for rice or other
staple food would increase in proportion within that same geographical market
(www.quora.com, n.d.).
Types of Market Integrations
 Horizontal integration. This occurs when a firm or agency gains control of

other firms or agencies performing similar marketing functions at the same
level in the marketing sequence. In this type of integration, some marketing
agencies combine to form a union with a view to reducing their effective
number and the extent of actual competition in the market. It is advantageous
for the members who join the group.
 Vertical integration. This occurs when a firm performs more than one activity
in the sequence of the marketing process. It is a linking together of two or
more functions in the marketing process within a single firm or under a single
ownership. This type of integration makes it possible to exercise control over
both quality and quantity of the product from the beginning of the production
process until the product is ready for the consumer. It reduces the number of
middle men in the marketing channel.
o Forward integration. If a firm assumes another function of
marketing which is closer to the consumption function, it is a case of
forward integration. Example: wholesaler assuming the function of
retailing
o Backward integration. This involves ownership or a combination
of sources of supply. Example: when a processing firm assumes
the function of assembling/purchasing the produce from the
villages.
 Conglomeration. A combination of agencies or activities not directly
related to each other may, when it operates under a unified management,
be termed a conglomeration.
 Activity 1.
Instruction: View the film “The Corporation” directed by Mark Achbar and
Jennifer Abbott and write a reaction paper about it.
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Self-Check 2.2
1. __ HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION __ occurs when a firm or agency

gains control of other firms or agencies performing similar marketing
functions at the same level in the marketing sequence.
2. __CONGLOMERATION__ combination of agencies or activities not
directly related to each other may, when it operates under a
unified management.
3. __VERTICAL INTEGRATION__ occurs when a firm performs more
than one activity in the sequence of the marketing process.
4. __FORWARD INTEGRATION__ a wholesaler assuming the
function of retailing
5. __ MARKET INTEGRATION __ a phenomenon in which markets of
goods and services that are related to one another being to
experience similar patterns of increase or decrease in terms of the
prices of those products.
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Globalized Trade
Learning Objectives
1. Define the terms related to global trade;

2. Familiarize with some Free Trade Agreements; and
3. Appreciate how sanctions are used to influence nations.
Free Trade Agreements
You probably heard of this term in the while scrolling for news updates in your
Facebook accounts or holding a bit in international news channels in your TV. A free
trade agreement is a pact between two or more nations to reduce barriers to imports
and exports among them. Under a free trade policy, goods and services can be
bought and sold across international borders with little or no government tariffs,
quotas, subsidies, or prohibitions to inhibit their exchange. This concept is the
opposite of trade protectionism or economic isolationism (Barone, 2020).
Some Free Trade Agreements across the World:
 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)- includes USA, Canada,

and Mexico (Barone, 2020).
 ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is a trade bloc agreement by
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local trade and
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manufacturing in all ASEAN countries, and facilitating economic integration

with regional and international allies (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010).
 European Free Trade
Association (EFTA) includes Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway,
and Switzerland (EFTA Secretariat, 2006).
You may have heard about trade war going on between USA and China and
some terminology may have been often mentioned to describe the ongoing economic
wrinkle between the two economic powerhouses. Such term may include economic
sanctions. Let’s define some of those key terms to better understand free trade
agreements.
It is facts that trade agreements affect all international trade. But not all trade
agreements put a benefit to all participants. Here are some of the benefits of trade
agreements: Increased economic growth, Lower government spending and
technology transfer. Drawbacks of trade agreement may include: increased job
outsourcing (usually bad for developed economies while beneficial to developing
ones), poor working conditions of the labor sector, and degradation of natural
resources.
Sanction
A sanction is a penalty levied on another country, or on individual citizens of

another country. It is an instrument of foreign policy and economic pressure that can
be described as a sort of carrot-and-stick approach to dealing with international
trade and politics (Radcliffe, 2019). Remember North Korea?
A country has a number of different types of sanctions at its disposal. While some
are more widely used than others, the general goal of each is to force a change in
behavior (Radcliffe, 2019).
Types of Sanctions
 Tariff- is a tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported
from another country. How it Wn orks? Tariffs are used to restrict imports
by increasing the price of goods and services purchased from another
country, making them less attractive to domestic consumers. There are two
types of tariffs: A specific tariff is levied as a fixed fee based on the type of
item, such as a $1,000 tariff on a car. An ad-valorem tariff is levied based on
the item's value, such as 10% of the value of the vehicle (Kelton, 2019). USA
Vs. China.
 Quotas- A quota is a government-imposed trade restriction that limits the
number or monetary value of goods that a country can import or export during
a particular period. Countries use quotas in international trade to help
regulate the volume of trade between them and other countries. Countries
sometimes impose them on specific products to reduce imports and
increase domestic production. In theory, quotas boost domestic production by
restricting foreign competition (Barone, 2019). Rice, anyone?
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 Embargo- An embargo is a government order that restricts commerce with a

specified country or the exchange of specific goods. An embargo is usually
created as a result of unfavorable political or economic circumstances
between nations. It is designed to isolate a country and create difficulties for
its governing body, forcing it to act on the issue that led to the embargo. How
it works? An embargo is a powerful tool that can influence a nation, both
economically and politically. The ability to easily trade goods all over the
world is key to maximizing the economic prosperity of a country. When that is
no longer possible, it can have serious negative consequences (Liberto,
2019). Remember USA Vs. Iran?
Self-Check 2.3
I. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. C _ Which of the following is a sanction that limits the number or
monetary value of goods that a country can import or export during a
particular period?
a. Tariff b. Embargo c. Quotas d. Sanction
2. ___B__ Which of the following is a sanction that
restricts commerce with a specified country or the exchange of
specific goods?
3. ___A___ Which of the following is a sanction that is used to restrict
imports by increasing the price of goods and services purchased from
another country?
4. ________Which of the following is a pact between two or more
nations to reduce barriers to imports and exports among them?
a. Tariff b. Embargo c. Trade Agreement d. Sanction
5. ___D_ _Which of the following is a penalty levied on another country,
or on individual citizens of another country?
II. Instruction: Answer the question given.

1. How do we benefit from the AFTA? Is there a disadvantage
associated with our involvement to such agreement?
2. How can a trade agreement influence the nursing profession?
Answer:
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1. Encourages higher market

Governing the World
Learning Objectives:
1. Define the terms related to the global interstate system;

2. Discuss the function of UN; and
3. Familiarize the function of the organs of UN.
The Global Interstate System
Global Interstate System is the whole system of human interactions. The

modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of
competing and allying states. Political Scientists commonly call this the international
system, and it is the main focus of the field of International Relations (Chase-Dunn,
et. al., 2014).
Institutions that govern international Relations
The United Nations (UN)
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to

maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations,
achieve international cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of
nations. It is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most
powerful intergovernmental organization in the world. The UN
is headquartered on international territory in New York City; other main offices are
in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague (UN, n.d.).
The Structure of UN
The UN system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly,

the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the International
Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat. A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship
Council, suspended operations on 1 November 1994, upon the independence
of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory. The UN System includes a multitude
of specialized agencies, such as the World Bank Group, the World Health
Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF (UN, n.d.).
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Table 3. The Principal organs of the UN

UN Organ Function
UN General Assembly  The deliberative assembly of all UN members
states
 May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to
states or suggestions to the Security Council
(UNSC);
 Decides on the admission of new members,
following proposal by t;he UNSC;
 Adopts the budget;
 Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC;
all members of ECOSOC; the UN Secretary
General (following his proposal by the UNSC); and
the fifteen judges of the International Court of
Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote.
UN Secretariat  Administrative organ of the UN
 Supports the other UN bodies administratively (for
example, in the organization of conferences, the
writing of reports and studies and the preparation of
the budget);
 Its chairperson—the UN Secretary General—is
elected by the General Assembly for a five-year
mandate and is the UN's foremost representative.
International Court of  Universal court for international law

Justice  Decides disputes between states that recognize its
jurisdiction;
 Issues legal opinions;
 Renders judgment by relative majority. Its fifteen
judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for
nine-year terms.
UN Security Council  For international security issues
 Responsible for the maintenance of international
peace and security;
 May adopt compulsory resolutions;
 Has fifteen members: five permanent
members with veto power and ten elected
members.
UN Economic and  For global economic and social affairs
Social Council  Responsible for co-operation between states as
regards economic and social matters;
 Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's
numerous specialized agencies;
 Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly
to serve staggered three-year mandates.
UN Trusteeship  For administering trust territories (currently inactive)
Council
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Self-Check 3.0

1. _GLOBAL INTERSATE SYSTEM_ is the whole system of human
interaction.
2. _UNITED NATIONS (UN)_ is an intergovernmental organization that
aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly
relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a
center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
3. _ UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY_ is the UN organ that decides on the
admission of new members.
4. __UN TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL__ is currently an inactive organ of
UN.
5. _INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE_ is the UN organ that
issues legal opinions.
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Governing the World
Learning Objectives
1. Appreciate the importance of global governance;

2. Familiarize with the economic and foreign policy of other nation; and
3. Appreciate the culture of other nation.
Contemporary Global Governance
Global governance is a purposeful order that emerges from institutions,

processes, norms, formal agreements, and informal mechanisms that regulate action
for a common good. Global governance encompasses activity at the international,
transnational, and regional levels, and refers to activities in the public and private
sectors that transcend national boundaries. In this conception of global governance,
cooperative action is based on rights and rules that are enforced through a
combination of financial and moral incentives. In the absence of a single authoritative
institution or world government structure, global governance is comprised of
elements and methods from both the public and private sectors. These basic
elements include agreed upon standards, evolving norms based on shared values,
and directives issued and enforced by states. Methods of global governance
include harmonization of laws among states, international regimes, global policy
issue networks, and hybrid institutions that combine functions of state agencies and
private sector organizations.
Institutions of global governance—the United Nations, the International

Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc.—tend to have limited or demarcated power to
enforce compliance. Global governance involves multiple states including
international organizations with one state having more of a lead role than the rest.
The modern question of world governance exists in the context of globalization and
globalizing regimes of power: politically, economically and culturally. In response to
the acceleration of worldwide interdependence, both between human societies and
between humankind and the biosphere, the term "global governance" may name the
process of designating laws, rules, or regulations intended for a global scale.
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Contemporary World Activities
Activity 1. A World of Regions Global Divides: The North and the South
(Focus on Latin America)
 Graded Group Report:

Students will form 4 groups. Each group will be assigned a Latin American
country to report on. These groups will deliver 10 minutes presentations on
the contemporary foreign and economic policies of their respective countries
Activity 2. Asian Regionalism
 Students will form 4 groups. Each group will be assigned a Latin American
country to report on. These groups will deliver 10 minutes presentations on
the contemporary foreign and economic policies of their respective countries
Activity 3. A World of Ideas Global Media Cultures
 Individual Presentation: Students will pick an Asian musical act that became
internationally famous. In their report, they must answer the following
questions:
1. Where did the musical act/artist originate?
2. In which countries did the artist become famous?
3. How did the artist become famous?
4. Why do you think the artist become famous?
Activity 4. Contemporary Events (Global Pandemic)
 Create an Infographic about COVID-19 using any software available to you.

You may choose one of the following category:
a. What is COVID-19
b. Origin of COVID-19
c. Mode of transmission of COVID-19
d. Incubation period of COVID-19
e. How to prevent COVID-19
f. How COVID-19 is transmitted
g. Why undergo quarantine
 Reminder: Please use original picture es (to avoid copyright issues) and
attach in micro printing the source of your picture.
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 Submit your file in a form of a picture format with good readable pixilation
property.

The World that Worships
Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the definition of religion;

2. Explain the relationship of relation to globalization;
3. Familiarize with the different dominant religious organization; and
4. Analyze the relationship of religion to terrorism.
The Globalization of Religion
Religion is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the
universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or
agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a
moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. A specific fundamental set of
beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects
(Dictionary.com, 2020).
Lexico (2020), Also defined religion as the belief in and worship of a

superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
Generally, religion is a “system of beliefs and practices.” More specifically, the

word comes from the Latin “religare” which means “to bind together again that which
was once bound but has since been torn apart or broken.” Indeed, with the
globalization of economics and politics, individuals feel insecure “as the life they once
led is being contested and changed at the same time.” Hence, “in order for a person
to maintain a sense of psychological well-being and avoid existential anxiety,”
individuals turn to scripture stories and teachings that provide a vision about how
they can be bound to a “meaningful world,” a world that is quickly changing day-by-
day (Golebiewski, 2014).
Nonetheless, the relationship between globalization and religion is one with

new possibilities and furthering challenges. On the one hand, while religion takes
advantage of communication and transportation technology, it is at the same time the
source of globalization’s greatest resistance by acting as a haven for those standing
in opposition to its power. On the other hand, because globalization allows for daily
contact, religion enters a circle of conflict in which religions become “more self-
conscious of themselves as being world religions” (Golebiewski, 2014).
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Global Religious Population
Christians remained the largest religious group in the world in 2015, making
up nearly a third (31%) of Earth’s 7.3 billion people, according to a new Pew
Research Center demographic analysis. But the report also shows that the number of
Christians in what many consider the religion’s heartland, the continent of Europe, is
in decline (Hackett & Mcclendon, 2017).
Christians had the most births and deaths of any religious group in recent
years, according to our demographic models. Between 2010 and 2015, an estimated
223 million babies were born to Christian mothers and roughly 107 million Christians
died – a natural increase of 116 million (Hackett & Mcclendon, 2017).
Muslims make up the second largest religious group, with 1.8 billion people,
or 24% of the world’s population, followed by religious “nones” (16%), Hindus (15%)
and Buddhists (7%). Adherents of folk religions, Jews and members of other religions
make up smaller shares of the world’s people (Hackett & Mcclendon, 2017).
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Figure 2. World’s Major Religion in a Map
Activity 1. Globalization and Religion
Instruction: Watch the Film PBS Frontline: “The Rise of ISIS” (Link:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/rise-of-isis/) and answer the following questions:
1. Discuss the origin of ISIS?

2. How did religion play in the development of ISIS?
3. How did it achieve a global status?
Activity 2.
Instruction: Answer the following questions.
1. What makes religion different from a cult?

2. How does your religion influence how you view the world?
3. Site an evidence of influence associated to the most populous religion in the world.
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World Population
Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the importance of global cities;

2. Innumerate the characteristics of a global city; and
3. Discuss the future impact of global population to sustainable progress.
The Global City
The globalization of the world we know today creates places where global
trade saturates and becomes a true center of humanity in terms of many criteria’s
determined significant to a globalized society. We are looking at the development of
global cities. A global city, also
called a power city, world
city, alpha city or world center, is
a city which is a primary node in
the global economic network. The
concept comes from geography
and urban studies, and the idea
that globalization is created and
furthered in strategic geographic
locales according to a hierarchy of
importance to the operation of the
global system of finance and trade.
The most complex node is the
"global city", with links binding it to
other cities having a direct and tangible effect on global socio-economic affairs
(Sassen, n.d.). The term "global city", rather than "megacity", was popularized
by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London,
Tokyo. More recently, the term has focused on a city's financial power and high
technology infrastructure, with other factors becoming less relevant.
What Makes a Global City?

In order for a city to be considered as a global city certain criteria must be
met, such criteria may change overtime or may vary depending on the criteria used.
For the purpose of this discussion here are some of the characteristics that make a
global city:
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 A variety of international financial services, ( finance, insurance, real

estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing)
 Headquarters of several multinational corporations (Coca-cola, Nestle, Honda,
etc.)
 The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial
institutions
 Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
 Major manufacturing centres with port and container facilities
 Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level
 Centres of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture, and politics
 Centres of media and communications for global networks
 Dominance of the national region with great international significance
 High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information
sector
 High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities,
international student attendance, and research facilities
 Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and
entertainment facilities in the country
 High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies
Global Population
The current US Census Bureau world population estimate in June 2019

shows that the current global population is 7,577,130,400 people on earth, which far
exceeds the world population of 7.2 billion from 2015. Our own estimate based on
UN data shows the world's population surpassing 7.7 billion (World Population
Review, 2020).
China is the most populous country in the world with a population exceeding
1.4 billion. It is one of just two countries with a population of more than 1 billion,
with India being the second. As of 2018, India has a population of over 1.355 billion
people, and its population growth is expected to continue through at least 2050. By
the year 2030, the country of India is expected to become the most populous country
in the world. This is because India’s population will grow, while China is projected to
see a loss in population (World Population Review, 2020).
The next 11 countries that are the most populous in the world each have
populations exceeding 100 million. These include the United
States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia, Mexico, Japan, Ethi
opia, and the Philippines (World Population Review, 2020).
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Self-Check 5.0

1. What is a global city?
2. What do you think is the most important characteristics of a global
city?
3. What do you think is the potential impact of current global population
in achieving the 17 SDGs?
1. Global City, also called a power city, world city, alpha

city or world center, is a city which is a primary node in
the global economic network
2. High percentage of residents employed in the services
sector and information sector.
3.
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World Population
Learning Objectives
1. Appreciate global demography;

2. Differentiate the stages of demographic transition; and
3. Discuss the effect of the changing demography to the nursing
profession.
Global Demography
Demography is the study of human populations – their size, composition and

distribution across space – and the process through which populations change.
Births, deaths and migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing
population stability or change (Stockholm University, 2019).
A population’s composition may be described in terms of basic demographic

features – age, sex, family and household status – and by features of the
population’s social and economic context – language, education, occupation,
ethnicity, religion, income and wealth. The distribution of populations can be defined
at multiple levels (local, regional, national, global) and with different types of
boundaries (political, economic, geographic). Demography is a central component of
societal contexts and social change (Stockholm University, 2019)
.
In the past 50 years, the world accelerated its transition out of long-term
demographic stability. As infant and child mortality rates fell, populations began to
soar. In most countries, this growth led to falling fertility rates. Although fertility has
fallen, the population continues to increase because of population momentum; it will
eventually level off. In the meantime, demographic change has created a ‘bulge’
generation, which today appears in many countries as a large working-age
population. This cohort will eventually become a large elderly population, in both
developed and developing countries (Bloom and Canning, 2006).
Demographic Transition Theory
The demographic transition theory is a generalized description of the

changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one
demographic regime to another. The term was first coined by the American
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demographer Frank W. Notestein in the mid-twentieth century, but it has since been
elaborated and expanded upon by many others (UNFPA, n.d.).
There are four stages to the classical demographic transition model:
Stage 1: Pre-transition
 Characterized by high birth rates, and high fluctuating death rates.
 Population growth was kept low by Malthusian “preventative” (late age at
marriage) and “positive” (famine, war, pestilence) checks.
Stage 2: Early transition

 During the early stages of the transition, the death rate begins to fall.
 As birth rates remain high, the population starts to grow rapidly.
Stage 3: Late transition

 Birth rates start to decline.
 The rate of population growth decelerates.
Stage 4: Post-transition
 Post-transitional societies are characterized by low birth and low death rates.
 Population growth is negligible, or even enters a decline.
Self-Check 5.1
I. Instruction: Answer the following questions

1. What is global demography?
2. Site a country as an example for each stage of demographic
transition. Justify your answer.
3. Philippines is in what the stage of demographic transition?
4. How can the changing global demography affect the nursing
profession in the country?
1. Demography is the study of human populations – their size,
composition and distribution across space – and the process
through which populations change. Births, deaths and
migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing
population stability or change (Stockholm University, 2019)
2.
3. Philippines is currently at stage 2 of demographic transition.
4.

World Population
Learning Objectives
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1. Discuss global migration;

2. Innumerate the reason for migrating;
3. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of migration;
4. Differentiate the factors that influence global migration; and
5. Appreciate the OFWs contribution to the country.
Global Migration
Most of you may have the same typical motivation in taking this program, to
be able to go abroad and earn a better pay check.
As a global phenomenon, people are moving just about everywhere. In

particular, Quartz Media LLC indicates that the largest area of regional migration is
from Southeast Asia to the Middle East, which is largely due to oil construction
booms on the Arabian Peninsula. The biggest flow between individual countries is
between Mexico and the United States, the latter making up the largest single
migrant destination in the world. Many migration routes are within the same
continents and regions, with people moving to neighboring countries (Blackman,
2017).
How people migrate depends greatly on each nation’s current immigration

laws and the safety of the route itself. While some migrants are able to travel by
airplane or train, others do not have the same luxury. Those looking to enter Europe
through North Africa often face a particularly perilous route: an extremely
overcrowded boat over the Mediterranean Sea, sometimes with a Saharan Desert
trek directly beforehand. Transportation is one of many examples of how migration
can take drastically different forms (Blackman, 2017).
Why do people move?
Global migration can be understood as a cause and effect relationship, though the
causes are just as numerous as their effects. People move across international
borders for a variety of reasons, including (though not limited to):
 Safety
 Natural disaster
 Political conflict
 Education
 Family
 Career
 Economic betterment
The Push-Pull Factor
Some of the reasons that trigger global migration can be explained by what’s
known as the Push-Pull factor. Pull factors are factors in the destination country that
attract the individual or group to leave their home. These factors attract people to a
new place largely because of the opportunities presented in the new location were
not available to them previously. An example of a pull factor would include a family
moving from a country with minimal job opportunities to a new location with more
opportunities for a successful career. The beneficial elements that the new country
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presents encourages people to migrate there in order to seek a better life for their
families (Blackman, 2017).
A push factor refers to conditions which force people to leave their homes. A
person would typically move because of distress (safety, natural disaster, or political
conflict). Although push factors don’t require a person to leave their home, the
conditions impacting the push factors often negatively impact the quality of life for the
person if they choose to stay. Places that experience drought and famine, war
conflicts, and/or high unemployment would contribute to the push factors that trigger
migration for that country’s residents (Blackman, 2017).
Push factors, in particular, are often underestimated in their popularity and

frequency, which is emphasized by Manpower Inc.’s survey of employees across 27
countries. In this survey about relocating internationally, 82 percent of respondents
said they would move for a pay increase, 74 percent would move to increase their
career, and 47 percent would move to learn another language. In short, people
migrate for all kinds of unexpected reasons (Blackman, 2017).
Does migration improve the quality of life?
Whether individuals migrate due to push or pull factors, there are undeniable
benefits involved with adapting to a new country. Some benefits are simply fun and
exciting: learning a new culture and experiencing new opportunities, such as tasting
new foods and getting to know a different approach to communication, or immersing
yourself in the new cultural activities, can be exciting and enriching (Blackman,
2017).
Other benefits, namely personal freedoms, are essential. People may leave
their home countries in search of safety and religious, academic, or political freedom
in their new countries. It’s estimated that around 11 million Syrians have fled their
homes since the outbreak of the civil war in March 2011; many fleeing for their safety
in search of a better quality of life for their families. In this example, migration can
improve peoples’ lives drastically (Blackman, 2017).
Potential Drawbacks for Global Migration
Migration can present a great variety of challenges ranging from simple

discomfort to profound shifts in mental health. Migrating to a new place where the
diet or the local culture is largely unfamiliar may be quite jarring. Imagine moving
from the US where drinking coffee or tea in the mornings is the cultural norm to living
in Central Asia where in some parts, drinking salty yak butter tea is the norm
(Blackman, 2017).
Culture shock is a predictable culprit for migratory challenges: changes in
language, diet, politics, religion, and environment are immediately visible. For
example, those who migrate from the Middle East or Africa are aware of the
difficulties of adjusting to colder temperatures in Scandinavia. What might not be as
obvious, though, is the challenge of adjusting to extremely short daylight hours in the
winter, making seasonal affective disorder an unanticipated hurdle for many
immigrants (Blackman, 2017).
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Furthermore, the act of leaving a home country can be emotionally difficult,

especially for those who may never be able to return and/or were forced out by
situations that they couldn’t control. Having to emigrate as a refugee from a war-torn
Syria, breaks up families and can destabilize immigrants’ sense of self, which could
lead to depression. These challenges obviously should not be taken lightly – help
and support are key (Blackman, 2017).
Filipinos Working Abroad
Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) is a term often used to refer to

Filipino migrant workers, people with Filipino citizenship who reside in another
country for a limited period of employment.
The term "Overseas Filipino Worker" (OFW) was used as early as the 1990s
to refer to Filipino migrant workers, when Republic Act 8042, also known as the
Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 was enacted. The term was
officially adopted by the Philippine government when the Philippine Overseas
Employment Administration (POEA) adopted the 2002 POEA Rules and Regulations
Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Land-based Overseas Workers.
Historically, particularly during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, the
term "Overseas Contract Worker" (OCW) was used.
The Filipino Migrant Workers in Figures
The number of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who worked abroad at any
time during the period April to September 2018 was estimated at 2.3
million. Overseas Contract Workers (OCWs) with existing work contract
comprised 96.2 percent of the total OFWs during the period April to September
2018.The rest (3.8%) worked overseas without contract (PSA, 2019).
There were more females than males among the OFWs, with the female
OFWs comprising 55.8 percent of the total OFWs. Female OFWs were generally
younger than male OFWs, with about half (47.5%) of the female OFWs belonging to
the age group 25 to 34 years. In comparison, male OFWs in this age group made
up 38.9 percent. Male OFWs aged 45 years and older accounted for 21.2 percent of
all male OFWs while their female counterparts in this age group made up 14.5
percent (PSA, 2019).
Among occupation groups, elementary occupations (37.1%) was the biggest

group of OFWs. Other large occupation groups were the service and sales workers
(18.8%) and plant and machine operators and assemblers (13.8%). More than half of
the female OFWs were in elementary occupations (58.7%). Among the male OFWs,
the largest groups were plant and machine operators and assemblers workers
(27.8%) (PSA, 2019).
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Activity 1.
OFW interview: interview a former or a current OFW (face-to-face or online). Write a

paragraph about what you learn from the interviews about transnationalism and
factors that affect global migrations
Self-Check 5.2
I. Instruction: Match items in column A with the items in column B by

writing the letter of the best match in the space provided.
Column A Column B
_d._1. The country with the a. Overseas Filipino
most number of OFW. Worker
b. OCW
_c._2. The type of occupation c. Elementary
most female OFW prefer. Occupation
_e._3. The country with the d. Saudi Arabia
2nd most number of OFW. e. UAE
f. Abu Dhabi
_b._4. Filipino workers abroad
with existing contract.
II. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. What is global migration?
2. What are the reasons people migrate?
3. What is the difference between the push factor and the pull factor?
4. How can the nursing profession benefit from the global migration observed
today?
5. Would you like to work abroad? Why?
1.
 2.
 Safety
 Natural disaster
 Political conflict
 Education
 Family
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 Career
 Economic betterment
3.

Towards a Sustainable World
Learning Objectives
1. Demonstrate understanding of the SDGs; and

2. Apply the SDGs in developing solutions in the local context.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global

Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal
call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy
peace and prosperity by 2030.
The 17 SDGs are integrated—that is, they recognize that action in one

area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social,
economic and environmental sustainability.
Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind, countries have committed to

fast-track progress for those furthest behind first. That is why the SDGs are
designed to bring the world to several life-changing ‘zeros’, including zero
poverty, hunger, AIDS and discrimination against women and girls.
The SDGs replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which

started a global effort in 2000 to tackle the indignity of poverty. The MDGs
established measurable, universally-agreed objectives for tackling extreme
poverty and hunger, preventing deadly diseases, and expanding primary
education to all children, among other development priorities.
For 15 years, the MDGs drove progress in several important areas:

reducing income poverty, providing much needed access to water and sanitation,
driving down child mortality and drastically improving maternal health. They also
kick-started a global movement for free primary education, inspiring countries to
invest in their future generations. Most significantly, the MDGs made huge strides
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in combatting HIV/AIDS and other treatable diseases such as malaria and

tuberculosis.
Goal 1: No poverty "End poverty in all its forms everywhere."
Goal 2: Zero hunger "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition,

and promote sustainable agriculture."
Goal 3: Good health "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
and well-being for ages."
people
Goal 4: Quality "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
education promote lifelong learning opportunities for all."
Goal 5: Gender "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
equality girls."
Goal 6: Clean water "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water

and sanitation and sanitation for all."
Goal 7: Affordable and "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and

clean energy modern energy for all."
Goal 8: Decent work "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
and economic growth growth, full and productive employment and decent
work for all."
Goal 9: Industry, "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
Innovation, and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation."
Infrastructure
Goal 10: Reducing "Reduce income inequality within and among countries."
inequalities
Goal 11: Sustainable "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
cities and communities resilient, and sustainable."
Goal 12: Responsible "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns."
consumption and
production
Goal 13: Climate "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
action impacts by regulating emissions and promoting
developments in renewable energy."
Goal 14: Life below "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
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water marine resources for sustainable development."

Goal 15: Life on land "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss."
Goal 16: Peace, "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
justice and strong development, provide access to justice for all and build
institutions effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels."
Goal 17: Partnerships "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
for the goals global partnership for sustainable development."
Activity 1.
1. Identify at least 10 concerns in your barangay using Community Health

Nursing Principles.
2. Vis-à-vis with the identified concerns, identify the corresponding SDGs that
will resolve each.
3. Proposed a possible solution to at least 3 of the concerns identified.
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Learning Objectives
1. Manifest interest in understanding global food security;

2. Demonstrate appreciation of impact of global hunger; and
3. Propose recommendation to alleviate local food insecurity.
Figure 3. Mud Cookies in Haiti
A mud cookie or bonbon tè in Haitian Creole is a food that is eaten in Haiti,

particularly in times of starvation. They can be found in slums like Cité Soleil. Dirt is
collected from the nation's central plateau, near the town of Hinche, and trucked over
to the market (e.g. La Saline market) where women purchase it (Clammer, 2016). It
is processed into cookies in shanty towns such as Fort Dimanche (Katz, 2008). First,
the dirt is strained to remove rocks and clumps (Katz, 2008). The dirt is mixed
with salt and vegetable shortening or fat (Clammer, 2016). It is formed into flat discs.
Then, it is dried in the sun. The finished product is transported in buckets and is sold
in the market or on the streets (Nevins, 2016).
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The taste has been described as a smooth consistency that immediately dries
the mouth with an unpleasant aftertaste of dirt that lingers for hours (Katz, 2008).
The clay may also contain toxins and parasites, posing a health risk
(Clammer, 2016).
Global Hunger
Nearly a billion people across the world experience the effects of food
insecurity (FAO, 2020). New evidence continues to signal that the number of hungry
people in the world is growing, reaching 821 million in 2017 or one in every nine
people, according to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018
released today. Limited progress is also being made in addressing the multiple forms
of malnutrition, ranging from child stunting to adult obesity, putting the health of
hundreds of millions of people at risk (WHO, 2018).
The annual UN report found that climate variability affecting rainfall patterns
and agricultural seasons, and climate extremes such as droughts and floods, are
among the key drivers behind the rise in hunger, together with conflict and economic
slowdowns (WHO, 2018).
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Global Food Security
Food security is defined as the availability of food and one's access to it. A
household is considered food secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear
of starvation. Stages of food insecurity range from food secure situations to full-scale
famine. The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing "when all
people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
healthy and active life" (Disabled World, 2015).
The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing "when all
people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
healthy and active life". Commonly, the concept of food security is defined as
including both physical and economic access to food that meets people's dietary
needs as well as their food preferences. Household food security exists when all
members, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food
security incorporates a measure of resilience to future disruption or unavailability of
critical food supply due to various risk factors including droughts, shipping
disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars (Disabled World, 2015).
Why is food security such a major global challenge?
The obvious reason is that everybody needs food. But the complexity of
delivering sufficient food to a national population and to the whole world’s population
shows why food security is such a priority for all countries, whether developing or
developed (Breene, 2016).
In short, this is a global challenge because it’s not just about food and feeding
people but also about practically all aspects of an economy and society ( Breene,
2016).
What causes food insecurity?
1. Population growth – this varies considerably across countries. Africa is expected

to double its population from 1 to 2 billion by 2050. Populations in the developing
world are also becoming increasingly urbanized, with 2.5 billion additional urban
residents projected in Africa and Asia.
2. Changing tastes – not only is the population growing, but its diet is changing too.
As people become more affluent they start eating food that is richer in processed
foods, meat and dairy. But to produce more meat means growing more grain.
3. Climate change – currently, 40% of the world’s landmass is arid, and rising
temperatures will turn yet more of it into desert. At current rates, the amount of food
we’re growing today will feed only half of the population by 2050.
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4. Water scarcity – this is another impending crisis: 28% of agriculture lies in water-
stressed regions. It takes roughly 1,500 litres of water to produce a kilogram of
wheat, and about 16,000 litres to produce a kilogram of beef. In 2050, we’ll need
twice as much water.
5. Troubled farmers – in developed countries, less than 2% of people grow crops or

breed animals for food. Fewer and fewer people are choosing farming as an
occupation. Meanwhile, food prices are rising, arable land continues to be lost to
sprawl and soil is being degraded by over-farming.
Activity 1.
Make a reaction paper about video documentary “BBC Documentary The Future of
The Global Food Supply at Risk”
(Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IgAe2bdoAc)
Self-Check

1. What is global food security?
2. What are the factors that contribute to global hunger?
3. What can you do to alleviate global hunger?
4. What is the solution developed in Netherlands to combat global
hunger?
1. Food security is defined as the availability of food and
one's access to it.
2.
3.
4.
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Learning Objectives
1. Discus the meaning of global citizenship; and

2. Discuss the meaning of a global citizen;
Global Citizenship
According to Israel (2012), the most positive way of responding to the growing
interconnectedness among people, countires and economies is by pursuing a path of
global citizenship.
For Oxfam (n.d.), global citizenship is all about encouraging young people to
develop the knowledge, skills and values they need to engage with the world. And it’s
about the belief that we can all make a difference.
Global citizenship is about the shared human experience. It acknowledges

and celebrates that, wherever we come from and wherever we live, we are here
together. Our well-being and success are ultimately interdependent. We have more
to learn from one another than to fear about our future (Rinne, 2017).
Global citizenship is not the same as globalization. Globalization — the

process by which organizations develop international influence or operate on an
international scale — is driven by economics, business and money. It’s about the
flow of products, capital, people and information. Global citizenship, on the other
hand, is driven by identity and values. Global citizens build bridges, mitigate risk and
safeguard hu manity. While globalization is under hot debate today, we have never
needed global citizens more than now (Rinne, 2017).
A Global Citizen is someone who:

R.B. Baillo 2020
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 is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a
world citizen
 respects and values diversity
 has an understanding of how the world works
 is outraged by social injustice
 participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to
the global
 is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable
place
 takes responsibility for their actions.
Self-Check 6.2

1. What is global citizenship?
2. Are you a global citizen? Justify your answer.
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https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/free-trade.asp
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https://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quota.asp
Benedict, K. (2001). Global Governance. Retrieved on December 28, 2019 from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767044
995
Blackman, T. (2017). What is Global Migration. Retrieved on December 17, 2019

from: https://www.brombergtranslations.com/what-is-global-
migration/
Breene, K. (2016). Food security and why it matters. Retrieved on April 22, 2020
from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/food-security-and-
why-it-matters/
Chappelow, J. (2019). Nominal Gross Domestic Product. Retrieved on January 22,

2020 from: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nominalgdp.asp
Chase-Dunn, C., Inoue, H. Neal, T., and Heim, E. (2014). The Development of
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https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capital-flows.asp
Clammer, P. (2016). Haiti 2nd Edition. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. IDC House, The Vale,
Chalfort St Peter, Bucks SL9 9RZ, England.
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Dictionary.com (2020). Religion. Retrieved on January 19, 2020 from:

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/religion
Disabled World, (2015). Food Security: Definition & General Information. Retrieved
on November 9, 2019 from:
https://www.disabled-world.com/fitness/nutrition/foodsecurity/
EFTA Secretariate (2006). EFTA Bulliten. Retrieved on November 19, 2019 from:
https://www.efta.int/sites/default/files/publications/bulletins/EFTA_
Free_Trade_Relations_July-August_2006.pdf
Encyclopidia.com (2020). Global Economy. Retrieved on January 19, 2020 from:

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics
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economy
FAO, (2020). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World. Retrieved on
February 20, 2020 from: http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/
Feder, B. (2006). Theodore Levitt, 81, Who Coined the Term 'Globalization', Is Dead.
Retrieved on November 20, 2019 from:
https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/06/business/06levitt.html
Golebiewski, D. (2014). Religion and Globalization: New Possiblilities, Furthering

Challenges. Retrieved on February 17, 2020 from: https://www.e-
ir.info/2014/07/16/religion-and-globalization-new-possibilities-
furthering-challenges/
Guttal, S. (2010). Globalisation. Retrieved on November 21, 2019 from:

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Hackett, C. & Mcclendon, D. (2017). Christians remain world’s largest religious

group, but they are declining in Europe. Retrieved on April 10,
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remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-
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Investopedia, (2020). When did globalization Start?. Retrieved on January 20, 2020
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2019 from: https://archive.nordregio.se/en/Metameny/About-
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2008/The-Three-Waves-of-Globalisation/index.html
Katz, J. (2008). Poor Haitians on a mud diet. Retrieved on February 11, 2020 from:
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story.html
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Certificate No.

For Nursing Students

ROGEL BERT A. BAILLO

R.B. Baillo 2020

Information Sheet 1.0

At the end of this information sheet you should be able to:

1. Discuss origin of the term globalization;

The Contemporary World

This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the

The Study of Globalization

In order to understand globalization it is important to note that Theodore

There is a fierce debate among scholars about when globalization began. The

R.B. Baillo 2020

First Globalization (1870-1914)

The “British” Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of

But the first wave of globalization and industrialization also coincided

Second Globalization (1944-1971)

R.B. Baillo 2020

Third Globalization (1989 to present)

A new technology from the Third Industrial Revolution, the internet,

The result has been a globalization on steroids. In the 2000s, global

Table 1. Comparing the three waves of globalization (From: Johnson, 2008)

The First Wave The Second The Third Wave

Telegraph Television Computer

Electricity Commination Internet

Today, in a world increasingly dominated by two global powers, the

At the same time, a negative globalization is expanding too, through

R.B. Baillo 2020

1. Theodore Levitt. Who first coined the term globalization?

II. Instruction: Write at least 5 advantages of globalization

III. Instruction: Write at least 5 disadvantages of globalization

IV. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

R.B. Baillo 2020

Information Sheet 2.0

At the end of this information sheet you should be able to:

1. Identify the basic aspects of globalization;

The Structure of Globalization

In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of

 Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to

 Capital movements refers to the movement of money for the purpose of

 Spread of knowledge (and technology): Information exchange is an integral,

1. The identified aspects of Globalization according to IMF are

Information Sheet 2.1

At the end of this information sheet you should be able to:

1. Discuss the history of an internationally recognized currency;

The Global Economy

R.B. Baillo 2020

International trade permits countries to specialize in the resources they have.

In the early twenty-first century, communication between most parts of the

Technological advances have increased the potential for the transportation of

Another factor leading to a more globalized marketplace is the historical

Top 10 Economies in the World

R.B. Baillo 2020

 Nominal gross domestic product is a GDP evaluated at current market

 Purchasing power parity is an economic term for measuring prices at

Table 2. Top 10 Economies in the World (2019)

Nominal GDP vs. Real GDP

R.B. Baillo 2020

Countries 6-10 Japan

Figure 1. Percentage Share of Global Economy

1. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) is the total monetary or

R.B. Baillo 2020

4. GDP PER CAPITA_ is the total output divided by the number of

II. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION occurs when a firm or agency