ee Lp ESIS DesignmGuide STRUCTUR UNS By: DJ.ForhesTABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION II. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS © Basic Requirenente © The "Design" Explosion © Margin of Safety Against Structural Collapse © Tolerable Level of Structural Damay IIL, GENERAL GUIDELINES © Building Layout and Appropriate Structural Schemes © Unobatructed Floor Space and Future Expansion Meads © Appropriate Types of Construction Materials © Unacceptable Construction IV. SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN A, Design Loads © Blast Load © Conventional Loads © Load Combinations B. Design Method © Dynamic Design Parameters © Dynamic Design Formulas and Charts © Permissible Deflections © Safety Factor Against Collapse Dynamic Properties of Structural Materials © Structural and Reinforcing Steels © Concrete © Other Structural Materials D. Design Procedure © Design Sequence © Design of Structural Elements © Dynamic Capacity of Structural Members E. Design Derails @ Wall and Roof Sab Design Beim and Cirder Design Cotumn Design © Rigid Frame Design © Deep Beams and Shear Wall Oesign 7 Broo B 1 16 6 16 16 7 18 Ft) 20Page Now FOUNDATION DESTGH 23 © Basic Requirenents ae .t © Design Procedure 23 | © Appropriate Foundation Schemes cod © Design Loads 25 © Shallow Foundation Capacity 23 © Pile Foundation Capacity 26 Vi. CONCLUSTONS 2 VIL. REFERENCES 28 VIIL.LIST OF SYMBOLS » IX. TABLES 6 X. FIGURES 4 APPENDIX A = DYNAMIC DESIGN FORMULAS FOR STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS & APPENDIX B - BLAST RESISTANT DESIGN EXAMPLES Bel. 1. One-Story R/C Building with Steel Frame Supported : On Footings. Bel 2. IworStory R/C Shear Wall Building Supported On B-2 Piles. APPENDIX C - DESIGN FORMULAS POR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS cl2 2 10. -3- LIST OF TABLES Ductility Factors of Structural Elements. Allovable Stresses for Structural Steels for Conventional and Blast Resietant Designs. Static and Dynamic Tensile Yield Strength for ASTH Designated Structural and Reinforcing Steels. Allovable Stresses for Concrete in Conventional and Blast Resistant Designs. Structural Resistance of Flexural Menbers. Resistance and Stiffness Coefficients for Steel Beans with Symmetric Sections. Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs. Foundation Dis Conditions. lecement Limits Under Blast Loading LIST OF FIGURES Structural Schemes Appropriate for Blast Resistan Design Blast Loads for Rectangular Buildings. Average Uniform Roof Loading. Single-Degree-of-Feedom (SDF) Dynamic Model for Structural Systems. Dynamic Response Chart for Undamped SDF Model Undamped Eleatic Rebound for SDF Model. Required Resistance vs Period/Frequency of Structural Member. Design Detail for R/C Slabs and Beams. Model for Structural Frames. Distribution of Lateral Loads in a Shear Wall Building 36 37 38 39 40 a 42 43 4b 47 48 49 50 5. 52 53 54NTRODUCTION ! ‘This Design Guide covers the detatle of the procedure for designing and analyzing a blast resistant building, including ite superstructure and foundation, according to the dynamic design method outlined in reports EE.3ER.70, “Nesign of Blast Resistant Structures” and EE.106E.73, "Design of Foundations for Blast Resistant Structures." The basic design criteria involved in this nev method are provided in BP 4-3-2, “Additional Raquirensnte for Blast Resistant Building and Structures," Revision 2, dated January 1973. In addition, the basis for these criteria end ather background data are covered in DPXEXI,Subsection J, "Blast Resistant Structures." Prior to 1973, Esso-Engineering specified simplified static design criteria for blast resistent structures. The intent of that approach vas to provide sone level of blast resistance at a reasonable cost, estimated to be between 10 and 25 percent abov ‘cost of conventionally designed structures. The main reason for using the finple static procedure vas to provide a reasonable level of blast resistance in structures by employing conventional design criteria However, experience indicates that technically more appropria amic design criteria could be adapted, without baer tir Sieg eo Torthe desiga of blast resistant plant buildings. on the results of Esso Engineering R&D programs to develop improved blast resistant design practices the dynamic design technique has been adopted as standard practice for the structural design or appraisal of blast resistant buildings ia refineries and chemical plante. Designs based on the new approach ensure. the appropriste distribution of structural strengeh and ductility for the buildings to withstand the effects of an explosion. Generally, the new method should result in more economical and fer designs as compared with the purely static epprosch. ‘This Design Guide hss been developed to aid of the dynanic method. It provides the basic consi for designing building to the new criteria, Details the design of buildings of various structural systems and foundation types. Appendices A and C cover the special dynamic design data, including design formulas and charts, used in the new method. Two design examples, @ one-story frane building supported on footings and a two-story shear-bearing wall building on piles, are presented in Appendix B to illustrate the dynamic design procedure. 19 the implementation ions and guidelinesa7 bare an | TL. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS : ‘The energy of an explosion is released primarily in the fora of a blast pressure wave which quickly develops « shock front. This shock front 2 ‘a wall of compressed air moving outvard from the energy source at a speed in excess of the speed of sound. At the shock front there ie an instantaneous increase in pressure from normal atmospheric to the peak blast pressure. The overpressure phase is followed by « negative pressure (suction) phase of lover intensity but of a longer duration. From the standpoint“of structural design, protection against the high-intensity, short-duration overpressure pulse is the most importent aspact of blast jane design. ‘The folloving is a of the criteria and guidelines to be utilized for the ecructurel design of process plant buildings cowithstand the effects of accidental plant explosions. Basic Raquirenente ‘The structural design criteria for a blast resistant building in a refinery or chemical plant ere established from the following requirements @ A blast resistanc structure should be capable of withstanding « plant explosion of realistic magnitude im order to protect the instruments, @ ‘equipment and personnel it houses from the damaging effects of the blast. : © Structural damage not detrimental to the safe operation of the facility i is tolerable. © In the event of an sxplosion of magnitude in excess of the design value, the structure should "fail" by excessiva deformation without say significant, loss in ite load-carrying capacity, thus providing for e wargin of safety against catastrophic collapse. © The structure ie required to resist a sajor explosion only once in its Life. It should, hovever, have the capacity to sa¥ely support the post- Gxplosion loads without requiring major repairs. The "Design" Explosion To develop the appropriate blast resistant design, the designer needs to know the intensity of explosion the structure 1@ required to resiet. The blast loading i# determined from the explosion magnitude, expressed in TNT equivalence, by established blast wave propagation ct Based on gafety and econdnic factors and on experiences in actual explosion incidents ‘The Safety Section of Easo Engineering has established that a blast resistant structure in process plant should provide protection against an explosion of intensity equivalent to 1 ton of TNT at 100 feet. Furtheraore, blest e stant control houses should not be ¢: ‘than 100 feet from a potential explosion source. In addition, it 1s assumed that in a typical plant an explosion could occur in any direction from the protective building. Thare- fore, all sides of a building are considared equally vulnerable to the effects of an explosion.Margin cf Safety Against Structural Collapse ‘the designer should keep in mind that the specified explosion magnitude is only a design value. It 1s possible that this value could be exceeded in an actual plant explosion. In fact, there have been & few instances where the energy yield of refinery explosions, back-calcula~ ted from the blastwave effects, were found to be much greater than 1 ton of TNT. ‘The design procedure allows for 2.5 against ultimate collapse of a structur: of safety of at least mt. This would Rly to an "ultimate explosion of 16 tons of TNT at 100 feet or 1 ton at 40 feet. The'ultimate explosion i¢ the one which vould cause the total colli € a structural component. It should be noted elesent will not necessarily reault However, such feilure could cause Tolerable Level of Structural Damage An explosion is an extreme event and, in Exxon's affiliati experience, occurs quite infrequently. It imposes loads on a building far fn excess of those for which they would normally be designed. It is reasonable, therefore, to design blast resistant structures expecting some structure] danage in a major explosion, provided this does not impede the safe operation of the housed facilities during and after an explosion. Damage auch as cracking of concrete valls end 6: ‘and sone permanent distortion in reinforced concrece or steel franes is considered tolerable under blest ‘The incremental cost of blast resistance would be prohibitively high 4f such damage were unacceptable and convantional factors of safety were required. To illustrate the importance of permanent deformation in blast resistant design, for example, a reinforced concrete bean designed according to the new blast resistance criteria would only withstand an explosion equivalent to 1 ton of TNT at about 225 feet or approximately 600 pounds at 100 feet, if no permanent deformations were allowed. A corresponding S yield" explosion for a eteel beam would be 1 ton at 300 feec or 300 pounds at 100 feet. If the beam stresses were limited ro the normal allowable value, the "permissible" explosion magnitude would be even less.‘The design of blest resistant structures requires the use of good design and construction practices as well as a knowledge of the characteristics Of the blast loads and the behavior of structures under these loadings. The blest resistant quality of a building 1s infl ite shape, layout. aad oriencation relative to potential explosion scurced- Ta sdfiticn. certain structural schenes end types of construction material are preferable for blast resistant while others should not be used. These special blast resistant features are discussed belov. Building Layout and Appropriate Structural Schenes Non-structural considerstions such as safety, operation, architecture, cost and omer preference may dictate the shape, orientation, and layout of a plant building. In establishing these, hovaver, the designer should also consider the requirenente for blast resistance. Designers are accustomed to using rectangular box-like shapes for refinery buildings. Hovever, to meet the structural requirements of blast resistance, other building design concepts should also be considered. Arch or dome-shaped igloo construction is particularly effective since it possesses ipherent structural strength and experiences 2 smaller blast loading than rectangular building of the same size. Zarch-mounded or partially buried structures are also effective in providing blast protection. These and other design concepts are illustrated in Figure 1. Generally,for a given building volume, the cost of blast resistance increases vith the building height. A low profile building experience: lower blast overturning effect compared with a tall structurt Buildings over two stories in height are, therefore, not recommended as Protective structures. Moreover, other factors being equal, a one-story building is preferable to « twowstory one, because foundation design for the taller structure is generally more troublesome due to the more severe overtuming effects of the lateral blast loadin, of a blast restetant " and simple as possible. Reentrant corners and 0} vin particular,should be avoided. Such features, beside being difficule to detail, create local high concentrations of blast loading. ‘The orientation of the building should be such that the blast induced loads are reduced as much as possible. This requires that as small an area of the building as possible should face the moat probable source of explosion. Dnobstructed Floor Space and Puture Expansion Needs Control room layout considerations often require large floor ar: unobstructed by interior structural walls or colums. There is, however, a coat preaium for large span structural framing. Interior colums should, therefore, be used where feasible so that the s exceed $0 feat in either frane or shear wall type buildings. Arches and igloo type atructures (Figure 1d) are very effective for larger spans. These structures, when used for large spana (greater chan 60 ft.), usually require much less structural material compared with conventional frame or shear wall type:However. the cost saving in material must be weighed against the high ‘erection costs of special shell construction. Another factor affecting the selection of a structural scheme for a blast resistant building is the for fyture expansion. Generally, coreane type building can be readily expanded in a direction perpendicular corihe beats dy simply erecting additional bants as indicated in Figure 24- se teen or cylindrical shaped building can alao be extended in the direction we tke axis. On the other hand, # two-story shear-vall building or an sgl00 structure eannot be conveniently enlarged to provide floor space without Sbecructions. If these echenes are to be used and « future expansion 8 ceertaplaced, they should be pre-engineered to account for the effect of the possible removal of structural valls. Appropriate Types of construction Material ‘he most important feature of blast resistant construction is the ability of che structural elenente to absorb large amounts of blest energy Githour causing catastrophic failure in the structure ae & whole. Cot struction material in blast protective structures must, there ave ity as well am strength. Turchermore, in « plant explosion, see eere will probably be subject to a lateral force equal to the coral Elast loading on the aide exposed to the explosion. For « structure to biepit any measure of blast resistance, its frane and foundation aust be Capable of sustaining this large lateral load. This requirmen’ © similar seraeee for earthquake reatacanc design. In general, structures which are Garchquake resistant are aleo to sone degree blast resistant. Reinforced concrete is an excellent material for blast resistant construction. Its mass provides inertia to help resist the transient blast loads and a r/c building continuity and lateral strength. Rigid frame, shear wall and shell construction are al] appropriate for tigec resistant design, In addition to ite inherent structural strength, weinforced concrete is effective in providing protection ageinst flying debris and fire which usually accompany om explosion. . To assure ductile behavior, the Basic Practice places limite on the amount, placement and quality of the eteel used in reinforcing Goncrete construction. These linits are discussed in Section IV of fhe Design Guide. ‘They should not be exceeded unless comparable ductile behavior can be demonstrated. Seructural steel is a ductile, high strength material which ds espectaliy suitable for the franes in blast resistant buildings. Structural and intermediate grades, with exsured ductility, are preferable. High strength steel with marginal ductility should 20f Preleed, Ihe structural steels appropriate for blast resistant design wie as designated in Part 2 of the AISC Specifications for plastic design. ‘As in reinforced concrete construction, s11 joints end connections in steel franes should be capable of developing the full plastic strength of the structural wenbers. Joints are usuelly the weak points in conventional construction. —Unacceptable Construction Certain types of construction commonly used in ordinary buildings . are not recomended for blast resistant structures. The principal criterion for avaluating such construction 1a its mode of failure if severe overloading occurs. Brittle construction is not suitable for blast resistant atructures. Besides being vulnerable to catastrophically sudden failure under blest overload, ic provides « sourca of debris which can cause major damage vhen hurled by the blast wind. Unreinforced concrete, brick, timber and masonry are examples of this typa of construction, These should only be used in the exterior shell of « blast resistant structure vhen adequate steel reinforcing is used to sssuré ductile behavior and ductile frames are Provided to give the structure lateral resistance to blast loads. If in an othervise ductile structure, brittle behavior of some @lenents cannot be avoided, as the case for axially loaded reinforced concrete columns or for shear walls, che margin of safety for chese elenence should be increased; that is, their capacity should be downgraded. Details which aay result in unnecessary hazards in the event of an explosion should be avoided. Por example, seemingly harmless archi- tectural details auch as parapets, copings, signs and falsework become dangerous in an explosion. e-7 TV. SUPERSTRUCTURE pastas | ‘As DESTGS LOADS ‘A blast resistant building must be capable of supporting the dynamic loading resulting from a specified explosion as well as che normal sustained static loadings. These loadings and the appropriate losd combination are defined and discussed in this ction. Blast Losd ‘The blast wave generated in an explosion subjects the building to a short-duration, high-intensity pressure pulse. First, this pressure pulse strikes the wall nearest the explosion source, then as the blast vave traverses the building it loads the roof. Finally, the face of bullding renote to the explosion is loaded some tine after the front is initielly loaded. method for determining the blast loads on various parts of a outlined in the DP XXXI, Subsection J, The blast loadings roof and framing for rectangular box-shaped building are also specified in BP 4-3-2 for the standard "design explosion of 1 ton of TNT ac 100 ft. The data provided in the DP can be used to establish the blas: loadings for special structures such as arches, domes and exrth~ enbanked structures, and for other explosion magnitudes and spacings. The "design" blast loading for a rectangular box shaped building | Pac Kf as illustrated in Figure 2, where the term are defined as follows: Rooke wis the peak incident overpressure in the blast wave. Po(72A/ = tosdon the peak reflected pressure vhen the blast wave > 4 strike a surface parallel to the shock front. an average uniform pressure on the roof which 1s equivelent in effect to the blastwave moving across the roof. See Figure 3. ‘The design blast loading 4s approximated by @ triangular pressure pulse having a shock frong (instantaneous pressure risa) with peak pressure p and duration t,. element being considered°as indicated below. © Walls and Exterior Doors pe2sepi (eh) t = 20 milliseconds (mevc) © Roof Slab and Beams pelo pst (4 a) t,o 20 msec© Structural Frame - Lateral loading on one side plus the average uniform roof loading. ~ Lateral loading ~ vall tributary to the frame. ~ Vertical loading - Average uniform roof loading (b.). In View of the serious consequences of the failure of colums under the vertical blast loading the blast loading on column should be taken as the peak value of the average roof pressure over the tributary area or the total capacity of the elements which the colum supports whichever is larger. The above blast loadings are dynamic in character. The structural capacitance or resitance (R) required for an element to withstand a dynamic load at a specified level of displacement (damage) can be considered as an equi In addition to these direct blast loads, the structural elements are stressed in the opposite direction as a result of the suction of the blast vave and of structural rebound (R_). Usually the suction loading 1s much smaller than the required rébound resistance; and therefore, it can be safely ignored. Conventional Loads. The normal static loads for which a building is designed are as follows: # Dead Load, D 22 Best dit Bhat rebound. © Live Load, bo 7k @ Wind Load, W © Earthquake load, Z ‘These loads are specified in the sppropriace building codes or design specifications. Load _Combix In addition to the load combinations specified by the building codes or other standards, the sustained dead and live loads have to be combined with the blast loading. The sustained loads are usually specified as service loads, that 18, the loads which must be supported without causing overstress or excessive deformation in the structure. On the other hsnd, the blast loads which are usually much more severe than the sustained loads are considered as extrene (ultimate) loads. Furtheruore, the probability is extremly small that a structure will experience the blast loading tultaneously with the design wind or earthquake conditions. Such combina- tions are therefore ignored. Based on the requirenents of ACI building code and che AISC Paar Ura ese i i ee ee ee© Reinforced concrete design a) 1.40 + 1.7L b) 1,0D + 1.3L + 1.38 c) 0.90 + 1.3W 4) 1.00 + 1.3L + 1.4E e) 0.9D + 1.6E £) Lop + 1.0L + 1.03 <= UWOUY CanTPOLS g) 1.90 + 1.0R, © Plas:ic design for structural stee) a) 7 (+b) bv) 1.3 (D+ L + ¥) elL3a@+L+w | 4) 1.0 (D+ L +R) €) 1.0 (D+ Rp In the above, the symbols represent either the actual loads or the effects they create. ‘3. DESIGN METHOD The ultimate strength dynamic design (USDD) method is to be used for designing or appraising blast resistant structures. This method takes into account the dynamic response of the building due to the high Gntensity short-duration blest loading and the capacity of the structural members to absorb blast energy due to their ductility. Also, the full structural atrength should be mobilized to withstand to once in « lifetime Dlase loads. ‘The dynamic design criteria are covered in BP 4-3-2 and the recom- mended design method 1s outlined in Report No. EE.3ER.70 and in ASCE Manual 42, Appendix B of the Design Guide provides exemples illustrating the application of the design procedure. The design parameter, the basic formulas and charce for designing structural elements under blast conditions are discussed below. Dynamic Design Parane ‘The ultimate strength dynamic design method introduces several new design parameters in addition to those normally used in conventional static design. The required structural resistance depends not only on peak loads but also on the dureti he blast pulse, the natural period fon and the maximum dynamic displacements consistent With the ‘level of damage for the various structural elenencs. It is this ence of the required structural resistance on dynamic paraneters chat the specification of « single uniform static loed unrealistic for designing blast resistant structures. In the dynamic design method, eight pareneters are involved in determining the required capacity of each structural element. These can be conveniently expressed as five non-dimensional factore as follows:-10- © Dynamic Resistance Factor (n - the ratio of the peak applied load to the required dynamic resistance. n= P/R, X= 1/n = B/P a. ‘The dynamic resistance factor 1s the reciprocal of the dynamic load factor, 4. The dynamic resistance can be considered a the equivalent stacic ultimate load a structural member is required to support, based on the dynamic strength of its material. © Rebound Resistance Factof (n,) - the required rebound resistance divided by F. ie Lost Piety?) ne Rag (Eq. 2) © Duration Factor (t) - the ratio of the duration of the applied equivalent triangular load pulse to fundamental period of vibra~ tion of the structural element. tect (a. 9) © Displacement Factor (6) - the ratio of the maxiaum permissible dynamic ‘Giaplacenent Fo the afPactive yield displacenent of the elesent. = X/K)) (eq. 4) © ductility Factor (u) - che ultimate displacement (maximum attainable value, without collapse) divided by X,. we Rsk, (eq. 5) The tine co maximum displacement 1, 1s « parameter which is often discussed in the literature; however, it doef not enter directly in the design proc The ratio of the energy absorbed at the maximum displacement to that at the yield displacement is referred to as the energy absorption factor at 1 (Eq. 6) ‘The basic dynamic design parameters (P,R, t,, T, XX, X,) are illustrated in Figure 4, an26, Dynamite Design Formulas and ‘The dynamic design method establishes the relationships among the parameters discussed above. ‘The load factor is determined uniquely by T and 6, as follows: at aS + oreo T Teast on (Bq. 7)-u- ‘his 1s an eupirical relationship derived from the numerical solution of the undanped single-degree-of-freedon (SDF) model used to dynamically Tepresent the structural menber (see Figure 4). Figure § provides a plot of the relationships betveen 0, ( and Tt also gives the time t, to reach maximum displacement as a ratio of the natural period. Seo en a structure is loaded dynamically, and reaches 4 mexiaun deflection, the stored energy tends to cause deflection in the opposite direction. This tendency exists even in the case where there is some positive load still acting on che structure at the tine it reaches maxioun deflection. In general, thie rebound is elastic and is reduced by the leffect Figure § shows « plot of the undamped rebound \| factor and T, yy Tt 18 overconservasive to design for the full undanped elastic dj rebound resistance vhich can be as puch as the resistance RL. The maximum | tebound usually takes place during the free vibration phase"of the structural a Tesponse sone tine after the blast loading 1s completed. Consequently, £ there may be many oscillations resulting in loss of vibratory energy before [che maxinum rebound is developed. The BP specifies the design rebound required jas 75% of the undamped value or 25% of the R,, whichever is ler cm as 75% of the undanped value of Sp oe Permissible Deflections ‘The dynamic design method requires that maximum deflection limits d for the structural elements. The deflection permitted in Ze element depends on ite duceility and importance in the overall performance of the building under blast loading and also on o Considerations. The displacenent factor (q) can be considered « measure of tolerable b: amage, vith 6 <1 corresponding to no significant damage U representing complete Collapse failure of the structural menber. ‘The design ta strongly affected by the enount of deformation the structure can take without critical damage. To effect aconosy, deflection Limits safety and operational considerations, to provide for maximum energy absorp- tion in an explosion, Tests of reinforced concrete and steel structures by the Atomic Energy Commission, the Bureau of Mines and others have shown that under blast loading they can withstand relatively lerge permanent deforma tions without seriously affecting their ability to carry normal loads. Table 1 shows the ductility factor (u) for typical structural componente b: on the test results. These values indicate that, under blast condition! displacement several times the yield values can be achieved without the collapse of the structu: ‘The values of the dieplect are specified in para. 4.4 of BP 4-+2 appropriate for control houses © case 1: 6 © $ for atructural steel appropriate for blast r design-12- © Case 2: 6 = 3 for reinforced concrate members loaded primarily in bending (beams, girders, slabs) 2 6,0 1.8 for reinforced concrete menbers loaded primarily in compression or shear (columns, shear valls, diaphragns or deep beams). Cone 6: 6 = 1 for doors and doors franes where parsanent distortion is not permitted and for the main girders of structural frame ‘A structural member will collapse when the first plastic hinge, formed reaches its full deforuation capacity. The ultimate energy absorp— tion factor @, (at inpending collapse of the structural neaber) 18 defined by ae m2 (ea. 8) ‘The factor of safety against collapi is, therefore, (Eq. 9) A value of F_ not less than 2.5 is recommended for blast resistent building designed accSrding to the USDD method provided in this Design Guide, C._DYNAMEC PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL MATERLALS Structural materials exhibit higher strength under dynamic loading than under static loading due to the effect of the loading rate. “Under blast conditions this strength increase varies from 5 to SO percent depending fon the material and the mode of loading (shear, compression, bending, etc.). This section provides the allovable dynamic streases for structural steel, reinforced concrete and other material for the various loading modes. Th basic dynamic strengths for concrete, reinforcing and structural steed ere also provided in BP 4-3-2 (para. 5.1e). Structural and Reinforcing Steels For design purposes, a 20 percent increase in yi id strength is permitted for structuralsteels and rebars with static tensile yield strengths Bot greater then 60 ksi. Table 2 gives the basic allowable stresses used for structural steels in conventional static and blast resistant designs. The values given for tension also apply for the rehars in reinforced concrete construction, The allowable values are expressed in terns of the minimum specified yield strese f,. The allowable value for vorking strese and plastic design for scatic loadings are based on the AISC specifications. Allowable dynamic stresses other than those listed in Table 2 can be obtained from the AISC Specifications by substituting the dynamic yield stress, f,, for £, im the appropriate formulas. if-1u3- High strength steels (f, > 60 kei) should not cbe used in blast resistant design unless it has a ductility factor (ratio of the ultimate tensile strain to the yield strain, u = E/E.) greater than 10. Also, if the structural meabers are to be welded, Uhelr ductility after welding should be verified. In any ca because of their low ductility, only 10 percent incre in strength is allowed for high strength st el vhen used in blasc resistant design. The stacic and dynamic yield stresses for the ASTM designated 1 appropriate for blast resistance are provided in Table 3. Steels ing similar strengths and ductile properties can be substituted for ASTM grades in accordance with BP 181-1. the ‘The modulus of elasticity (E,) for steel is independent of the loading rate. The value used in conveRtional atatic design (E, = 29,C00 ksi) ales applies in blast resistant design. i" Concrete Soseere ‘A 25 percent inc: in strength is allowed over the 28 day standard concrete cylinder strength for reinforced concrate structu1 subjected to blast loading (£1. © 1.25 £1) to account for the strain © ‘Tate effect. Table 4 shows the allovablfe concrete stresses for various loading modes in both the normal static and dynamic ultimate strength designs. The static values are a! provided in ACI 318 Building Code. The dynamic values reflect the appropriate increases for strain-rate effects. In addition, the strength reduction factor (¢) for flexure is taken as 1.0 instead of 0.9 value indicated in the ACI code. The other allowable stre: also reflect a strain-rate increase and the corresponding increases in the jalues of the capacity reduction factors provided in the code. To use the ACI code directly for blast resistant design, the value of f' in the code formulas should be replaced by 1.25 times f. divided by oirof flexure, For exemple, for « 3000 pei concrete the epprépriace allowable values vhen blast loads are considered can be obtained by using f: = 4200 psi in the code formul: Those stre: based on > such dfsgonal Pension and torsional shears, are thus increased by 187 while those depending directly on f! are increased by about 40%. ‘The modulus of elastic of concrete under dynamic loading is approximately 25% greater than the value under static loading. E, = 56,000 VET Ege 7 2625 E, = 70,000 VET a Poisson'a ratio (v) 1s unaffected by strain rate. (Use v © 0.25).-u- Table 3 provides the static and dynamic yield strength for re forcing steel appropriate for blast resistant construction. Reinforce- mente with comparable strength and ductility can be substituted for the in a design. Hovever, f, is limited to 60 kei in order to ensure that the ductility assumed in blade resistance design procedure is available in the reinforcing steal. In addition, only deformed bar are acceptable as main reinforcement. Other Structus Little data is available on the dynamic properties of other construction materials such as aluminum and glass which could be used in « blest resistant structure. It 1s, therefore, suggested that vhere no value have been established experinentally for allovable stresses under dynamic conditions, the static values should be used. ‘The dynamic properties of soils and foundations are covered in Section V of the Guide. D,_DESTGY PROCEDURE, ‘This section covers the details of the procedure recomended for designing the superstructure of a building according to the dynamic design method. Firat, the appropriate sequence is given for designing and analyzing the building components. ext, a step by step outline is provided for designing ch structural In addition, the dynamic properties of the variou atructrual elenents are outlined. The formulae for calculating these quantities are provided in Appendix A. Design Sequence In general, the design of a structure has to proceed from the outside structural element to the inside components, then to the founda- tion. This design sequence is dictated by the structural and dynamic dependence of one element on the other. For example, the required lateral resistance in a frame depends on the dynamic reaction of the wall subjected to the reflect pressure loading. The logical design sequence therefore, is as follows: © Establish buflding layout, shap structural schene. dimensions and an appropriate © Determine design blast loads and the cénventional live and dead loads on the "Eirst line” elements (wall panels, roof slabs, floor slabs, etc.) © Design exterior walls for the transverse bla pressure pulse). loading (reflected © Design roof slab and purlins, if any, for the idealized (triangular) ineident pressure pulse plus the sustained dead and live loads. Design interior floor by the normal static procedure.