COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 1

Table Contents

Table Contents................................................................................................................................1

I Introduction..................................................................................................................................1

II Common Interest between EU and East Asia on Global Issues...................................................2

Peace and Security....................................................................................................................3

Political and Diplomacy.............................................................................................................3

Inter – Regional Security............................................................................................................6

Terrorism, Transnational Crime,, Trafficking & Judicial Cooperation......................................7

International Human Rights, Rule of Law & Good Governance................................................9

Global and Societal Challenges..............................................................................................10

Financial Crisis........................................................................................................................11

Environmental, Energy, Climate Change & Sustainable Development....................................11

Poverty Eradication..................................................................................................................13

Science & Technology..............................................................................................................14

Higher Education & Culture....................................................................................................16

III Results, Performance and Lessons Learnt................................................................................16

IV Conclusion...............................................................................................................................17

V Bibliography.............................................................................................................................17

I Introduction

Bangkok was the home of the first ASEM meeting back in 1996. Many can saw

that they had clue as to what it was that they were getting themselves into but more than

one and half decade later, we can but sit and see the great strides that have been covered

in the partnership. With close to forty – seven nations being closely involved in the series
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 2

of meetings, we can be forgiven to note and saw that it is no longer an EU and East Asia

affair. The key underlying reason for the set up is to try and ensure that the relationship

between these two continents is deeper than ever; the main precipitate for this is the fact

that many have seen the need for a more balanced world order. The series of meetings

have gotten to encompass three key themes: political understanding through concerted

dialogue, territorial security & economics and the growing influence of both education

and culture. Through Regional Economic Communities, we have gotten to see that many

have opted for such a platform as it has born more fruits in the areas of economics and

commerce. The underlying reason behind Regional Economic Communities is to foresee

the unprecedented expansion of the trading potential of a given nation. Whereas

previously the Regional Economic Communities have been generally concerned with the

question on how to expand a particular region’s economic potential and the existent

commercial opportunities, today, focus is shifting to one in which the nation state is

seeing more pastures beyond the traditional regional set up. Such is seen with ASEM. For

the purpose of meeting basic scholarship achievement, this treatise shall begin by

deciphering the common interest between the EU & East Asia before moving on to look

at the results and performance of the series of meetings. More importantly, it shall make

important comments on the various lessons that have been learnt on the subject matter.

II Common Interest between EU and East Asia on Global Issues

With the expected changing of the tides, the gradual metamorphosis of the

orthodox roles of RECs has led to parties looking into other areas of concern that are of

common interest to all. Besides, some such economic communities have widened, or are

at least widening the scope of their realms into some other non-traditional areas such as
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 3

inter-regional political and diplomatic relations. As such, the purpose of this treatise is to

undertake a critical examination the common interests that the European Union and East

Asia share outside the scope of the economic sector. The essay discusses the said issues

within the context of theoretical debates of globalization. As a means to an end, the essay

shall consider and discuss how, for instance, the European Union and East Asia may be

able to deal with such common issues from two main groupings. The first shall be various

topics revolving around peace & security and the other being global & societal

challenges. In the former category, we shall try to demystify the nature of political

diplomacy, inter – regional security, terrorism, transnational crime, trafficking & judicial

cooperation. Moreover, it will seek to look at the thorny issue of international human

rights, rule of law and good governance. With regards to the latter topic on global &

societal challenges, we shall look into the global financial crisis, environment, energy,

climate change and more importantly, sustainable development. Moreover, the paper

shall examine the areas of poverty eradication, science & technology and higher

education vis-à-vis culture.

Peace and Security

It goes without say that peace and security are the cornerstone to the prosperity of

any nation. It is with this in mind that pertinent examples have been selected to extend

the show of impetus that the topic has in the minds of the diplomats from across the

divide.

Political and Diplomacy

Besides the other new sets of regional economic concerns, one of the most

primordial reasons that do inform the establishment of regional economic blocs is the
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 4

need for the enhancement of the available intra-regional economic and commercial

opportunities. As a result, states have tended to coalesce together in order to harness the

economic and commercial opportunities that are founding within their particular region.

As a result, the same reasons did inform the establishment of both the European Union

and East Asian economic blocs (Santino and Regilme 2011, p. 69).

However, among other issues that ought to be of common interest for both the

European Union and the East Asian Economic blocs are those of regional politics and

diplomacy within these two regions. Unlike the case with the European Union which is

relatively stable politically, the same is not the case with the East Asian region. The

political instability within the East Asian region generally ensues from the fact that East

Asia, especially China, has continued to witness serious questions about its lack of

accountability within its political system (ibid).

Besides the political challenges that arise from the fact of China’s lack of political

accountability, there are other politically relevant issues that will certainly continue to be

of common interest to both the European Union and East Asia. Very importantly in this

regard for instance are the unresolved political issues relating to the claims that the

People’s Republic of China has made on a number of territories. Among the affected

territories in this category are the relationships between China and the Republic of China

(Taiwan), China and Hong Kong, as well that of China and Tibet (Gardiner 2003, p. 188).

The relationship that China has had with the aforementioned territories has over

the years become thorny issues especially within the realm of Public International Law

owing to the fact that the same has stifled the calls for independence from the affected

countries (Talmon 1998, p. 123). The stifling of political independence for the affected
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 5

territories arise out of the fact that the international community has been reluctant to grant

political recognition to such entities as Taiwan, Tibet and Hong Kong as states

notwithstanding the fact that these entities very undeniably meet the threshold for

statehood as specified within the Montevideo Convention.

As a result of these thorny and sensitive political challenges therefore require

diplomatic intervention from a neutral international arbiter(s). Since the issues are

political in nature, they require negotiated political settlements, as opposed to

confrontational solutions. Negotiated political settlements are best achieved through

sustained diplomatic endeavours which need to be conducted within an environment

devoid of any political mistrusts and suspicions. In this regard therefore, the European

Union may thus come in handy, especially if The European Union may offer its good

offices for diplomatic negotiations between the Chinese and these entities’ quests for

political independence.

The common interests between the European Union and East Asia are that both

regional blocs must realize that a diplomatic solution to these protracted political

questions would portend regional stability which will, no doubt, enhance the long-term

social, political and economic interests for both regions (European Commission 2004, p.

6). Even though diplomatic intervention from the European Union may offer a welcome

impetus to the push towards a speedy resolution of these incidents of political instability,

one outstanding advantage that would come with a diplomatic initiative from the

European Union is the fact that it would not come laden with any prejudicial baggage

which is notably seen from the fact that unlike the United States of America is viewed by

China as not being entirely neutral (Gardiner 2003, p. 321). The United States of America
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 6

has always had a soft and biased spot for Taiwan, hence may not be accepted by both the

Chinese and the Taiwanese to preside over a neutral negotiated political settlement to the

problem in question (Glahn 2010, p. 122). Owing to this disability visited on the United

States, it is therefore incumbent upon the European Union to seize this great diplomatic

opportunity and be able to try to offer the lead in diplomacy for the region. The resulting

political stability will offer long-term inter-regional advantages to both regions within the

social, political and economic spheres.

Inter – Regional Security

When it boils down to inter – regional security, a lot of factors come into play.

Looking around within the two continents, we come to terms with the fact that inter –

regional security organizations such as NATO have a key role to play. However, it

saddens to hear of the fact that despite this being the case, the regions are not entirely at

ease especially with regards to nuclear weapons. In particular is the issue of nuclear non-

proliferation within North Korea (Geest and Benini 2005, p. 5). In fact, at present, one of

the world’s greatest security concerns and fears outside that of Iran is the one for North

Korea. The North Korean situation has been of greatest concern not just out of the fact

that the rest of the world seems to know very disturbingly little about the country’s nuke,

but also out of the fact of the polarized security being experienced within the Korean

Peninsula.

Whereas the rest of the world has previously reacted to the development by North

Korea of nuclear arsenal by imposing a raft of economic sanctions that have choked the

country’s economy and contributed to a humanitarian catastrophe, the same has not been

able to check the Communist leaning state’s momentum towards its nuclear program
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 7

(ibid). The fact of this reality has therefore required that the world re-evaluates its

approach to the headache posed by the North Korean situation.

The question therefore is that of how best the world ought to deal with this

erstwhile “rogue” state of East Asia? Naturally, the world must reconfigure its strategies

for dealing with North Korea in order to develop and implement long-term and

sustainable peace within the Korean Peninsula. Owing to the fact that the imposition of

economic sanctions have all but flopped, perhaps a more effective and less costly strategy

in this regard might be that of a negotiated settlement through diplomacy as was the case

with Libya during the late 1990s (ibid).

By all reasonable standards, it is to be expected that both the European Union and

East Asia, like the rest of the world, are interested in seeing an end to the ever festering

and potentially calamitous Korean Peninsula crisis. Consequently, it is to be expected that

owing to the mutual interest in nurturing a strong regional bloc within the East Asian

region so as to bolster the two regions’ social and economic successes, the two regions

must be prepared to play a leading role in putting into place a diplomatic solution to the

crisis. In this regard, it is to be expected that the European Union ought to prevail upon

China to play a leading role in playing a leading role in developing such a negotiated

settlement since North Korea and China have warm and cordial diplomatic relations.

Terrorism, Transnational Crime,, Trafficking & Judicial Cooperation

As is with any given regional boy, we shall always be concerned with anything

that might have the propensity or even the slightest of potential to deter the respective

economies from growth. In particular is the constant of terrorism; through the careful

application of dialogue, the EU has made it very clear that the peace and stability of all
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 8

partners is very critical and ass such all forms of information that will work towards the

fight on terrorism will be forthcoming. It is very important to note the fact that both

partners comprehend the fact that strides in the fight on terrorism are best fought by the

respective member sate and as such the much that the rest can do is provide the much

needed implementation of a comprehensive strategic package that would work best with

tackling with acts of terror. However, central to all manners of initiatives lie in the fact

that the respect for human rights is very critical. As such, both parties to the meeting have

agreed to not only support the UNSC Resolution 1373 but also any other subsequent UN

convention on the subject matter.

January 2004 saw the first ever meeting set up to discuss issue of transnational

crime (J. Gilson, 2005). In the said meeting, specialist from all the concerned

departments came together to make a progress as to how best they could aid the efforts of

Interpol in making sure that the territorial security is secured. Mover, there is a growing

need to have criminals that cross all borders to be put out and ensure a more secure

region that can move to consolidate its resources in other areas of economic development.

Human trafficking has been of growing concern to all parties; it is noted that

several parts of Eastern Europe and South East Asia are still trying to come to terms with

the whole spectacle (J. Gilson, 2005). As disturbing as it might sound, there are still

reported cases of modern day slavery that is greatly being facilitated by the trafficking.

On another note, the issue of drug trafficking does not seem to let up as it has been

observed that monies gained in the trade have sort new uses particularly in aiding and

abetting terrorist activities (J. Gilson, 2005). As such, curtailing of such trafficking will

go a long way in the general stability in the regions.

COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 9

So what happens when suspects have been arrested by the respective security

forces? It has been observed that there is still a huge niche left in this particular sector

especially when tackling issues dealing with say drugs. For example, the two regions are

both in agreement that they are to enforce the guiding principles set out in UN

Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances,

Vienna Convention of 1988. As such, the two regions are in close reaches of a fully

enhanced judicial co-operation vis-à-vis matters of mutual legal assistance, extradition,

transfer of proceedings and training of judicial personnel. To make the system be more

effective, there is need to ensure that the parties have an enhanced or rather a more

integrated and common approach to the penalties that are to be imposed on offenders; it

there is a varying rages of penalties for the same kind of offense, then such scenario will

result in weak links that would do more harm than good.

International Human Rights, Rule of Law & Good Governance

The promotion of human rights and democracy, the rule of law, as well as good

governance (Starmer and Christou 2005, p. 1264) lies at the very heart of a majority of

diplomats when it comes to multilateral dealings. Except for the civil rights cases within

Japan, Taiwan and South Korea, the other countries within the East Asia region, and

more notably China have perpetrated a culture of repressive political and civil tendencies.

One of the biggest blots on the Chinese governments’ human rights and

governance records is that of the Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989. During the

incident which began on the 15th of April 1989, the Chinese military descended upon civil

rights activists, mostly students, who had gathered within and around the Tiananmen
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 10

Square to protest over the run-away inflation, corruption and limited career prospects

among other reasons.

The action precipitated the deaths of hundreds of demonstrators within and

around the Square thus casting a long shadow upon the governance and human rights

credentials of the People’s Republic of China which has not been too keen to right these

damaging negative implications even to date as it continues to implement a very

restrictive civil rights program that brooks no dissent and deviation from the official

position by the powers that be. In addition to the pathetic human rights record, the other

civil liberties are equally not strongly rooted within the Chinese civil ad political system

even to date, twenty three years after the Tiananmen Square massacre.

Owing to the dominant role that the Chinese have assumed not just within the

region of East Asia, but also across the entire globe, it is imperative that the country

embraces enhanced good governance, human rights, as well as other civil and political

liberties. This therefore is an important role that the European Union may play by

imploring upon China on the need to expand its civil and political platform so as to be

able to positively influence other states both within the East Asian region such as North

Korea and the rest of the world where it has started exerting a lot of influence which is

almost rivalling that of the United States of America (Gardiner 2003, p. 236).

Global and Societal Challenges

Once the question of territorial security has been ensured, diplomats and policy

makers can move to areas of national development. It has been understood that there are

other issues that might precipitate instability in the region. Some of these issues include
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 11

financial meltdown, environment and energy and poverty. With these in mind, the essay

shall proceed to examine the said issues in detail.

Financial Crisis

No sooner had the 2008 financial crisis strike Asia; there was an immediate credit

freeze (Pollet-Fort, 2012). Whereas it is not in the interest of this treatise to look at the

underlying causes and effects, it is important to take note of the relations that the

European Union has with the East Asian nations. It is very interesting to note the fact that

European exporters to East Asia recovered much faster than those in East Asia; it is

because of such a reason that a long term mitigation strategy was seen as inevitable if the

effects of any future crisis are to be minimised. Much has to be done to ensure that the

amount of Foreign Direct Investment that was seen earlier before the 2008 crisis resumes.

For East Asia to have a broader cushion to any future crisis, it needs to ensure that its

dependence on the European Union for markets is reduced. Nevertheless, with the

growing number of trade agreements, such a future threat is less likely to instil fear on

economists on either side of the blocs (Pollet-Fort, 2012).

Environmental, Energy, Climate Change & Sustainable Development

In addition to the common interests shared within the areas of politics and

diplomacy, the European Union and East Asia do also have a lot of interests within the

global issues arising from the international environmental issues and concerns such as the

Global Warming and Climate Change, i.e. the increase in the average world temperatures

through the greenhouse effect. The effects of the global climate change ought to be of

concern to both the European Union and the East Asian region out of a number of reasons

which are quite pertinent to their long-term social, economic and political interests.
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 12

One of the reasons as to why global climatic changes arising from the problem of

Global Warming ought to be of common interest to both the two regions is out of the fact

that the same has a direct Impact upon the two regions’, as indeed, the rest of the world’s

agricultural production and output (Parker 2008, p. 17). The effects of climatic changes

on agricultural production are quite multifaceted. For instance, on the one hand, the same

will ultimately impact negatively upon the overall food output of the two regions in

particular and the world in general. Consequently, the same will have serious negative

ramifications upon the two regions’ huge populations thereby having serious drawbacks

upon their social, political and economic developments.

Other than the fact of an ultimate reduction in the two regions’ food security and

sustainability, the global climatic changes require that the two regions put into place very

coordinated strategies towards the mitigation of the long-term effects of the same. This

necessity arises from the fact that, other than the United States of America, these two

regions constitute part of the world’s serious emitters of the greenhouse gases from their

industries (UNFCCC 2005, p. 4).

As a result of the two regions’ heavy greenhouse gas emissions from the

industries, it should be in the best of their common interests to explore the best possible

ways through which they may be able to arrest these run-away industrial emissions so as

to avoid having them continuing to put the world’s future environmental interests at stake

as is the case presently (Kameri-Mbote, Okidi and Migai Akech 2008, p. 202).

Besides the emissions from the two regions’ industries, other serious causes of

global climatic changes within the region include the emissions of the greenhouse gases

such as nitrous oxide from the paddy fields, the contributions from the livestock, the
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 13

carbon emissions from the countries’ transport industry, among many more (Thornton

and Beckwith 2004, p. 134).

Thus, like has been the case with the greenhouse gas emissions from the two

regions’ industries, global climatic changes that arise from the hereinabove identified

sources require that they both reconsider some much more appropriate ways to develop

long-term solutions towards addressing the associated challenges. However, it is to be

noted that any such attempted solutions would probably have some fundamental effects

upon the agricultural productions for the two regions. As a result of the foregoing, this

therefore calls for inter-regional cooperation in order to ensure they come up with

sustainable long-term solutions that would not adversely affect their agricultural output

and the regions’ food sustainability (HSUS 2011, p. 4).

Indeed, owing to the fact that global environmental changes are not localized in

nature and even effect, the two regions need to play a leading role towards influencing

the entire global politics regarding climate change. In this regard therefore, it is to be

expected that the European Union will persuade China, which has been previously

reluctant to implement greenhouse gas emission strategies and obligations arising through

the Kyoto Protocol, to play the environmental ball. Further, it is of utmost importance

that the cooperation of the Chinese be attained in this regard in order to be able to secure

the future cooperation.

Poverty Eradication

It can also to be appreciated that both the European Union and East Asia also

ought to have a common interest within the area of social and economic empowerment

through the development of poverty alleviation programmes (Mukoma and Ogechi 2006,
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 14

p. 62). There is no doubt that the European Union has a stable social and economic

programme hence it can mutually share its experience with the East Asian regional bloc

so as to enable the East Asian region to develop long-term programmes for the alleviation

of poverty within the region (ibid).

So how can they go about in trying to reduce the levels of poverty in the

respective member states? Over the years, the European Union has developed itself into

one big cohesive market with a population running into hundreds of millions. Similarly,

East Asian regional bloc is one of the world’s biggest owing to the Huge Chinese

population of more than one billion people (CIA 2012, p. 1). Naturally therefore, the two

regions can develop very appropriate trade links that would be of interest to all the states

within the regions. As a result of this huge population, it can only be hoped that the two

regions would be able to tap this huge market potential so as to develop very sustainable

and long-term inter-regional trade agreements which would harness this yet to be fully

realized potential. It is through these agreements that we can feel comfortable to sleep at

night and not that poverty levels would be on the decline as nations will accrue massive

profits from trade which can then be channelled into economic stimulus packages and

development projects whose sole agenda is poverty reduction.

Science & Technology

Besides the foregoing incidents, one other major area of common interest for the

two regional blocs is, definitely, that of the inter-regional transfer of science and

technology. The role of science and technology has become very critical in this era

because of the fact that East Asia, through China and Japan, has rose to become one of

the biggest workshops for the global goods such as electronics and automobiles.
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 15

Naturally, the transfer of science and technology raises questions of the mechanisms the

jurisdictional protection for the intellectual property rights such as trademarks, patents

and even copyrights (Goldstein 2004, p. 143).

The issue of adequate protection of intellectual property rights has been a very

sensitive one for the Chinese, and Japanese to some extent (Sihanya 1994, p. 55). The

sensitivity of the issues touching upon the protection of intellectual property rights ensue

from the fact that the Chinese have over the years adopted the often controversial practice

known as “reverse engineering” through which they deal with patented products in a

manner that is inconsistent with the intellectual property interests of the patentees (ibid).

As a result, the technologically savvy Western world whose citizens’ intellectual property

interests have suffered through such practices has always had economic disagreements

with the Chinese who have nonetheless defended their actions as being in line with their

sovereign rights and interests (Sihanya 2009, p. 30).

In light of the circumstances above, it is to be appreciated that owing to the

continuing dominance of China at the global stage, there is bound to be an even

continued threat posed to the intellectual property rights of the innovators from the West.

In this regard therefore, there is an even urgent need for the European Union and the East

Asia regional blocs to develop very closer social and economic working ties that would

enable all the processes associated with the transfer of science and technology to be less

controversial and be devoid of the present flagrant violations of the property rights of the

citizens of the Western world (Drahos and Mayne 2002, p. 99).

Other than the issues touching upon intellectual property rights, the transfer of

science and technology may also be of common interest to the two regional blocs within
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 16

the realm of energy supply. This is because East Asia is slowly emerging as one of the

world’s biggest workshops (Geest and Benini 2005, p. 7). As a global manufacturing hub,

the region certainly needs to invest into long-term energy infrastructure in order to

sustain their energy needs and requirements both now and in the future.

Higher Education & Culture

ASEA – UNINET is a testament to the growing belief that there still lies an

enormous niche in the field of cooperation between the universities of the European

Union and East Asia (Jacobs, 1999). Research and development, curricula development

and faculty exchange are some of the areas that can be explored to realise greater

potential. But more importantly, it will take the active participation of the individual

scholars to make the dream realised. For example, the Asia Europe Foundation has been

seen as critical in providing summer exchanges for scholars. So much has its potential

been realised that many are now considering setting up a scholarship fund that will see

more scholars being engaged in the initiative.

Culture has been seen as an important area that can be used to enhance greater

understanding amongst the peoples whilst encourage tourism. With more ties being

formed amongst the peoples, we can be rest assured that the region will see the

propensity to engage in conflicts reduce (Jacobs, 1999). Moreover, the various agencies

that already working closely together will get to have a greater working atmosphere

owing from the good multilateral relationship that has bee spawned.

III Results, Performance and Lessons Learnt

From the above discussion, we can observe that a lot has been out in place as is

with regards to enhancing the nature of the relations between the two regions. As an
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 17

objective opinion, we can say that much has been gained but of course this is not

sufficient. The areas of gain are centred on areas pertaining to peace & security and

global & societal challenges. As much as the region is not as stable as it ought to be, we

cannot lay a blanket blame on the union simply because the regional arrangement is not

entirely strong enough to enforce its policies. From the above discussions from the

various sub topics, a careful presentation of the results and performance is available.

As is with any discussion, we can note that certain issues have been raised. For

example, the arrangement has to devise a new way in which it can offer checks and

balances on its individual parties to the arrangement. Moreover, it should be noted that

the best way to go about it is through diplomacy and not through force or coercion.

IV Conclusion

In conclusion therefore, it is to be pointed out that whereas the primary purpose

for which regional blocs are formed is that of economic development, there are however

more areas that the regional blocs may indeed work for and achieve. For instance, like

has been illustrated hereinabove, it is possible for such blocs to put into place inter-

regional cooperation through which they may develop militarily, social and economic

development, political development, as well as within the area of technological transfer

among others. If well developed, the European Union and East Asia may be able to

advance these common interests that they share for the betterment of their economic

blocs.

V Bibliography
COMMON INTERESTS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST ASIA 18

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