Erbil Polytechnic University

Soran Technical Institute

Nursing Department
First Stage

SEMINAR
Prepared by: Supervised by
Yusef ghazi D. Pakstan
Mahaz abdulrazaq
Nadima ali
Amina hussein
Giaband ghafur
Akar mhamad
2021/2022
WELCOME
TOPIC:(BRAIN)
 BRAIN
CONTENTS:
• What is the brain ?
• Brain lobe.
• What memory brain?
• How the human brain works?
• Brain disease.
• Treated.
 WHAT IS THE BRAIN ?
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory,
emotion, touch, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every
process that regulates our body. Together, the brain and spinal cord
that extends from it make up the central nervous system, or CNS.
 What is the brain made of ?

Weighing about 3 pounds in the average adult, the brain is

about 60% fat. The remaining 40% is a combination of water,
protein, carbohydrates and salts. The brain itself is a not a muscle.
It contains blood vessels and nerves, including neurons and glial
cells.
​ and Brain weight is 1.4kg and this also be a 2% weight all body.
• LOBES OF THE BRAIN AND WHAT THEY
CONTROL:
Each brain hemisphere (parts of the cerebrum) has four sections, called
lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Each lobe controls specific
functions.
• Frontal lobe. The largest lobe of the brain, located in the front
of the head, the frontal lobe is involved in personality
characteristics, decision-making and movement. Recognition of
smell usually involves parts of the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe
contains Broca’s area, which is associated with speech ability.

• Parietal lobe. The middle part of the brain, the parietal lobe
helps a person identify objects and understand spatial relationships
(where one’s body is compared with objects around the person). The
parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting pain and touch in the
body. The parietal lobe houses Wernicke’s area, which helps the
brain understand spoken language.
•Occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is the back part of the brain
that is involved with vision.

•Temporal lobe. The sides of the brain, temporal lobes are

involved in short-term memory, speech, musical rhythm and some
degree of smell recognition.
 What is the memory brain ?
1. Shot Trem Memory
2. Long Trem Memory
3. Skill Memory
Memory: is a complex process that includes three phases:
encoding (deciding what information is important), storing, and
recalling.
Different areas of the brain are involved in different types of
memory Your brain has to pay attention and rehearse in order for
an event to move from short-term to long-term memory – called
encoding
• Short-term memory: also called working memory, occurs in the
prefrontal cortex. It stores information for about one minute and its
capacity is limited to about 7 items. For example, it enables you to
dial a phone number someone just told you. It also intervenes during
reading, to memorize the sentence you have just read, so that the
next one makes sense.

• Long-term memory: is processed in the hippocampus of the temporal

lobe and is activated when you want to memorize something for a
longer time. This memory has unlimited content and duration
capacity. It contains personal memories as well as facts and figures.

• Skill memory: is processed in the cerebellum, which relays

information to the basal ganglia. It stores automatic learned
memories like tying a shoe, playing an instrument, or riding a bike.
How the human brain works?
The human brain is an intricate organ. it contains about 100 billion
neurons and 100 trillion connections. Your brain is command central of
all you think, feel, and do.The cerebrum is divided into two halves: the
right and left hemispheres They are joined by a bundle of fibers called the
corpus callosum that transmits messages from one side to the other. Each
hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. If a stroke occurs on
the right side of the brain, your left arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed.
Within each half, particular regions control certain functions.
The two sides of your brain look very much alike, but there’s a huge
difference in how they process information. Despite their contrasting
styles, the two halves of your brain don’t work independently of each
other.
Different parts of your brain are connected by nerve fibers. If a brain
injury severed the connection between sides, you could still function. But
the lack of integration would cause some impairment..
 The left brain/right brain theory
The left brain is more verbal, analytical, and orderly than the right
brain. It’s sometimes called the digital brain. It’s better at things
like reading, writing, and computations.
According to Sperry’s dated research, the left brain is also
connected to:
• logic
• sequencing
• linear thinking
• mathematics
• facts
• thinking in words
 The right brain is more visual and intuitive. It’s sometimes referred to as the
analog brain. It has a more creative and less organized way of thinking.
Sperry’s dated research suggests the right brain is also connected to:
• imagination
• holistic thinking
• intuition
• arts
• rhythm
• nonverbal cues
• feelings visualization
Daydreaming
But the two hemispheres are tied together by bundles of nerve fibers, creating
an information highway. Although the two sides function differently, they work
together and complement each other. You don’t use only one side of your brain
at a time.
Inflammation
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. There are several causes, but the most
common is a viral infection.

Encephalitis often causes only mild flu-like signs and symptoms — such as a
fever or headache — or no symptoms at all. Sometimes the flu-like symptoms are
more severe. Encephalitis can also cause confused thinking, seizures, or problems
with movement or with senses such as sight or hearing.
 Symptoms
soft spots (fontanels) of a human skull
Bulging fontanel Open pop-up dialog box
Most people with viral encephalitis have mild flu-like
symptoms, such as:

• Headache
• Fever
• Aches in muscles or joints
• Fatigue or weakness
 How are brain inflammation treated?
Anti-viral medications can help treat herpes encephalitis. However, they aren’t
effective in treating other forms of encephalitis. Instead, treatment often focuses
on relieving symptoms. These treatments may include:

• rest
• pain killers
• corticosteroids (to reduce brain inflammation)
• mechanical ventilation (to help with breathing)
• lukewarm sponge baths
• anticonvulsants (to prevent or stop seizures)
• sedatives (for restlessness, aggressiveness, and irritability)
• fluids (sometimes through an IV)

You may need to be hospitalized during treatment, especially with brain swelling
and seizures.
 ADDRESS:

• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-
brain
• https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-short-term-memory-2795348
• https://www.simplypsychology.org/long-term-memory.html

• http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~acfoos/Courses/461/Skill Memory (full

slides).pdf

• https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm

• https://www.healthline.com/health/left-brain-vs-right-brain#staying-sharp
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-
20356136#:~:text=Encephalitis%20(en%2Dsef%2Duh,like%20symptoms%20are%
20more%20severe.