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2
 Learning Objectives

Having worked through this the students will be

able to:

3
Presence of Non-hydrocarbon Gases

•• In
Natural
Wichert gas
andwith
Aziz
the presence a high
of largecontent
(1972) have of Hof2Snonhydrocarbon
presented
amounts is often referred
a correlation
to
thatas allows
gases, athe
“sour” gas)
gasthe use of the
deviation Standing-Katz
factor graph in the
must be adjusted.
presence
• • In
The termof ɛnonhydrocarbon
the absence 3 of
iscomplete
a function gases.
natural
of gasThe
the Hpseudocritical
composition
2S and CO but2
properties,
knowing Tpc gas
concentrations,
the and Pgravity
whichpc, can
can be
beand
corrected
obtained by
the composition
from of
  3 1.6
nonhydrocarbon
Tpc'  Tpc 0.9 gases, the 0.5
inserts4.0in Figure 2 can be
ɛ3 = 120 [A - A ] + 15 (B -B )
used to adjust the' pseudocritical properties of a gas
A = y' H2S + yCO2PpcTpc
Ppc  to account for the presence of nonhydrocarbon
B = yH2STpc  y H 2 S 1  y H 2 S  3
mixture
gases 4
 Solution
Calculate
Compound y
the pseudocritical
M yM
pressure
p
and
yp
temperature
T
of
yT
a
i i i i ci i ci ci i ci

sourC1gas at 0.784
190°F16.04 12.575psi.673
and 4,000 527.6 344 is given
Gas composition 269.7
From Figure,
C2 the term
0.028 30.07 ɛ3 = 23.5
0.842 709 R. Then,
19.9 550 15.4
C3
below: 0.007 ' 44.09 0.309 618 4.3 666 4.7
i-C4 0.0008Tpc58.12 3
 Tpc 0.046 530 0.4 733 0.6
n-C4 0.0005 58.12 0.029 551 0.3 766 0.4
T
C1 =i-C5
'

0.784pcT    408  23 .5  384 .5 R
pc
0.00083 72.15C2 =0.058 0.028' 482
P T 0.4C3 = 0.007
830 0.7
n-C5 0.0003 '
Ppc' 72.15 0.022pc pc 485 0.1 847 0.3
i-C4C6+= ' 0.0008
Ppc  0.005 28.02 pc 0.086
TpcTn-C
0.001Ppc86.17 4 

S 1  397
y=H 20.0005y H777
2S
3 384
0.4i-C
.5 5 = 973
0.0008 1.0
 726.1.1
85 psi
N2  
Tpc  y H 2 S 1  yH 2 S  3 408  0.1521  0.15223.5
0.140 492 2.5 227
n-CCO2
5
H2S
= 0.021 44.01
0.0003 C
0.152 34.08 6+ 5.180
0.924
= 0.0006 1072
1306
22.5
N
198.5 2
= 548
0.005
673
11.5
102.3

CO2 = 0.021 1 H2MSa ==20.21

0.152. Ppc =777 Tpc =408
5
• After adjusted the
Calculate for Npseudocritical
2, CO2, and H2S, respectively, the values
properties using gasof
Tpc and Ppc are 406 R and 767 psi, compared with 407 R and
specific gravity.
777 psi, as calculated explicitly inPTable.
pc = 668 These
– 2 + 9 values
+ 92 = 767 psi.be
must
• If we assume that specific gravity of the gas
adjusted again using
mixture is 0.7 and the hydrocarbon components are
'
Tnot Tpc   3 while
pc known  406 the 5  382.5R
23.non-hydrocarbon components
Tpc = 390 – 2 – 2 + 20 = 406 R
are given PpcT '
pc 767 382.5
Ppc 
'
  717.3 psi
• Tpc the
Then,  
yH 2S pseudoproperties 1  0.15223
1  yH 2S  3 406  0.152should be.5 estimated
from the following chart. 6
•• The
Based
gason density
the gas specific
is defined
gravity
as mass
definition
(m) listed
per unit
in
volume
previous(V).
slides,
It can
thebeapparent
calculated
molecular
from theweight
real gas
oflaw
the
gas mixture
m (Ma)
PM a in last equation can be replaced by
rg  
gg. That V
givesZRT
the correlation between rg and gg:
• In field unit, R isP10.73
g g psi-ft3/lb-mol-R, rg is in lb/ft3,
r g  2 .7
and p and T are inZT psi and R, respectively.
• In field unit where r is in lbm/ft 3, P and T are in psi
• In SI unit, R is 8.314 gm -Pa/K-mol, rg is in kg/m3, and
3

pand
andR,T respectively.
are in Pa and K, respectively.
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• The formation ZnRT
volume factor relates the reservoir
V P
B 
volume
g 
to the Zvolume at standard conditions of any
V sc sc nRT sc
hydrocarbon mixture.Psc
•• For the same
In the mass,
case of nR can gas,
a natural be cancelled out and,volume
the formation after
substitution of Zbe
factor, B , can sc ≈ related
1,Tsc = with
60 + the
460 application
= 520 R, andofPthe
sc
g
= 14.7 psi, Eq. 12 becomes
real gas law for reservoir conditions and for standard
ZT
conditions.
Bg  0.0283 Thus,
(res ft 3 / scf )
P
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Solution:
Step 2. Compute ppr and Tpr from
AStep 4. Calculategas
hydrocarbon the mixture
gas density
has a specific gravity of 0.72.
CalculateStep
the 1.
gasCalculate
density Tand gas formation
pc and ppc by = 395volume
Tpcapplying
°R factor at
2000 psia and 140°F by assumingZ a=real
0.79gas behavior
Ppc = 668 psia
Step 5. Calculate the gas formation volume factor

Step 3. Determine the z-factor from

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