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Cells Zoo Lab Activities
Cells Zoo Lab Activities
LABORATORY ACTIVITY II
CYTOLOGY
A. ANIMAL CELLS
The cell is the basic unit of all organisms. Most cells are microscoplic, though some
Iike bird's eggs are visible through our naked eyes, Although all cells are basically the same,
they differ in detals of thelr structures. A typlcal anlmal cell Is irtually non-exdstent. These
diíferences are correlated with the specific task of the cell as a part of the organism. The
visible structures of the cell
are called organelles.
Scrape the inside of your cheek with the blunt end of the toothpick. Place the
Scraplngs on a slde with a drop of lodine solution and cover with a glass slip. Examine the
CHEEK CELLS (Figure 2.1a) under the LPO and HPO. If the cells have absorbed the iodine,
the nucleus will appear as a small round dark body near the center of each cell. The
cytoplasm is lighter and bounded by the plasma (cell) membrane.
The FROG'S ovUM (FIgure 2.1b) is surrounded by a cll (plasma) membrane which
encloses all other organelles. The nucleus is usualy round and bounded by a smooth or
comugated nuclear membrane contalining several nucleoli along its periphery. This membrane
encloses the nucleoplasm. Between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane is an
area flled with cytoplasm.
ULTRASTRUCTURES OF A CELL (Figure 2.1c) Because of its extraordinary
resolving power, the electron microscope seems to be the ideal instrument for the study of
cellular ultrastructures. Direct magnifications as high as 20,000x to 160,000x may be obtained
and the micrographs may be enlarged photographically to 1,000,000x or more depending
upon the resolution achieved. The following structures are commonly revealed in detail under
the electron microscope:
2. The CYTOPLASM flls the space between the cell membrane and nucleus. It
s primarly protelnaceous and many of its properties similar to the colloidal
dlsperslons of complex protelns. The colloidal properties essental to sol-gel
transformatlons, viscoslty, splndle formatlon, and cell cleavage.
3. MITOCHONDRION IS a double-membraned structure where the outer
membrane is stretched tighty around while the inner membrane
Invaglnates Iinto the body of the organelle forming serles of compartments
or cristae. Whether the cristae are invaginations or separate structures are
still debatable. This is the center of cellular respiration where the foods are
oxldized to CO2 and H0 with the subsequent release of energy. The
complete Kreb's Cycle is probably carried out in the mítochondria.
5. The CENTRIOLES are cylinders which are open at both ends. The wall of
centriole has nine groups of microtubules arranged in a circle. The central
microtubules and special arms are absent in the centriole.
Name: Date:
Section: Room
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2A
CYTOLOGY Animal Cells
Figure 2.1a. Cheek cells from the human mouth. Figure 2.1b. Egg cell of the
frog.
Questions:
1. What are organelles? Enumerate all organelles seen in your specimens?
B. SHAPES OF CELLS
Living cells are dynamic units which they rely on chemical and physical
processes to carry out many functions. Every functioning cell participates in the
maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium or homeostasis within the entire organism.
Prepare three (3) slides containing fresh blood smear of the frog. On one
slide place a drop of distled water (hypotonic solution) and on another a dnrop of
physlological salt solution (0.9 % NaC) which Is isotonic. On the third slide put a drop
or so of 3% NaC (hypertonic solution) along one edge of the cover slip. Observe the
shapes of the cells after a few seconds.
Label the parts of the different klnds of cells. Accomplish the table of the source and functions
of the different types of cells.
Draw the red blood cells as affected by the three kinds of solution.
Name: Date:
Sectlon: Room:
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2B
CYTOLOGY Shapes of Cells
2.Stellate
3.Squamous
4.Columnar
S.Pyramidal
6.Fusiform
7.Cuboidal
8.Polygonal
Amorphous
10.0val
Questions:
Appearance Reaction
1.Hypotonkc Solution
2.Isotonic Solution
3.Hypertonic Solution
Questions:
1. What is the importance of diffusion in cells?
D. MITOSIS
b. In PROPHASE (Fig. 2.3b) stage, the chromosomes become distinct as long thin
threads which gradually thicken as they split longitudinally into two halves which
IS called chromatids. Somewhere along their length the chromatids are joined by
a spherlcal, refractle body called centromere (kinetochore, chromomere,
chromocenter), Chromatids continue to shorten coils decrease in number, as they
are Increasing In diameter. Simultaneously, the centriole divides Into two and the
halves migrate along the nuclear membrane until they lie opposite each. The
moving centrioles, as they travel toward the poles, acquire a number of radiating
refractile fibers in a starburst pattern called asters, and the fibers are astral rays.
Toward the end of this stage, the nuclear membrane and the nuceus
disintegrate.
C. The nuclear membrane has disappeared and the chromosomes are grouped along
the equatorial plane of the cell midway between the poles during the METAPHASE
(Fig. 2.3c) stage. Spindle flbers run betweern the centrioles. This is the shortest
phase of mitosis. This stage is also marked by dissolution of the nuclear
membrane and the appearance of astral rays.
d. Immediately after metaphase in which the chromosomes lie along the equatorial
plane, the centromeres split and the daughter chromatids begin to migrate
toward opposite poles which indicate the beginning of ANAPHASE (Fig. 2.3d). The
movement of the chromatids is accomplished by two simultaneous and
complementary actions. The spindle fiber connecting the centromere with the
centriole is a contractile protein and its contraction pulls the chromatid. Another
fiber develops between the halves of the centromere and pushes the chromatid.
Movement of chromatids may be due also to mutual repulsion of the division
f. TWO-DAUGHTER CELL (Fig. 2.3). The cleavage furrow deepens until complete
cytoplasmic separation is achieved. Each daughter cell s actually an interphasic
cell.
as TOowS:
Name: Date:
Sectlon: Room:.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2D
CYTOLOGY Mitosis
Questions:
1. What causes the cell to divide?
2. Briefily differentiate the varlous stages of animal mitosis from each other using the
behaviour of the chromosome as the basis,