p(xi,yj) y1=3 y2=4

x1=1 0.3 0.1 0.4

x2=2 0.2 0.4 0.6
0.5 0.5

E ( X ) = ∑∑ xi ⋅ p ( xi , y j ) =∑ xi ∑ p ( xi , y j ) =
2 2 2 2

i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1
2
= ∑ xi ⎡⎣ p ( xi , y1 ) + p ( xi , y2 ) ⎤⎦ =
i =1

= 1 ⋅ ( 0.3 + 0.1) + 2 ⋅ ( 0.2 + 0.4 ) =

= 1 ⋅ 0.4 + 2 ⋅ 0.6 = 1.6

E (Y ) = ∑∑ y j ⋅ p ( xi , y j ) =∑∑ y j ⋅ p ( xi , y j ) =
2 2 2 2

i =1 j =1 j =1 i =1

= ∑ y j ∑ p ( xi , y j ) =∑ y j ⎡⎣ p ( x1 , y j ) + p ( x2 , y j ) ⎤⎦ =
2 2 2

j =1 i =1 j =1

= 3 ⋅ ( 0.3 + 0.2 ) + 4 ⋅ ( 0.1 + 0.4 ) =

= 3 ⋅ 0.5 + 4 ⋅ 0.5 = 3.5
Var ( X ) = ∑∑ ( xi − µ X ) ⋅ p ( xi , y j ) =
2 2
2

i =1 j =1

∑ p(x , y ) =
2 2
= ∑ ( xi − µ X )
2
i j
i =1 j =1
2
= ∑ ( xi − µ X ) ⋅ ⎡⎣ p ( xi , y1 ) + p ( xi , y2 ) ⎤⎦ =
2

i =1

= (1 − 1.6 ) ⋅ ( 0.3 + 0.1) + ( 2 − 1.6 ) ⋅ ( 0.2 + 0.4 ) =

2 2

= ( −0.6 ) ⋅ 0.4 + 0.42 ⋅ 0.6 = 0.24

2

Var (Y ) = ∑∑ ( y j − µY ) ⋅ p ( xi , y j ) =
2 2
2

i =1 j =1

= ∑∑ ( y j − µY ) ⋅ p ( xi , y j ) =
2 2
2

j =1 i =1

= ∑ ( y j − µY ) ∑ p(x , y ) =
2 2
2
i j
j =1 i =1

= ∑ ( y j − µY ) ⋅ ⎡⎣ p ( x1 , y j ) + p ( x2 , y j ) ⎤⎦ =
2
2

j =1

= ( 3 − 3.5 ) ⋅ ( 0.3 + 0.2 ) + ( 4 − 3.5 ) ⋅ ( 0.1 + 0.4 ) =

2 2

= ( −0.5 ) ⋅ 0.5 + 0.52 ⋅ 0.5 = 0.25

2
Formule alternative per la varianza
Var ( X ) = E ( X 2 ) − ⎡⎣ E ( X ) ⎤⎦ = 2.8 − 2.56 = 0.24
2

E(X ) = ∑∑ x ⋅ p ( xi , y j ) =
2 2
2 2
i
i =1 j =1

∑ p(x , y ) =
2 2
= ∑x 2
i i j
i =1 j =1

= 12 ⋅ ( 0.3 + 0.1) + 22 ⋅ ( 0.2 + 0.4 ) =

= 12 ⋅ 0.4 + 22 ⋅ 0.6 = 0.4 + 2.4 =
= 2.8
⎡⎣ E ( X ) ⎤⎦ = (1.6 ) = 2.56
2 2

Var (Y ) = E (Y
) − ⎡⎣ E (Y )⎤⎦ = 12.5 − 12.25 = 0.25
2 2

E (Y ) = ∑∑ y ⋅ p ( x , y ) =∑∑ y ⋅ p ( x , y ) =
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
j i j j i j
i =1 j =1 j =1 i =1

∑ p(x , y ) =
2 2
=∑y 2
j i j
j =1 i =1

= 32 ⋅ ( 0.3 + 0.2 ) + 42 ⋅ ( 0.1 + 0.4 ) =

= 32 ⋅ 0.5 + 42 ⋅ 0.5 = 4.5 + 8 =
= 12.5
⎡⎣ E (Y ) ⎤⎦ = ( 3.5 ) = 12.25
2 2
Cov ( X , Y ) = ∑∑ ( xi − µ X ) ⋅ ( y j − µY ) ⋅ p ( xi , y j ) =
2 2

i =1 j =1

= (1 − 1.6 ) ⋅ ( 3 − 3.5 ) ⋅ 0.3 + (1 − 1.6 ) ⋅ ( 4 − 3.5 ) ⋅ 0.1 +

+ ( 2 − 1.6 ) ⋅ ( 3 − 3.5 ) ⋅ 0.2 + ( 2 − 1.6 ) ⋅ ( 4 − 3.5 ) ⋅ 0.4 =
= 0.3 ⋅ 0.3 + (−0.3) ⋅ 0.1 + (−0.2) ⋅ 0.2 + 0.2 ⋅ 0.4 =
= 0.1
Formula alternativa per la covarianza
Cov ( X , Y ) = E ( X , Y ) − µ X ⋅ µY = 5.7 − 5.6 = 0.1

E ( X , Y ) = ∑∑ xi ⋅ y j ⋅ p ( xi , y j ) =
2 2

i =1 j =1

= 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 0.3 + 1 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 0.1 +
+ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 0.2 + 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 0.4 =
= 3 ⋅ 0.3 + 4 ⋅ 0.1 + 6 ⋅ 0.2 + 8 ⋅ 0.4 =
= 5.7
E ( X ) ⋅ E (Y ) = µ X ⋅ µY = 1.6 ⋅ 3.5 = 5.6