Energy Strategy Reviews 39 (2022) 100758

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy Strategy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/esr

Social networking services as new venue for public perceptions of energy

issues: The case of Paris agreement
Dahye Jeong a , Jisu Kim b , Daejin Choi c , Eunil Park a ,∗
a
Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
b
AI Lab, Fastto, Seoul 06158, Republic of Korea
c
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: As the energy industry became one of the most important aspects in our society, many nations took significant
Social networking services efforts toward energy policies and plans reflecting on public perceptions of energy issues. To efficiently address
Public opinion it, the current study collects user-created contents in social networking services and proposes a new word
Paris Climate Agreement
network model for swiftly observing public perceptions regarding energy issues. The results indicate that the
Network analysis
proposed model and employed methodologies can successfully address public perceptions regarding specific
energy issues. Based on the results of the network model and comparison with traditional media channels
in this study, we found that social networking services can be one of the notable resources for exploring
public perceptions of specific energy issues. In particular, although the majority of energy-related issues were
presented and reported by traditional media channels and responded by social networking services, social
networking services can show faster responsiveness than traditional media channels regarding several energy
issues, which were crucially related to economic (cost) or accident-related events, and categorized as energy-
related threats or burdens. This means that the public can immediately respond to specific energy-related issues
that may directly affect an individual’s situation or environment compared to more general and international
energy issues.

1. Introduction
Energy is the most essential element in our lives and for our
industries, and it is the driving force. At present, cities, industrial fa-
cilities, and all networks cannot function without the regular supply of
energy [1]. Modern energy services light up our homes and schools, fuel
economic activities for production and consumption, provide comfort
and mobility, pump water, and contribute to health and well-being [2].
The increase in industrialization and informatization in the past
decades has caused a rapid increase in energy consumption [3]. In
addition, the trends in energy resources have consistently changed.
Until the 1980s, fossil fuels were considered the main energy re-
source [4]. However, with the development of nuclear energy, several
major countries have invested and employed nuclear energy as one of
the possible energy resources for their electricity [2]. Recently, consid-
ering the importance of the environment and sustainable development,
renewable energy resources, such as solar and wind energy, are widely
considered in establishing global and national energy and electricity
plans [5].
Due to industrial and social developments, global energy demand is
consistently growing. In 2018, there was a 2.5% increase in the global
energy demand along with the greatest increase in the level of energy-
related carbon emissions [6]. Considering this event, many countries
have focused on renewable energy technologies and attempted to come
to an agreement with each other to use renewable energy resources
and avoid fossil fuels for environmental conservation and sustainable
development.
The United States (US), one of the largest energy-consumption na-
tions, established their national energy plans including various energy
resources [7]. The US government is expected to expand the quantity of
energy produced by renewable energy resources to 25% by 2025 [8].
Moreover, the United States has significantly reduced their greenhouse
gas emissions in the last decade [9]. The Chinese government also es-
tablished its carbon reduction and renewable energy plans for achieving
the national carbon neutrality in 2060 [10]. As another example, South
Korea, which is one of the rapidly growing and developing countries in
the last fifty years, has consistently increased their energy consumption
with about 1.5% of annual average growth rate. To respond to this
trend, the Korean government employs both fossil fuels and nuclear

∗ Correspondence to: Sungkyunkwan University, 310 International Hall, 25-2 Sungkyunkwan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea.
E-mail address: eunilpark@skku.edu (E. Park).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100758
Received 23 March 2021; Received in revised form 9 October 2021; Accepted 9 November 2021
Available online 30 November 2021
2211-467X/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
D. Jeong et al.
Fig. 1. Results of a public survey on the withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement [18].
energy as the main sources in the national energy plans [11]. However,
there are notable controversial opinions regarding the plans. Among
them, several scholars argued that renewable energy resources (e.g. so-
lar or wind energy) should be included as key energy resources in
their national energy plans [12]. In case of Germany, the government
initiated the Energiewende, one of the national major energy plans,
which considers renewable energy resources to efficiently transform its
national energy systems [13]. It means that the German government
has adopted new energy strategies to implement and accelerate both
the usage of renewable energy and the phase-out of nuclear power
plants by 2022 [14].
With the trend that the majority of developed countries are con-
sidering renewable energy resources as one of the main aspects in
sustainable development and environmentally friendly energy produc-
tion, several international agreements have been examined to protect
the earth [5].
These agreements and crucial energy-related events have been de-
bated in social networking services and news media channels. One
of the most representative environmental and climate-related events
broadcasted by news media in 2017 is the Paris Climate Agreement
and the United States’ withdrawal from the Agreement. The Paris
Climate Agreement is an international agreement promoted by the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It aims to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions through mitigation, adaptation, and
financial activities of greenhouse gas emissions in 2016 [15]. The key
goal of the Paris Climate Agreement is to suppress global warming
below 2 ◦ C of the temperature rise and make significant efforts to limit
the rise below 1.5 ◦ C [15,16].
However, on June 1st, 2017, the US government announced the
withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement [17].
This announcement rippled social and industrial effects, and attracted
significant attention from social networking services and news media.
Moreover, the US government argued that the Agreement is signifi-
cantly unfavorable to the society and economy of the United States.
However, according to the results of a joint poll conducted by the
Washington Post and ABC, 59% of the respondents disagreed and 28%
agreed to leave the Paris Climate Agreement [18]. Fig. 1 shows the
summary of the survey.
Before and after the United States government announced the with-
drawal from the Agreement, several news media channels covered this
issue. In addition, social networking services including Reddit [19] and
Facebook were major platforms for discussion and debate regarding this.
Moreover, public perspectives toward this issue can be found in not
only traditional news media channels but social networking services.
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Energy Strategy Reviews 39 (2022) 100758
Although many countries efficiently and successfully establish their
energy plans and policies, the plans and policies are not always wel-
comed by local residents [20]. This means that observing and adapt-
ing to public opinions on energy facilities and policies should be
considered [21,22]. As public perceptions were mainly affected and
established by a number of environmental, economic, and social fac-
tors, both the local and central governments should consider public
perceptions that are shown in various media channels, including the
social networking services [23–25].
Traditionally, news media were employed as one of the effective
channels for observing public opinions [26,27]. However, social net-
working services are recently being considered as emerging mediums
to observe public opinions. Related to energy-related facilities, such as
nuclear power plants, the opinions of local residents are consistently
highlighted as the most important issue that should be addressed. Based
on this, several research studies have focused on social networking
services in reflecting public perceptions about energy-related facilities
as well as news media [28,29].
Although there are a large number of existing studies which have
dealt with public perceptions regarding specific energy technologies,
the majority of the studies have been conducted using surveys or
opinion-oriented perspectives toward the technologies. Thus, the cur-
rent study aims to explore Reddit, one of the topic-oriented social
networking services, web results, and news media to address public per-
ceptions of specific energy events. Specifically, the following research
questions (RQs) are examined in this study:
• Can we employ social networking services as one of the main
mediums for addressing public perceptions toward specific energy
issues?
• Can we estimate and identify the state-of-the-art trends in the
energy industry through social networking services?
2. Literature review
2.1. Social networking services and news media
Recently, social networking services are being recognized as a major
platform for broadcasting specific news or events. Users can share
information and express their opinions through social networking ser-
vices [30]. However, depending on the characteristics of the news or
events, the tones and opinions can be different on social networking
services and news media platforms. Therefore, exploring social net-
working services can be useful, effective, and valuable to observe public
perceptions [31].
D. Jeong et al.
For example, Zhao et al. [32] compared users’ contents in Twitter
with one of the traditional news media, New York Times. Linear discrim-
inant analysis (LDA) topic modeling on the dataset of Twitter and New
York Times and text mining were conducted to compare Twitter topics
with the topics presented in New York Times. The results indicated
that Twitter users are more likely to employ Twitter for sharing and
spreading specific issues that are associated with their life and leisure.
This means that social networking services can be one of the more suit-
able platforms for addressing individuals’ perceptions and perspectives
toward specific topics than traditional media platforms.
Olteanu et al. [33] explored the contents on climate change in mass
media channels and social networking services, and conducted statisti-
cal analyses on the news data and Twitter data for a particular period.
The results indicated that there are significant differences in public
perceptions on mass media channels and Twitter. Although the results
presented notable implications on environmental and energy events,
fragmentary statistical analyses were performed with the employed
datasets.
2.2. Public perception on energy issues
To establish and implement energy policies and plans, public per-
ceptions of the policies and plans should be considered. A more com-
prehensive and deeper understanding of the perceptions related to
renewable energy should be presented, as there are notable social and
economic burdens on the energy facilities [34]. Sometimes, when the
local or central governments apply their energy policies and plans,
serious local or regional conflicts are generated [35,36]. Thus, several
scholars have attempted to explore public perceptions of specific energy
resources [37].
Park [38] explored public opinions on nuclear energy before and
after notable nuclear accidents. Based on the collected dataset from
social networking services with sentimental analyses, affective expres-
sions with positive and negative emotional statements were quan-
titatively investigated. The results indicated that there are notable
temporary or consistent effects of nuclear energy-related accidents and
events on public perceptions of nuclear energy, which is based on the
characteristics of the accidents and events.
Theodori [39] aimed to investigate public perceptions toward the
natural gas industry and conducted a local survey in the Texas Barnett
Shale Region. The survey was conducted in two counties, Wise and
Johnson. After conducting both bi-variate and multivariate logistic
regressions analyses, the results showed that there are the mixed effects
of energy-related facilities on the public’s attitudes toward economic,
social, environmental, and service-related issues. This means that a
traditional survey-based approach may have significant limitations in
investigating the attitudes. In other words, it demonstrates a need for
supplementary approaches in exploring public perceptions.
Although a number of prior studies have been conducted to explore
public perceptions toward specific energy-related issues that account
both for national and regional areas [34,40], a few cases were examined
in using both social network services and news media channels for
observing public opinions on specific energy issues. As the national and
local atmosphere is consistently affected by public opinions, observing,
addressing, and reflecting on the opinions are exigent issues for the
local and national government [41]. Thus, to address this point, the
current study investigates public perceptions and attitudes regarding
specific energy issues on social networking services and news media
channels.
3. Method
3.1. Data collection
To address the suggested RQs, the current study uses Reddit, a topic-
oriented social networking services. Because users in Reddit can discuss
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Energy Strategy Reviews 39 (2022) 100758
particular topics in ‘‘subreddits’’, we selected Reddit in the analysis.
Fig. 2 shows the overview of Reddit. On Reddit, a number of ‘‘subreddits’’
(subordinate channels) are presented for addressing specific topics in
society. A user can select one of the subreddits and write his/her
opinions as a post. Other users can easily see the post in each subreddit.
Thus, this study collected the posts in a subreddit that is signifi-
cantly related to energy (r/Energy between May 17th to June 15th, 15
days before and after June 1, 2017, when one of the biggest energy
events, the United States’ withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agree-
ment, was announced. The Python Reddit API Wrapper was employed
to collect the posts [42]. Then, to compare the results between the col-
lected data and traditional media channels, Google Trends service was
used. Among the subordinate categories in Google Trends, traditional
media channels’ coverage and web search results were collected [43].
3.2. Data pre-processing
Based on the collected data, we conducted data pre-processing
procedures. After excluding functional-oriented texts, such as URLs, e-
mails, or HTML tags, the natural language toolkit (NLTK) was used
to examine stop words, tokenization, stemming, and tagging. Fig. 3
shows the summary of the pre-processing procedures. Among 4386
posts, 4234 posts (96.5%) were employed in the analysis based on the
pre-processing procedures.
3.3. Word network model
Based on the collected posts and their sentences, we employed
the word network model, which was previously validated [37]. Fig. 4
presents the example of the word network model. A cumulative
weighted graph, which indicates that the presented model is non-
directional and weighted, was designed and employed in this model.
To demonstrate the model, networkX, one of the computational network
analysis tools was used [44]. In the model, the following properties
were included.
• Nodes: Individual words (verbs, nouns, and adjectives) in the
posts.
• Edges: Connections between two words in the same sentence
(when two specific words are connected, they are in the same
sentence).
• Edge weight : The number of edges (it indicates that the higher
appearances of two words in the same sentences lead to greater
levels of edge weight ).
3.4. Measurements
To compute the connectivity and importance of each node, two
adjusted centrality computation approaches were employed.
3.4.1. Adjusted closeness centrality
In the network analysis, closeness centrality, which is defined as
‘‘the reciprocal of the sum of shortest path distances of the vertex to all
the other vertices’’ [45], is one of the widely-employed terms for the
importance of each node. The closeness centrality of 𝑣𝑖 is computed
with the following equation (𝑛: the number of total nodes, 𝑣𝑗 : one of
the other nodes in the network) [46]:
𝑛−1
𝐶𝐶 (𝑣𝑖 ) = ∑
𝑣𝑗 ∈𝐺𝑑(𝑣𝑖 ,𝑣𝑗 )
However, as this study employed a weighted graph-based network
model, the normalization procedures should be considered. Thus, we
revised the basic closeness centrality to adjusted closeness centrality
(ACC), which accurately reflects the importance of each node in the
network. Thus, the following equation is employed for computing ACC
(𝑣𝑖 : current node):
𝑛−1
𝐶𝐴𝐶 (𝑣𝑖 ) = ∑
𝑣𝑗 ∈𝐺 {𝑑(𝑚𝑎𝑥)−𝑑(𝑣𝑖 ,𝑣𝑗 )}
D. Jeong et al.
Fig. 2. An example of a post in one of the subreddits.
Fig. 3. Data pre-processing procedures.
Fig. 4. An example of a network model.
3.4.2. Adjusted betweenness centrality
The definition of betweenness centrality is ‘‘the degree of shortest paths
from all vertices to all other vertices that pass through that vertex’’ [47].
When we assume a weighted graph in the network, the cumulative
weighted concept should reflect in computing the centrality. Thus, the
current study introduced adjusted betweenness centrality (ABC) by updat-
ing the origin concept of the betweenness centrality. To compute it, we
followed the computation and explanation procedures guided by pre-
vious network-related research [48]. In detail, the adjusted betweenness
centrality of node 𝑣𝑖 , 𝐶𝐴𝐵 (𝑣𝑖 ) is computed as follows [46,48]:
∑ 𝑔𝑗,𝑘 (𝑣𝑖 )
𝑗<𝑘
𝐶𝐴𝐵 (𝑣𝑖 ) =
𝑔𝑗,𝑘
(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)∕2
3.4.3. Comparison with google trends
After measuring ACC and ABC, top 10 keywords for each day were
extracted. Each keyword had the rank value from 1 to 10, converting
into a percentage (0.1 (Rank 10) − 1.0 (Rank 1), 0 as no appearance).
Then, we made the daily top 10 keyword lists of ACC and ABC for
30 days and counted the number of appearances in the lists (Table 1).
Among the top 10-keyword lists, six keywords repeatedly appeared.
Thus, the current study collected the dataset of Google Trends on these
six keywords (interest rates: 0 (no interest) to 100 (Fully interest)).
Moreover, to standardize the measured scales between the ACC/ABC
and interest rates of Google Trends, we multiplied 0.01 with the rates.
4. Result
Based on these approaches, 58,704,030 edges and 10,836 nodes
organized the network model.
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Energy Strategy Reviews 39 (2022) 100758
4.1. Adjusted closeness centrality and adjusted betweenness centrality
Table 1 shows the top rank keywords in ACC and ABC in the
network.
4.2. Comparison among social network service and news, search engine
Table 1 shows the summary of the computed ACC and ABC in the
network model. Then, the results of six keywords (‘‘energy’’, ‘‘coal’’,
‘‘solar’’, ‘‘natural’’, ‘‘power’’, and ‘‘plant’’), which were repeatedly pre-
sented in both lists, were compared with the news coverages and search
engines results of Google Trends.
4.2.1. Overall energy analysis
Fig. 5 shows the results for ‘‘energy’’, one of the representative
keywords in the overall trends of energy issues. As there are several
energy-related events in the period, news media and social networking
services simultaneously responded. Among the events, the high-rank
in social networking services was observed when renewable energy
issues were examined (ACC: 5th → 2nd → 2nd, ABC: 2nd → 2nd →
1st; May 17th−19th, 2017). Social networking services also responded
significantly to the gas and oil events (ACC: outside 10th → 1st, ABC:
outside 10th → 2nd → 1st → 1st; May 21st−25th, 2017). However,
the responses of social networking services were faster than those of
traditional media channels (ACC: 1st → 1st, ABC: 1st → 3rd; June
6th−7th, 2017, ACC: 1st, ABC: 4th; June 13th, 2017).
4.2.2. Energy resource analysis
Fig. 6 shows the results for ‘‘coal’’. In case of the economic-related
events, social networking services tend to act faster than traditional
D. Jeong et al. Energy Strategy Reviews 39 (2022) 100758

Table 1
The results of adjusted closeness centrality (ACC) and adjusted betweenness centrality (ABC) in the network
model.
Rank Word Adjusted closeness Rank Word Adjusted
centrality (ACC) betweenness
centrality (ABC)
1 Energy 15.3 1 Energy 12.6
2 Power 8.7 2 Power 7.7
3 Coal 6.9 3 Solar 4.1
4 Plant 5.9 4 Plant 3.1
5 Solar 5.6 5 See 2.9
6 Gas 5.2 6 New 2.7
7 Storage 3.7 7 Price 2.6
8 Nuclear 2.8 8 Natural 2.5
9 Natural 2.7 9 Coal 2.2
10 Renewable 2.7 10 Industry 2.0

Fig. 5. Results of keyword ‘‘energy’’.

media channels (ACC: 2nd → 1st → 1st, ABC: 10th → 3rd; May
17th−19th, 2017). In the other events, both traditional media channels
and social networking services responded at roughly the same time.
Moreover, as presented in the Word Cloud of social networking services,
many contents on the Paris Climate Agreement were observed on June
2nd, 2017 (Fig. 7).
Fig. 8 shows the summary of ‘‘solar’’. In case of events on economic
burdens and energy facilities, both social networking services and
traditional media channels responded around the same time (ABC:
outside 10th → 2nd → 2nd; May 24th−26th, 2017, ACC: outside 10th
→ 2nd → 2nd, ABC: outside 10th → 9th → 2nd; May 31st−June 1st,
2017).
Fig. 9 presents the results for ‘‘natural’’. As the term ‘‘natural
gas’’ was frequently presented in the energy field, ‘‘natural’’ was also
categorized as a high-rank keyword. However, the current study did
not find any dynamic issues on ‘‘natural’’ in both traditional media
channels and social networking services. One of the potential and
possible explanations was that the importance of natural gas may be
dispersed to two subordinate words, ‘‘natural’’ and ‘‘gas’’.
4.2.3. Energy technology analysis
Fig. 10 shows the summary of ‘‘power’’. In energy-related issues,
the most usages of the word ‘‘power’’ were presented in the power
grid contents. When traditional media channels addressed power grid
issues, social networking services also responded (ACC: outside 10th
→ 1st, ABC: outside 10th → 1st; May 23rd−24th, 2017). However,
when dangerous power accidents occurred, the responses of social
networking services were faster than traditional media channels (ACC:
3rd → 3rd, ABC: 1st → 3rd; May 21st−June 1st, 2017; ABC: outside
10th → 6th; June 9th−10th, 2017).
Fig. 11 shows the results for ‘‘plant’’. When traditional media chan-
nels addressed automobile-related plants, social networking services
responded significantly with the topics of automobiles and economic
burdens. In addition, after the channels presented solar plants, a num-
ber of reactions came from social networking services (ACC: 6th → 1st,
ABC: outside 10th → 2nd; May 26th−27th, 2017). However, quicker
or almost simultaneous expressions were presented by social network-
ing services than traditional media channels when issues on nuclear
power plants were addressed (ACC: 7th → 2nd, ABC: 3rd → 4th;
June 12th−13th, 2017 / ACC: 2nd → 3rd, ABC: outside 10th → 4th;
June 2nd−3rd, 2017). In addition, along with the nuclear plant issue,
both cost-oriented and economic burdens were mentioned in social
networking services.
5. Discussion and conclusion
The current study employed social networking services as one of
the potential resources for investigating public perceptions regarding
energy issues. To efficiently address it with a more comprehensive
understanding on the perceptions, we focused on the United States’
withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement (June 1st, 2017) and pro-
posed a new word network model based on 30-day collected datasets
from Reddit from May 17th to June 15th, 2017. Then, we compared the
network model with traditional web-oriented and search engine-based
approaches and examined the results.

5
D. Jeong et al. Energy Strategy Reviews 39 (2022) 100758

Fig. 6. Results of keyword ‘‘coal’’.

Fig. 7. Results of word cloud on June 2nd, 2017.

Fig. 8. Results of keyword ‘‘solar’’.

6
D. Jeong et al. Energy Strategy Reviews 39 (2022) 100758

Fig. 9. Results of keyword ‘‘natural’’.

Fig. 10. Results of keyword ‘‘power’’.

Fig. 11. Results of keyword ‘‘plant’’.

7
D. Jeong et al.
With this approach, the network model was organized by
58,704,030 edges and 10,836 nodes. Then, ACC and ABC were com-
puted and compared with the results of Google Trends as one of the
representative traditional media channels.
As presented in the results, we found that social networking services
and traditional media channels act and react to each other regarding
energy-related issues. Although the majority of energy-related issues
were presented and reported by traditional media channels and re-
sponded by social networking services, social networking services can
show faster responsiveness than traditional media channels regarding
several energy issues, which were crucially related to economic (cost)
or accident-related events, and categorized as energy-related threats
or burdens. This means that the public can immediately respond to
specific energy-related issues that may directly affect an individual’s
situation or environment compared to more general and international
energy issues.
Thus, the employed approaches in this study can be effective and
efficient to understand public perceptions of specific energy issues and
reflect the perceptions on the energy policies and plans. In addition,
as the contents and opinions in social networking services reflect
more recent and trendy issues in our society, academic and practical
researchers as well as government officials should observe public opin-
ions on specific issues in social networking services with the employed
approaches. In the practical aspects, social networking services can
be considered as one of the most important venues for preparing and
establishing energy-related plans and policies. In addition, government
officials can easily observe the public’s past and current opinions on
specific issues with a relatively small amount of economic burdens
compared to traditional approaches.
Although both notable implications and findings are presented in
this study, several significant limitations remain. First, the results of
the current study is difficult to generalize, as several other potential
factors can affect the results of the current study. For instance, as most
users of social networking services, including Reddit, are comparatively
young [49], the results are more likely to reflect the opinions of
the younger age groups. Second, the current study employs 1-month
datasets of social networking services. This means that approaches
with a longer period may present more comprehensive or different
findings than those presented in this study. Third, because Reddit is
used mostly in the United States, the result may not reflect the opinions
of countries that do not have access to social networking services, such
as developing countries. Based on the findings and limitations of the
current study, future research can be conducted to present a better
understanding of energy-related issues.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Dahye Jeong: Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Re-
sources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization.
Jisu Kim: Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources,
Writing – original draft. Daejin Choi: Methodology, Writing –
review & editing, Visualization. Eunil Park: Conceptualization,
Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing, Supervision,
Project administration, Funding acquisition.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
This paper was supported by Samsung Research Fund,
Sungkyunkwan University, 2021.
8
Energy Strategy Reviews 39 (2022) 100758
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