What is matter?

What are the general

properties of
matter?
Define the following terms:
• Atom and ion
• Proton p+ = atomic # and e-
• Electron e- =p+ (neutral) atomic
# - charge
• Neutron n = atomic mass –
atomic
• Valence electron -
Define the following terms:

•Ion
•Cation
•Anion
Define the following terms:
• Atomic mass
• Atomic number
• Atomic weight
N = atomic mass – p+
 p+ = 11
11 11 e- = 11

23
Na
23
n= 23 – 11 = 12

atomic mass = 23
atomic number = 11
 p+ = 11
11 11 e- = 11

23
Na
23
n= 12

atomic mass = 23
atomic number = 11
 p+ = 13
13 11 e- =13

27
Al
23
n= 14

atomic mass = 27
atomic number = 13
 p+ = 13
13 11 e- = 13

27
Al
23
n= 14

atomic mass = 27
atomic number = 13
 p+ = 13
e- = 13 –(+3) = 10
13 13 113+ 3+
Al
27 27 23
n= 27 – 13 = 14

atomic mass = 27
atomic number 13
13 13 3+ 3+
11 p+ = 13

Al
27 27 23
e- = 13 – (+3)
n= 27-13 = 14

atomic mass = 27
atomic number = 13
16 13 11 3+ p+ = 16

S
32 27 23
e- =16
N = 32 -16 = 24

atomic mass = 32
atomic number = 16
16 13 11 3+ p+ = 16

S
32 27 23
e- =16
n= 32 – 16 =16

atomic mass = 32
atomic number = 16
16 13 11
2+ 3+ p+ =16

S
32 27 23
e- = 16 –(+2) = 14
n=16

atomic mass = 32
atomic number = 16
16 13 11
2+ 3+ p+ = 16

S
32 27 23
e- = 16 – (+2) = 18
n= 32 – 16 = 16

atomic mass = 32
atomic number = 16
17 13 -
11 3+ p+ = 17

Cl
35 27 23
e- = 17 – (-1) = 18
n=35 – 17 = 18

atomic mass =35

atomic number = 17
17 13 -
11 3+ p+ = 17

Cl
35 27 23
e- = 17 – (-1) = 18
n= 35 – 17 = 18

atomic mass = 35
atomic number = 17
ATOMIC MODELS
Ernest Rutherford
• New Zealand-born British
physicist
• Father of nuclear physics
• He was the first to discover
that atoms have a small
charged nucleus surrounded
by largely empty space, and
are circled by tiny electrons.
• He presented the Nuclear
Atomic Model in 1911
Rutherford Atomic Model (1911)
1. Based on gold foil experiment .
2. Electrons constantly moving around the
nucleus.
3. Constantly radiate energy until collides with
the nucleus.
4. Relationship between orbital size and the
energy of the orbital was not explained.
5. Rutherford was not able to explain the stability
of atom.
6. Positively charged was localized in the nucleus
of an atom.
Niels Henrik David Bohr

• Danish physicist
• Proposed the
planetary atomic
model in 1913
Bohr Atomic Model
 Bohr Atomic Model (1913)
1. Bohr was able to explain the stability of
atom.
2. Electrons move in a fixed position.
3. Electrons circle the nucleus same way
planets orbit the sun.
4. Relationship between orbital size and
the energy of the orbital was explained.
5. Based on line spectra of hydrogen atom
Erwin Schrödinger
• Presented the
Quantum Atomic
Model in 1926
• He refined the
wave-particle
theory proposed
by Broglie.
Quantum Atomic Model (1926)
• Electrons are NOT in circular orbits
around the nucleus.
• Electrons are in a 3-D region around
the nucleus called atomic orbitals
• The atomic orbital describes the
probable location of the electron.
• Treats electron like a wave.
Quantum Atomic Model (1926)
Four Quantum Numbers
1. Principal quantum number (n)
2.Angular momentum number (L)
3.Magnetic quantum number (mL)
4.Spin quantum number (ms )
1. Principal quantum #
2. Angular quantum #
3. Magnetic quantum #
4. Spin quantum #
 Atom
• Proton – Earnest Rutherford
in 1919
• Neutron – James Chadwick
in 1932
• Electron – Sir John Joseph
Thomson in 1897
Atom
• Can be an ion
• But not all ions are atom
• Neutral
Ion
• Electrical charge particles due to
gaining and losing of electrons
• With extra or missing electrons