西南交通大学学报

第 54 卷 第 5 期 Vol. 54 No. 5
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Oct. 2019
2019 年 10 月

ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.54.5.38

Research article

Economics

THE IMPLICATIONS OF OVERCROWDING FOR FOSTERING

PRISONERS IN PRISON: MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS PROBLEMS

监狱过度拥挤对监狱的影响：管理和系统问题

Dey Ravena, Ade Mahmud

Faculty of Law, Universitas Islam Bandung
Jalan Tamansari no.1 Bandung 40116, Indonesia, deyravena2@gmail.com

Abstract
The problem of overcrowding stems from the overcrowding capacity of the Penitentiary, thus raising
various problems and relegating correctional goals to a forgotten concept. Against this backdrop, the
current study is aimed at determining the implications of correctional overcrowding of prison institutions
in the process of fostering inmates and finding solutions in order to improve management and correctional
systems in the future. This study adopts a normative approach using qualitatively analyzed secondary
data. The results show that the overcrowding problem has seriously adverse implications for coaching
programs, causing illness, triggering disturbances between prisoners, burdening state finances each year,
and transferring prisoners to other prisons, which, in turn, makes it difficult for families to visit inmates.
These problems are preventing the coaching process from achieving the goal of criminal justice. Efforts
to overcome the problem of overcrowding include reducing the use of imprisonment sanctions and
making replacements in the form of other sanctions that have deterrent power, building new buildings
accompanied by facilities that support the basic needs of prisoners, reforming management or a system
starting from strengthening the prison officers' integrity, improving the quality of coaching programs, and
ensuring welfare of officers.

Keywords: Overcrowding, Prison, Management, System, Prisoner

摘要
监狱人满为患的问题源于监狱的人满为患，从而引发了各种各样的问题，并将惩教目标归于被遗
忘的概念。在这种背景下，当前的研究旨在确定监狱机构教养过度拥挤在培养囚犯和寻找解决方
案的过程中的意义，以改善未来的管理和教养系统。本研究采用定性方法，使用定性分析的辅助
数据。结果表明，人满为患的问题严重影响了教练计划，导致疾病，引发囚犯之间的混乱，每年
增加国家财政负担，将囚犯转移到其他监狱，从而使家庭难以探视囚犯。这些问题阻碍了辅导过
程实现刑事司法目标。克服拥挤问题的努力包括减少对监禁制裁的使用，以具有威慑力的其他制
裁形式进行替代，建造新建筑物，并配备满足囚犯基本需求的设施，改革管理或从加强开始的制
2 Ravena and Mahmud / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol.54 No.5 Oct. 2019
度监狱官员的廉正，提高辅导计划的质量，并确保官员的福利。
关键词: 人满为患，监狱，管理，系统，囚犯
I. INTRODUCTION
Criminal sanctions are known to be one of the
commonly used methods used to achieve the goal
of punishment. However, the actual provision of
a crime has become a problem and elicited much
introspection from legal to identify the reasons
and conditions that cause a person to be
convicted of a crime. Under the classical theory
of crime, it is viewed as the cause of the suffering
of others, so that suffering must be repaid with
suffering [1]. Discussions about punishment from
a legal and moral standpoint are two distinct yet
inextricable parts. On the one hand, the law may
justify certain criminal convictions, but on the
other hand, the moral values of the people
prevent them from accepting the same.
Contrastingly, the moral rectitude of people
makes criminal convictions a viable option, but
law must still formulate them [2].
For Indonesia, which has a state based on the
ideology of Pancasila, new thoughts about the
criminal function which are no longer just
deterrence-centric, but also signify an effort to
rehabilitate and reintegrate social prisoners have
given birth to a formation system called a penal
system, which has been known for more than
thirty years. In addition to aiming to restore
prisoners as good citizens, the penitentiary
system also aims to protect the public against the
possibility of a recurrence of criminal acts by
prisoners, and is an inseparable part of the values
espoused by Pancasila.
In the penitentiary system, Prisoners,
Correctional Students, or Correctional Clients
have the right to receive spiritual and physical
development and be guaranteed their rights to
practice worship, deal with external parties (both
families and other parties), obtain information
through printed and electronic media, obtain
decent education, and so on. To guarantee the
implementation of these rights, a Penitentiary
Technical Implementation Unit is held, which
directly carries out guidance and is provided by
Table 1.
Prisons and detention centers with the highest overcrowded rate in 2019 [5]
No Unit technical implementer
1 Bagan Siapi-Api
2 Langsa
3 Prison Class of IIA Labuhan Baku
4 Prison Class of IIB Tanjungbalai
the Correctional Advisory Center, which
provides advice and consideration to the Minister
regarding the implementation of the correctional
system and the Correctional Observer Team that
administers advice on the Correctional Guidance
Program in each Unit Technical Implementer and
various other supporting facilities [3].
In the implementation of the correctional
system in Indonesia, a number of serious
problems arose—in terms of both policies and
systems—that could not be resolved, such as the
placement of prisoners in prison, or the
placement of a prisoner in a detention house.
Both of these problems are clearly wrong, legally
and in terms of the function of detention centers
and correctional institutions. Another problem
that has not yet been resolved is the problem of
overcapacity. The availability of correctional
facilities is far less than the number of prisoners
[4]. This problem creates the condition of
overcrowding. The overcrowding referred to here
is a crisis situation due to an imbalance between
the number of prisons and prisoners. Until now,
there has been no comprehensive government
solution to overcome the problems of
management and the procurement system; so far,
the improvement of this condition is patchy and
inconsistent. The overload of occupants haunts
almost all detention centers and prisons
throughout Indonesia.
Based on data from the Directorate General of
Corrections, the increase in the number of
prisoners and detainees is far higher than the
capacity of prisons and detention centers. In
2019, the number of prisons and remand centers
in Indonesia amounted to 522 with a capacity of
126,994 people. Today, the prison and remand
center content now amount to 262,925 people, so
it has been over capacity by 107% [5].
Nationally, there are 10 prisons and remand
centers with the highest overcrowded rates, as
shown in Table 1.
Number of occupants Capacity Overcrowded Number of
officers
799 98 715% 36
497 63 689% 48
2.240 300 640% 49
1.471 198 643% 110

5 Prison Class of IIA Tanjungbalai
Banjarmasin
6 Bireuen Prison
7 Teluk Kuantan Prison
8 Prison Class of IIA Jambi
9 Prison Class of IIB Takengon
10 Prison Class of IIA Bandar
Lampung
The data in Table 1 show that the existing
conditions for prisoners and detainees being held
on remand are very far from ideal. Overcrowding
raises the average number of prisoners and
detainees per security officer to an unacceptable
level. Whereas current conditions dictate that
each security officer must supervise 36 prisoners,
the recommended ratio is 25 prisoners per
officer. So it is clear that prison overcrowding
has quite an impact on the issue of security. At
the same time, prisoners and detainees in
overcrowded conditions are subject to higher
stress and are more susceptible to diseases. Data
from the Directorate of Care and Rehabilitation
for the years 2015-2019 revealed the range of
serious diseases that had afflicted prison and
remand center residents, including hepatitis,
tuberculosis, HIV, heart disease and vascular
illness, breathing problems, digestive issues, and
cancer. These diseases caused the deaths of some
prisoners and detainees in 2019 which numbered
176 prisoners [5].
Overcrowding has also caused serious
problems for the ongoing prisoner-coaching
program—problems that have a direct impact on
planning and oversight at correctional
institutions. A number of questions arise: Is the
failure of the coaching program due entirely to
overcrowding in prisons? What are the
implications of overcrowding when it comes to
fostering inmates’ well-being? What steps have
been taken to address the problems of prison
management, including the bad conduct of some
of the officers, the failures of the prisoner-
training program, and other issues? These
questions can be answered only through a
comprehensive investigation of the actual data, so
that the problem of overcrowding can be resolved
and the penitentiary system can achieve its
objectives in accordance with the ideals of
justice. So the purpose of this article is to analyze
the implications of overcrowding on the process
of fostering prisoners and find efforts to improve
management and systems to overcome the
problem of overcrowding in the penal system in
Indonesia.
II. METHOD
3
2.674 366 631% 112
435 65 569% 40
363 53 568% 46
1412 218 548% 149
408 65 528% 26
1044 168 521% 90
This research is a legal research because it
examines the rule of law for solving the problems
studied by using literature and other sources [6].
In this study, the authors use:
A. Research Approach
This study uses a normative approach.
Soetandyo Wignjosoebroto [7] assessed that law
is not only the norm or legal method in the form
of written statutory regulations, but also the
principles and decisions of judges. This study
examines the norms or methods in Act No. 12 of
1995 concerning correctional institutions and the
principles of the penal system.
B. Research Specifications
The specification of this study is analytical
descriptive because it will illustrate facts relating
to the overcrowding problem in the penal system
and then analyze the fact using various theories
and regulations that are closely related to the
problems raised.
C. Data Types
The type of data used in this study is
secondary data sourced from primary legal
materials, such as Law No. 12 of 1995
concerning Penal Institutions and secondary legal
materials that can provide an explanation of
primary legal materials such as books, journals,
papers, and research results related to
correctional institutions. It also examines tertiary
legal materials that can provide instruction and
explanation for primary and secondary legal
materials, such as legal dictionaries and
magazines.
D. Data Collection Techniques
The data collection techniques used in this is
literature study that analyzed sources of scientific
theoretical readings such as books and local and
international scientific journals that discussed
narcotics issues, papers that had been
disseminated and could be used as a basis for
research.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
4 Ravena and Mahmud / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol.54 No.5 Oct. 2019
The method of analysis uses qualitative
methods, a method of research that produces
descriptive analytical data, because it does not
use formulas and numbers using deductive
thinking methods.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Implications of Overcrowding Against the
Process of Guiding Prisoners in
Penitentiaries in Indonesia
The problem of crime is a necessity in social
life. Evil cannot be eliminated, but can only be
reduced in quantity and quality. The statement
can be empirically proven since humans were
born until now crime continues to exist and
become even more complex [8]. Providing
crimes as suffering for perpetrators of crimes
should be seen as ultimum remidium or a last
resort should be used to improve human behavior
[9]. Perpetrators of crime must be held
accountable for the mistakes they have done [10].
The results to be achieved in punishment are
returning prisoners to the community system as
good citizens and protecting the community from
repetition of criminal acts [11].
Criminological and penological knowledge
production is bound up with the power to punish
and the “practices deployed by the state to
discipline individuals and govern populations”
[12]. Sentencing is the forum in which the
community acts in its most coercive manner
against its citizens. The United States inflicts
more deliberate institutionalized punishment on
its people than any other country in the world,
and by a large margin [13]. In the late eighteenth
century, advocates began employing legal, moral,
and efficiency-based arguments to challenge
debtors' prisons in England [14].
The existence of correctional facilities is still
concerning because there are many penitentiary
buildings which are inadequate old buildings,
inadequate room layout, "MCK" facilities, lack
of food provided, the number of supervisors, and
the comparison of the number of prisoners being
coached. Until now, there has been no
standardization of the condition of correctional
institutions that are considered adequate and meet
the prerequisites to support the achievement of
correctional goals.
Crowding or density is a psychological state
that occurs when the demand for space exceeds
the available supply. Someone who does not
spend too much time in high population density
can weaken mentally and physically in health,
task performance, child development, and social
interaction [15], [24]. Individuals in some
cultures seem to cope better with high densities,
but when the body's sensory system overloads,
the stimulus and lack of personal control leads to
many negative impacts. When people feel
crowded or are experiencing psychological stress,
they show negative emotions, tension, anxiety,
and nonverbal signs of nervousness, such as
anxiety or repeatedly playing with objects.
Crowding is consistently related to social
withdrawal. Coping mechanisms are
characterized by reduced eye contact,
maintaining greater interpersonal distance, and
clearer inhibition in starting a conversation.
The problem of overcrowding, based on the
Task Force Team of the Ministry of Law and
Human Rights, has various implications, namely:
1) Differences in treatment between fellow
prisoners; 2) The psychological impact of
officers who should have been educating instead
became service providers; 3) Triggering bribes
between inmates and officers to get better
services; 4) For prisoners who can not afford this
a burden because they are always involved in the
practice of financing prison facilities and become
an arena for extortion; 5) The process of
formation and correctional goals become a
forgotten thing.
In this study the authors identify the various
direct implications of the overcrowding problem
as a situation of dehumanization that is both
worrying and inhibits and even thwarts the
guidance process and criminal purpose because it
is factually revealed that the coaching process in
prisons does not work well because there are too
many inmates. Direct training programs cover
work, skills, personality development, and poor
medical and social rehabilitation. For example, in
the process of social guidance ideally 1: 5 but the
facts show 1: 43. For coaching officers ideally 1:
20 in fact 1: 37 [5]. The imbalance between the
number of officers and the number of prisoners
clearly will not produce an ideal quality of
coaching, because the success of the coaching
process is quite dependent on the readiness of
officers both in quality and quantity, supported
by the availability of supporting facilities for
activities.
Second, overcrowding conditions cause health
problems. In 2019, several identified diseases
were caused by the limited space for prisoners in
cells. According to the Directorate of Health Care
and Rehabilitation of Prisons and Remand
Centers throughout Indonesia, many prisoners
contract hepatitis, tuberculosis, HIV, problems
with heart and blood vessels, cancer, and
digestive issues. Yet, tuberculosis, respiratory,
digestive, cardiac, neurological diseases are the

main causes of death in prisoners and detainees
[5]. Cases of death due to respiratory and
digestive problems have become commonplace in
prison, so that prisoners who have weak physical
conditions will be susceptible to disease and even
threatened with death. The overcrowding
condition has made prison a place to pick up
death and be away from human values.
Third, the high number of riots in various
prisons occur due to large friction that exists
between inmates and the struggle for food, beds,
bathrooms, and many other things. The
overpopulation of prisons in Indonesia has a
direct impact on the practice of commodification
of prisons. In addition, there is the problem with
the corrupt nature of the elements who seek
profit. Overcrowding clearly results in the
inadequacy of proper services and facilities for
fostered residents. Overcrowding also causes the
minimum service standards for prisons to
decrease at increasingly alarming levels. Basic
services in the form of drinking water, food,
communication, sleeping space, including health
will receive a direct impact. The state has had
difficulty in financing prison spending to meet
this minimum standard. This situation encourages
fostered residents to look for alternatives in
supporting the minimum standard of living in
prison. This situation finally encourages life
support from outside parties, namely the families
of the assisted residents. The problem is, this
family support will surely depend on the
economic conditions of each, there are rich and
many poor. This has made the provision of
certain facilities a fertile commodity for corrupt
prison officers. Prisoners who are classified as
having stronger financial capabilities will bribe
officers to get more adequate facilities and even
tend to be luxurious.
Fourth, the problem that is often missed is the
issue of the amount of costs that must be incurred
by the state to finance inmates in prisons. It
should be noted that fostered citizens who are in
prison are the responsibility of the state, so that
all types of funding from food to medicine must
be borne by the state. The greater the number of
occupants, the greater the cost borne by the state.
In the past three years, the costs of providing
food to prisoners have continued to increase. In
2017, these resources were valued at Rp.
1,088,350,649; in 2018, this number increased to
1,642,469,705,000; and in 2019, the cost reached
1,792,071,850,000. In the case of remand centers,
the state must pay Rp. 23,000 per day, excluding
the cost of care and treatment for sick residents
As a result, the costs borne by the state to foster
prisoners are quite large; however, if the
5
conditions are overcrowding, the expenditure will
be inconsistent with the expected results.
Fifth, an excess of occupants results in a large
number of prisoners and detainees having to be
transferred, because overcrowded conditions
make it impossible to carry out a coaching
program. This policy is positive, but it causes
losses to outsiders, especially families. This
problem limits the interaction and
communication of fostered citizens with their
families and relatives. Families who want to visit
must ultimately pay more because they have to
travel long distances to visit their families. This
practice then unfairly punishes the family of the
occupants, due to the large number of prison and
remand center residents.
B. Management and System Improvement
Efforts to Overcome Overcrowding in
Penitentiary Systems in Indonesia
The main objective of the penitentiary is to
provide guidance for correctional prisoners based
on the system, institutions, and ways of coaching
as the final part of the criminal justice system. In
the penitentiary, various training programs are
prepared for prisoners according to their level of
education, gender, religion, and criminal act
committed. As the final agent in the process of
guiding prisoners toward better futures,
correctional institutions must seriously consider
the rights and interests of incarcerated
populations. We must admit that the role of
correctional institutions in the fostering of
prisoners is strategic and dominant, especially in
regard to the restoration of prisoners to civilian
life and providing guidance in the fields of
spirituality and hard skills (such as carpentry,
sewing, and so on) [16].
Reorientation and re-evaluation of criminal
matters—especially through legislation—is a
necessary outcome in connection with
community development and increased crime in
Indonesia and internationally [17]. In its
development, the concept of restorative justice
emerged as a form of settlement for both criminal
and civil cases that involves all parties [18].
Prison is seen as a punishment that can be
detrimental to the offender. Imprisonment is
associated with the deterioration of a prisoner's
financial situation. Prisoners who were employed
before being detained often miss out on income
during their imprisonment and run the risk of
losing their jobs [19].
Re-examining correctional facilities as
punishment in the present context, as well as
examining the institutional problems associated
with them, suggests that the government must
6 Ravena and Mahmud / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol.54 No.5 Oct. 2019
consider revising the approach to correctional
facilities. The concept of correctional facilities is
essentially a concept of resocialization:
"correctional" refers to the process of
rehabilitating prisoners so that they can become
good and useful citizens via healthy reentry into
the community. The theory of resocialization as a
goal of punishment is basically a concept
asserting that punishment by means of
socialization can basically destroy the offender
(punishment should help the delinquent
overcome his social mal-adjustment) [20].
Improving the management of correctional
systems requires an extraordinary determination
to change and update future correctional
institutions. The current condition of correctional
institutions reflects the impact of government
policies that neglect these institutions. An
institution that functions as the final phase in the
criminal justice system, the correctional facility is
lacking necessary attention, thus resulting in
incomplete and inadequate regulation of
correctional institutions. The minimum standard
rules for the treatment of prisoners require that
the needs of prisoners should be met by the
government in order to support the ongoing
coaching process. Policies that can support these
conditions include management of prisoners'
guidance systems, funding issues for the
availability of facilities, their infrastructure, and
staff welfare [21].
It is important to realize that the unsavory
conditions in correctional institutions are not only
caused by incomplete policies. Human resource
departments are not always able to translate an
institution's objectives, but officials must
nevertheless fulfill their respective roles in
supporting the achievement of coaching goals.
On various occasions, the process of coaching
and training prison staff has been successful, but
the problem within the institution remains;
therefore, the responsibility of officers is not
simply understanding a situation, as the problems
that occur in prisons are not simply limited to
improving welfare and knowledge. Thus, a
positive attitude and common sense become
integral to the efficacy of achieving goals. Prison
officers serve as a clear example for how
prisoners should act, and it is impossible for the
coaching process to be achieved if what is
reflected by prison personnel counteracts those
goals.
Based on the description of various problems
in correctional institutions, several efforts can be
made to overcome the overcrowding of
correctional institutions, namely:
First, it must be honestly acknowledged that
the Indonesian judiciary has produced many
convicts who eventually enter prison. Public
perception considers the success of the criminal
justice system as measured by how many people
can be punished, even though the success of the
justice system is actually measured by the
breadth of the judicial process. The intensity of
the judicial process, for example, can influence
the public not to commit a crime and, thus, deter
potential perpetrators from becoming criminals.
As such, providing sanctions offers objectives for
general prevention and special prevention.
Punishing the perpetrators of crime is not the
only solution to resolve the overall problem of
crime; punishing as many people as possible
actually adds to the problem because the prison is
no longer able to accommodate the convicted
person. At present, there is a shift in perspective
occurring on how to deal with social problems
from the initial use of civil or administrative legal
instruments to criminal legal instruments.
Criminal law is no longer treated as the last resort
or ultimum remedium in tackling crime but as
premum remedium [22]. The majority of
decisions made by a judge takes the form of a
prison sentence and a fine, although the decision
is often lighter than the charges in the indictment
filed by the public prosecutor [23]. The
penitentiary is situated at the end of the criminal
justice system. In order to solve the
overcrowding problem, it must be addressed from
its head. As soon as possible, the sub-judicial
system of the police, prosecutors and courts
should reform to use criminal sanctions as a last
resort (ultimum remidium) and instead use
alternative criminal settlement solutions such as
mediation with the idea of restorative justice. In
this way, the number of convicts entering prison
can be reduced. Judges need to consider the
impact of a person being convicted of a criminal
offense and other problems imposed on a penal
institution when carrying out a sentence. That
does not mean that a person found guilty of
committing a crime must be acquitted, but law
enforcement can use other alternatives to hold
them legally liable. Legal responsibility is not
solely imprisonment.
Second, the policy that needs reform is the
one that governs decisions of when to add
buildings or build a number of detention and
prison technical implementing units in all regions
of Indonesia. It is noteworthy that increasing the
number of remand centers or prisons to overcome
overcrowding will not succeed if it is not
preceded by the necessary steps discussed above.
The policy to increase the number of prisons or

remand centers is carried out proportionally,
measured and in stages according to the
budgetary capabilities of the Ministry of Law and
Human Rights. Building new prisons or remand
centers should start with areas where inventory
efforts show prisons or remand centers always
experience high levels of overcapacity. Building
new prisons or remand centers or increasing the
number of buildings is considered as the main
solution to reduce the gap between the number of
prisoners and building availability. To achieve
this goal, appropriate construction of new
buildings must be equipped with various facilities
that can accommodate the basic rights of
prisoners such as the availability of clean water,
bathrooms, places of worship, workshops, arts,
plantations and other facilities as needed. The
availability of facilities aims to meet the basic
needs of prisoners and avoid riots due to fighting
over clean water, beds, and food. In terms of
health facilities, these can create a healthy
environment and reduce the incidence of disease,
which has been the main cause of death for
convicted persons. The construction of the
building along with its facilities can avoid
disruption to prisoners and detainees so that
access to communication with their families can
continue as normal, and, most importantly, the
addition of facilities can support the
implementation of the coaching process so that
the goal of punishment is no longer a forgotten
thing.
Third, improvement of management and the
correctional system towards an ideal system is a
must by fixing various deficiencies such as
security systems, social guidance, general
guidance, administration and healthcare.
Improving management and the system starts
from the adequacy of the number of personnel
assigned to certain units – if it is fulfilled then
each prison or remand center must improve the
quality of understanding of each officer on the
purpose of the penal system. So far, prison
officers only know about the purpose of
correctional facilities, but they do not fully
understand their duties and responsibilities so
they are unable to set a good example for
prisoners. For example, in 2018, the findings of
the investigation team of the Ministry of Justice
and Human Rights found that prisoners of
corruption cases got luxury facilities in
Sukamiskin prison, were distributing narcotics
and in possession of sharp weapons; this
condition occurred because there was a practice
of bribery between prisoners and prison officers.
Trading for luxury facilities in prison has become
a normal phenomenon and always involves
7
prison staff; the coaching process will not be
achieved if there is still corrupt behavior of
prison staff. The improvement of the quality of
correctional officers can be achieved by
conducting security system training, community
guidance, coaching and improving
administration. If mental health problems and
problems with facilities are resolved,
improvement of management and the system will
be easy to implement – for example, with the
adequacy of existing facilities, officers can
separate prisoners into those of recidivist status
and non-recidivist status, segregation based on
qualifications of severe and minor penalties,
types of criminal offenses, age of prisoners and
gender. Likewise, the process of coaching
officers can classify the interests of prisoners'
talents and direct them to do work that supports
efforts to increase production. At present, of the
522 technical implementer units spread
throughout Indonesia, only 11 are able to produce
handicraft products, which are exported to
various countries such as France, Germany, the
Netherlands, Japan, Malaysia, the United States,
Dubai, China and South Korea; the rest have not
been able to produce competitive products
because the management and correctional system
has not been supported by the various facilities
needed [5].
Fourth, improvement of staff welfare is
needed. Welfare problems often cause prison
officers to engage in bribery practices so that the
correctional staff benefit policy needs to be
redone to increase staff allowances in the hope of
closing the offer and temptation of bribery, but if
there is an increase in welfare that does not
influence the strengthening of integrity,
punishment must be applied. Thus, in the process
of improving management and correctional
systems, the principle of reward and punishment
must be applied. For officers with good
achievements in the field of security, social
counselors and coaching are appreciated. On the
other hand, officers involved in violating the law
must receive punishment.
IV. CONCLUSION
The problem of overcrowding in correctional
institutions has a number of implications. First,
work, skills, medical and social rehabilitation
programs are not going well because there is a
gap between the number of prisoners and prison
staff. Second, the conditions of overcrowding
cause tuberculosis, HIV, respiratory and digestive
diseases. These diseases thrive in prison and can
even result in death of prisoners and detainees, in
which case that prison or remand center is no
8 Ravena and Mahmud / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol.54 No.5 Oct. 2019
longer a healthy place. Third, overcrowding can
trigger riots because the rights of prisoners are
not fulfilled and it can increase the practice of
extortion and fights between prisoners. Fourth,
the problem of overcrowding burdens countries
with high costs of financing the needs of
prisoners. Over the last three years, the cost of
providing prisoners food has increased. In 2017,
it was valued at $1,088,350,649,000 in 2018, it
increased to $1,642,469,705,000 and in 2019, it
reached $1,792,071,850,000. The funds that the
country pays for food costs in prisons and
remand centers comes to $23,000 per day, and
this value does not include health and other costs.
Fifth, the problem of overcrowding makes
communication and interaction of prisoners with
families difficult because the government has a
policy of moving some prisoners to places far
from home. As a result, families get punished and
these problems have a direct impact on the
rehabilitation process. The problems of
overcrowding in the penal system in Indonesia
can be addressed in several ways, namely: a)
reducing convictions to stem the high number of
convicts who enter prison--criminal offenders can
be asked for other forms of legal responsibility
without having to go through prison; b) add new
buildings or build penitentiaries where inventory
efforts consistently show the highest
overcrowded rates--when new prisons are built,
health problems can be resolved; c) improve
management and security systems, guidance,
administration and health--improving the
management system starts by having an adequate
number of officers, followed by an increase in the
integrity and quality of understanding of the
officers regarding the objectives of the penal
system; d) enhancing the welfare of officers
coupled with provisions for reward and
punishment so that prison officers know how to
improve their performance in guiding prisoners.
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