Math8 Q2 Weeks5to8 Binded Ver1.0

8
Mathematics
Modules
Quarter 2 – Weeks 5 – 8
8
Mathematics
Quarter 2 - Module 5:
Problems Involving Linear
Function
Mathematics - Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 5: Problems Involving Linear Functions
Second Edition, 2021
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Published by the Department of Education

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OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Jay F. Macasieb DEM, CESE
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Emma D. Villanueva
Editor: Patricia Ulynne F. Garvida
Reviewer: Michael R. Lee
Layout: Ma. Fatima D. Delfin and Michiko Remyflor V. Trangia
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Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Michael R. Lee
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2
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master skills in solving problems involving Linear Functions. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is composed of one lesson – Solving Problems Involving Linear
Functions.
After going through this module, you are expected to solve problems involving
linear functions.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Anita is working in a fast-food chain. She receives an hourly pay of ₱55. Which of the
following is the independent variable in the given situation?
A. salary B. time C. work D. Anita
2. From the table below, which is the dependent variable?
Number of kilos of Rice 2 4 6 7

Price in Peso 104 208 312 364
I. Rice II. Price III. Number of Kilos
A. I and II B. II only C. III only D. II and III
3. A certain liquid was being cooled and its temperature was taken every minute.
Time in Minute (t) 1 3 5 7 9

Temperature in ℃ (𝑡) 51 45 39 33 27
What is the equation of the function?

A. 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 54 C. 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 54
B. 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 54 D. 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 54
4. A college bookstore charges ₱1200 for a yearly membership. The first book is free with
the membership, and any book after that costs ₱410.5, including tax fees. How much
money 𝑚 does a student spend after buying 𝑏 books and a yearly membership?
A. 𝑚 = 410.5𝑏 C. 𝑚 = 410.5𝑏 + 1200
B. 𝑚 = 410.5(𝑏 − 1) D. 𝑚 = 410.5(𝑏 − 1) + 1200
5. If cost is a function of time and is defined as (𝑡) = 5𝑡 + 112, what would the cost be if
time is 15 minutes?
A. 112 B. 117 C. 187 D. 127
3
Lesson
Solving Problems Involving
1 Linear
Many real-life situations are linearly related, such as calculating mileage rates or
predicting profits. The relationship involves two variables where one variable is
dependent on the other variable.
For example, what would be the perimeter if the length of one side of the square
measures 27 𝑐𝑚?
In order to solve this kind of problem, we need to write an equation that relates
these unknown quantities. Suppose we let 𝑥 be the length of one side of the square and
y the perimeter, the relationship between 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 can be expressed as 𝑦 = 4𝑥
With this equation, we can substitute any number for the length of one side of the
square to get the perimeter. Since the perimeter (𝑦) of the square depends on the length
of its side(𝑥), we can say that 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥.
The equation defined by 𝑦 = 4𝑥 is an example of a linear function.
A linear function is a function whose equation is written in the form
𝑦 = (𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are used for the independent and dependent variables,
respectively, and 𝑚 ≠ 0. Its graph is a straight line.
In this lesson, we will learn more about problems involving linear functions.
What’s In
Let us recall how we represent a function, which we have taken in our previous
lesson.
Determine the linear function that shows the relationship between the two
quantities in four ways.
Three babies are born in

every second. How many
babies are born in 9 seconds?
https://pixy.org/4771925/
Solutions:
A function can be represented in different ways.
a. Constructing Table of Values
Let 𝑥 = the number of seconds
𝑦 = total number of babies born per second
4
The table shows:
Number of Seconds (𝑥) 1 2 3 4
Total number of babies born per Second (𝑦) 3 6
9 12
b. Representing by Equation
The total number of babies born is thrice the number per second.
The equation is 𝑦 = 3𝑥
c. Representing Using Ordered Pairs

The set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦): {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
d. Representing by Graph
To find the number of babies born in 9 seconds, we have to use the

equation. Substitute 9 for 𝑥, we have,
𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑦 = 3(9)
𝒚 = 𝟐𝟕
∴ There are 27 babies born in 9 seconds.
5
What’s New
Solving problems involving linear function requires skills in forming and solving
equations. As long as we have two data values, we can write the equation using the slope-
intercept form of the equation of a line. The equation or graph of a function is used to model
the real-life situation.
SINGING IS FUN!
Yesha plans to rent a videoke for
her birthday. Videoke rental charge is
₱750 per day and an additional ₱35 for
every succeeding hour.
Determine the function that represents

the rental cost by the number of hours
used.
Construct a table of values.
If the videoke is used for 1 day and 4
hours, how much will it cost her for the
rental?
http://clipart-library.com/karaoke-
machine-cliparts.html
Solution:
a) Let 𝑥 be the number of additional hours of using the videoke and 𝑦 the rental cost.
Since the additional charge for the rental fee is ₱35 per hour and ₱750 per day. We
have
𝑚 = 35 and 𝑏 = 750
Substituting these given values into Slope-intercept form,
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝟓𝟎 can be written as (𝒙) = 𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝟓𝟎
b) Using this equation, we can find other values of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Additional hours (𝒙) 0 1 2
Rental Cost (𝒚) 750 785 820
c) Solving the rental cost that Yesha will have to pay for additional 4 hours, we have
(𝑥) = 35𝑥 + 750
(4) = 35(4) + 750
(4) = 140 + 750
𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟖𝟗𝟎
∴Yesha will have to pay ₱890 for the rental cost.
6
What is It
Let us now consider the following examples:

1. The bus transport fare is function defined as
(𝑑) = 10 + 1.75𝑑, where 𝑑 is the distance travelled in kilometers.
a. Draw the graph of (𝑑) for 0 ≤ 𝑑 ≤ 10.

b. Estimate the bus fare from Manila to Naga which is
approximately 400 km.
c. How far would a passenger travel for a bus fare of
https://www.google.com/search?q=clip+a
₱360? rt+bus+transport&tbm=isch&hl=en&tbs=il
:cl&chips=q:clipart+public+transport,g_1:
Solutions: mas
a) Compute the corresponding values for (𝑑) by choosing convenient values for d.
𝒅 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝒇(𝒅) 10 11.75 13.50 15.25 17 18.75 20.5 22.25 24 25.75 27.5
b) To estimate the bus fare from Manila to Naga, substitute 400 for d in the function.
(𝑑) = 10 + 1.75𝑑
(400) = 10 + 1.75(400)
(400) = 10 + 1.75(400)
(400) = 10 + 700
𝒇(𝟒𝟎𝟎) = 𝟕𝟏𝟎
∴The estimated fare for 400 km is ₱710.
c) To calculate the distance traveled for a bus fare of ₱360, substitute 360 for (𝑑).
(𝑑) = 10 + 1.75𝑑
360 = 10 + 1.75𝑑
360 − 10 = 1.75𝑑
350 = 1.75𝑑
350 1.75𝑑
=
1.75 1.75
𝒅 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒎
∴ The estimated distance traveled for a bus fare of ₱360 is 200 m.
7
2. A certain high school had 1800 students in 2019 and 2000 students in 2020. If the
student population 𝑃 grows as linear function of time 𝑡, where 𝑡 is the number of
years after 2020.
a) Determine the slope and tell what the slope means to the problem.
b) Write linear function that relates the student populations to the time.
c) How many students will be enrolled in 2025?
d) Identify the year in which the population will reach 3800.
Solutions:
a) The given data may be written as the ordered pairs (𝑡, 𝑝). The year 2019
corresponds to t = 0, and the year 2020 corresponds to t = 1. Hence, the ordered
pairs: (0, 1800) and (1, 2000).
Using the formula for the slope,
𝑦2 −𝑦1 2000−1800
𝑚= = = 200
𝑥2 −𝑥1 1−0
∴ The slope 𝑚 = 200 means that the students population grows by 200
students every year.
b) Since the graph of the function crosses the 𝑦- axis at (0, 1800), 𝑏 = 1800. Substitute
1800 for 𝑏 and 200 for 𝑚 into slope-intercept form, we have
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦 = 200𝑥 + 1800 or (𝑡) = 200𝑡 + 1800
∴The function maybe written as (𝒕) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒕 + 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎
c) To determine the number of students enrolled in 2025, evaluate the function at 𝑡 =

6 since there are 6 years from 2019 to 2025.
(6) = 200(6) + 1800

= 3000
∴ The student’s population in 2025 will be 3000.
d) To determine the year when the population will reach 3800, solve for 𝑡.
Substitute (𝑡) = 3800 in the function.
3800 = 200𝑡 + 1800

3800 − 1800 = 200𝑡
2000 = 200𝑡
𝑡 = 10
∴ The population will reach 3800 in the year 2029.
8
What’s More
Solve the following problems.
1. A killer whale is the fastest marine animal that

travels approximately 35 mi/hr. The distance
traveled 𝑑 by the killer whale is a function of
the number of hours (𝑡) traveled.
a. Write an equation to show the

relationship between distance and time.
b. Use your equation to find how far https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orca-

matthew-gates-r.svg
the whale can travel in 6 hours.
Kenna decides to set up a tutoring service for

high school math students. The total cost (𝑡)
for tutoring services is given by
(𝑡) = 375𝑡 + 125,
where 𝑡 represent the number of hours of
tutoring.
a. Estimate the cost of tutoring services for

3.5 hours.
b. Find the value of (7).

https://www.google.com/search?q=math+tuto
ring+center+clipart&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi
S1r-vwqHsAhVFXpQKHQlbB4oQ2-cCe
What I Have Learned
In this lesson, we learned how to solve problems involving linear functions. We

identify the relations between the two variables and a table of values or graph can be
constructed. Using the two data values, we can write the equation of a function and the
questions relating to that problem can be answered.
9
What I Can Do
Solve the following problems.

1. Brian and Ryan are interested in renting a gym in their Barangay for Summer
Youth Basketball Tournament (SYBT). They are told that they must pay a flat rate
of ₱200 for first 3 hours and an additional ₱25 for each succeeding hour.
a. Identify the dependent and independent variables.

b. Find the equation of the relationship.
c. Make a graph relating these values.
d. Use your equation to find how much they pay in 6 hours.
2. A certain company produced a new infant formula and wants to advertise it. The
cost of the advertisement is given by the function, 𝑓(𝑥)
where 𝑥 is the number of flyers to be printed.
a. How many flyers could be printed for ₱465.00?

b. How much is the cost of printing 500 flyers?
c. Sketch the graph of the function.
https://www.gograph.com/vector-
clip-art/infant-formula.html
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The altitude of a plane is a function of the time since takeoff. Which of the
following is the dependent variable?
A. time B. speed C. altitude D. plane
2. Which is the linear function whose slope is 3 and contains the point (−4,
1)? A. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 13 C. 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 13
B. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 13 D. 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 13
3. Some ordered pairs of a linear function of 𝑥 are shown in the table below.
𝑥 2 4 6 8 10
𝑦 3 -1 -5 -9 -13
Which of the following equations was used to generate the table above?
A. 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 7 C. 𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 7
B. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 7 D. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 7
4. A factory worker receives ₱6000 a month and an additional ₱35 per hour for
overtime work. How much is his take home pay if he works 10 hours of overtime
for the month?
A. ₱6 000 B. ₱6 350 C. ₱6 530 D. ₱60 035
5. A technician charges ₱95 per hour plus ₱75 for travelling fee. What is the total
cost of a repair after 𝑚 hours?
A. (𝑚) = 75𝑚 + 95 C. (𝑚) = 95𝑚 + 75
B. (𝑚) = 75𝑚 D. (𝑚) = 95𝑚
10
8
Mathematics
If - Then Statements
Quarter 2 - Module 6: If - Then Statements
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Writer: Elmor F. Leonor

Michael R. Lee

Telefax: (632) 882 5861 / 882 5862
2
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the basic concepts on conditional statements or the if-then statements. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
 Lesson 1 - If - Then Statements
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. demonstrate the relationship between the hypothesis and the conclusion of
an if-then statement; and
2. transform a statement into an equivalent if-then statement.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Jesus said, “If you love me, keep my commandments”. What do you call the
underlined portion of this conditional statement?
A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. argument D. converse
2. Which is the hypothesis in the statement, “If you like sepak takraw, then you go
to the court”?
A. If you go to the court C. If you like sepak takraw
B. you like sepak takraw D. you go to the court
3. What is the symbolic form of “𝑞 𝑖𝑓 𝑝"?

A. 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 B. 𝑝 → 𝑞 C. 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 D. 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞
4. Rewrite the statement: “The Tigers will play in the tournament if they win their
next game”, in if-then form.
A. If the Tigers will play in the tournament, then they will win their next game.
B. If the Tigers win their next game, then they will play in the tournament.
C. If the Tigers win their next game, then they will not play in the tournament.
D. If the Tigers will not play in the tournament, then they will win their next
game.
5. What is the conclusion of the conditional statement? “Sam will go to the store
if Jane tells him what to buy.”
A. Sam will go to the store.
B. Jane tells Sam what to buy.
C. Then Jane tells Sam what to buy
D. None of these
Lesson
1 If - Then Statements
3
In this module, you will learn how to analyze a given statement to identify
hypothesis and conclusion to write it in if-then form and represent it using a Venn
diagram.
What’s In
Geometry deals with logical reasoning to prove a certain statement. A statement
is a sentence that is true or false but not both true and false.
If the sentence is a question or command, or if it is vague or nonsensical, then it
cannot be classified as true or false, thus we would not call it a statement.
For example,
1. Today is Friday.
2. 3+5=15.
3. Fish swim.
4. Mickey Mouse is President.
All of these are statements, since they are either true or false. But consider:
1. Go away!
2. What are you doing?
3. This sentence is false.
These are not statements by our definition, since they cannot possibly be either
true or false.
What’s New
If-then Statements
If-then statements are commonly used in everyday life. For example, the
Philippine tourism slogan says, “It is more fun in the Philippines.” This can be translated
in if-then statement as, “If you are in the Philippines, then you will have more fun.”
The subject of the sentence becomes the hypothesis. The hypothesis is the given
information or the condition. Let p represent the “if” part or hypothesis “you are in the
Philippines”.
The predicate of the sentence becomes the conclusion. The conclusion is the
result of the given information. Let q represent in the “then” part or conclusion “you
will have more fun”.
The conditional is symbolized by → and is read “if-then.” An if-then statement is

composed of two clauses: the if-clause and the then-clause.
The if-clause indicates the person or object about which something is said; it is
called the hypothesis. The then-clause, which indicates what is being said about the
person or object in question, is called the conclusion.
We can denote a letter for each clause, p for the if-clause and q for the then-
clause.
If then Conclusion
Hypothesis
The statement 𝑝 → 𝑞 is read “if p, then q” or “p implies q”.
The Venn diagram illustrates how the set of things that satisfy the hypothesis
lies inside the set of things that satisfy the conclusion.
Example: Identify the hypothesis and the conclusion of the following statements.
4
1. If you drink milk, then you will grow up healthily.
2. If I wear mask, then I will be safe from the coronavirus.
3. If Migo does not get a good sleep, then he will not go to the movie.
Answers:
If-then Form Hypothesis Conclusion

1. If you drink milk, then you will you will grow up
you drink milk
grow up healthily. healthily
2. If I wear mask, then I will be I will be safe from the
safe from the coronavirus. I wear mask
coronavirus
3. If Migo does not get a good
Migo does not get a he will not go to the
sleep, then he will not go to the
good sleep movie
movie.
Notice that the words if and then are not part of the hypothesis or the conclusion.
Sometimes, the word then in a conditional statement is not explicitly stated. The use of
“then,” however, helps us to distinguish between the hypothesis and the conclusion.
1. If you pass this subject, I will buy you a cellphone.

2. If our team wins the game, we will be champions.
3. If there is a lockdown, I should stay at home.
Answers:

1. If you pass this subject, I will I will buy you a
you pass this subject
buy you a cellphone. cellphone
2. If our team wins the game, we our team wins the we will be
will be champions. game champions
3. If there is a lockdown, I I should stay at
there is a lockdown
should stay at home. home
The if-clause usually comes at the beginning of the sentence. It may also come last.
Whenever it appears in the sentence, it is the hypothesis.
1. Jerry can eat lunch if he finds his meal ticket.

2. A number is divisible by 3 if it is divisible by 6.
3. I’ll be rich when I win the lottery.
Answers:

1. If Jerry finds his meal
Jerry finds his
ticket, then he can eat he can eat lunch..
meal ticket
lunch.
2. If a number is divisible a number is
it is divisible by 3.
by 6, then it is divisible divisible by 6
by 3.
3. If I win the lottery, then
I win the lottery I will be rich
I will be rich.
5
Conditional statements are not always in if-then form. However, any conditional
statement can be written in that form to emphasize which part is the hypothesis and
which part is the conclusion.
To rewrite each conditional statement in if-then form, consider the subject of the
sentence as the hypothesis and the predicate of the sentence as the conclusion.
Example: Rewrite each conditional statement in if-then form.
1. Help save our forest by using recycled paper.

2. The diagonals of the square are congruent.
3. All panthers are cats.
Answers:

1. If you use recycled paper,
you use recycled you will help save our
then you will help save our
paper forests
forests.
2. If a figure is a square, then its diagonals are
its diagonals are congruent. a figure is a square
congruent
3. If an animal is a panther, an animal is a
it is a cat
then it is a cat. panther
The conditional statement, “If 𝑝, then 𝑞” can be expressed in other ways:

 p implies q
 p, only if q
 q, if p
 q follows from p
General Form Example

If you are 18 years old,
If p, then q If 𝑥 = 3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 2 = 9
then you can vote.
You are 18 years old
p only if q 𝑥 = 3, 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 2 = 9
only if you can vote.
You can vote, if you
q if p 𝑥 2 = 9, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3
are 18 years old.
What is It
In formal logic, a conditional statement is considered true if the hypothesis is
false. (In everyday situation, a conditional is usually considered irrelevant when the
hypothesis is false.)
To demonstrate that a conditional is false, you need to find only one example for
which the hypothesis is true but the conclusion is false. An example like this is called a
counterexample.
Determine if the conditional is true. If false, give a counterexample.
1. If this month is December, then next month is January.
When the hypothesis is true, the conclusion is also true because December
follows January.
Answer: So the conditional statement is true.
Determine if the conditional is true. If false, give a counterexample.
6
2. If two angles are acute, then they are congruent.
You can have acute angles with measures of 80° and 30°. In this case, the
hypothesis is true, but the conclusion is false.
Answer: Since you can find a counterexample, the conditional statement is false.
Biologists use classification to organize information.
All collies are dogs.

There are several other ways to say the same thing. Examples are given below.
The Venn diagram represents them all.
Dogs
Collies
https://pixabay.com/vectors/dog-pet-animal-rough-collie-48490/
If an animal is a collie, then it is a dog.

Every collie is a dog.
The fact that an animal is a collie implies that it is a dog.
An animal is a collie only if it is a dog.
Since all collies are dogs, this is a true conditional statement.
The inner oval represents the hypothesis, and the outer oval represents the conclusion.
Use the implication, “All rectangles have congruent diagonals.” Write the implication in
three different ways.
a. If p, then q: If a figure is a rectangle, then it has congruent diagonals.
b. q, if p: A figure has congruent diagonals, if it is a rectangle.
c. p, only if q: A figure is a rectangle only if it has congruent diagonals.
What’s More
Activity 1. Quotes of Wisdom

A. Rewrite the statement as an if-then statement. Then underline the hypothesis
and circle the conclusion.
1. Everything happens to everybody sooner or later if there is time enough.-
G.B.Shaw
2. We are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of
Nature has placed in our power. - Patrick Henry
3. A useless life is an early death. – Goethe
4. All work is noble. - Thomas Carlyle
5. Everything’s got a moral if only you can find it. - Lewis Carroll
6. You have to expect things of yourself before you can do them. - Michael
Jordan
7. Whoever is happy will make others happy too. - Anne Frank
8. There is always fun if we keep working hand in hand. - E.F. Leonor
7
B. Convert each statement to if-then form, and then identify the hypothesis and
the conclusion.
If you tell
1. If-then Form:_________________________________ the
Hypothesis: ___________________________________ TRUTH
Conclusion: __________________________________ you don’t
have to
remember anything.
Mark Twain
One can never

2. If-then Form:_________________________________ consent to creep when
one feels an impulse to
Hypothesis: ___________________________________
soar.
Conclusion: __________________________________
Helen Keller
Bring the past only

3. If-then Form:_________________________________ if you are going to
Hypothesis: ___________________________________ build from it.
Conclusion: __________________________________
Domenico Cieri
4. If-then Form:_________________________________
Early to bed and
Hypothesis: ___________________________________ early to rise makes a
Conclusion: __________________________________ man healthy,
wealthy and wise
Benjamin Franklin
WITH GOD ALL

5. If-then Form:_________________________________ THINGS ARE
Hypothesis: ___________________________________ POSSIBLE
Conclusion: __________________________________
Matthew 19:26
8
Activity 2. Connection to CHEMISTRY
Many of the elements that make up the substances in the universe are classified as
metals. One category of metals is transition metals. Examples of transition metals
include copper, silver, nickel, and gold.
For numbers 1–4, tell whether each implication is represented by the Venn diagram.
Write YES or NO.
1. A transition metal is one type of metal. Transition

2. All transition metals are metals. Metals metals
3. If an element is a metal, then it is a transition metal.
4. An element is a transition metal only if it is a metal. metals
5. Does the fact that copper is a transition metal imply that it is a metal?
What I Have Learned
A conditional statement or “if-then statement” has two parts: a hypothesis and

a conclusion. When the statement is written in if-then form, the “if” part contains the
hypothesis, and the “then” part contains the conclusion.
Here is an example:
I wear rubbers whenever it is raining.
If-then form: If it is raining, then I wear my rubbers.
Hypothesis: it is raining
Conclusion: I wear my rubbers
The conditional statement, “If 𝑝, then 𝑞” can be expressed in other ways:
 p implies q.
 p, only if q.
 q, if p.
 q follows from p.
In symbols: p → 𝑞
A counterexample is an example used to show that a statement is not always
true, therefore, false.
What I Can Do
I. Answer the following. Math students

1. Use the Venn diagram to write a conditional that is true.
Geometry
students
If-then form: _____________________________ students
9
2. Use the implication “All 18-year-olds can vote.” Write the implication in three
different ways.
a. If p, then q:______________________________________________________________
b. q, if p:__________________________________________________________________
c. p, only if q: _____________________________________________________________
II. In each statement, underline the hypothesis once, and the conclusion twice.
1. If the weather is good, then he will go to swimming.
2. If I study hard, then I will get good grades.
3. I will try if you will.
4. I cannot sleep if I am not tired.
5. If the graph of a line rises to the right, then its slope is positive.
6. If a triangle is right, then one of its angles is 90 degrees.
7. If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2.
8. If a polygon has 4 sides, then it is a quadrilateral.
9. If two lines are parallel, then they will never intersect.
10. If 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑥 = 𝑏 − 𝑎.
III. Write the following statements in if-then form.
1. I bring my umbrella when it is raining.
2. Two sets are equal if they have identical elements.
3. Two circles which have congruent radii have equal areas.
4. When 3𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥, it follows 𝑥 = 1.
5. The number 4 is larger than number 2.
6. The third experiment takes two hours to perform.
7. Two planes intersect provided they are not parallel.
8. Whenever Jimmy makes a mistake, he becomes embarrassed.
9. A triangle has congruent sides implies that it has congruent angles also.
10. Cherry flavoring will make children love to take their medicine.
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Jesus said, “I tell you the truth if anyone keeps my word, he will never see death.”
What do you call the underlined portion of this conditional statement?
A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. argument D. converse
2. Which is the conclusion of the following statement: “If you like basketballs, then
you go to the court”?
A. If you go to the court C. if you like basketballs
B. you like basketballs D. you go to the court
3. What is the symbolic form of “If p, then q”?
A. 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 B. 𝑝 → 𝑞 C. 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 D. 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞
4. Rewrite the statement: “Fred is mistaken if he thinks this is difficult”, in the if-
then form.
A. If Fred is mistaken, then he thinks this is difficult
B. If Fred thinks this is difficult, then he is mistaken.
C. If Fred thinks this is difficult, then he is correct.
D. If Fred is correct, then he thinks this difficult.
5. What is the conclusion of the conditional statement?
Red is a primary color.
A. This color is red.
B. It is a primary color.
C. Then it is a primary color.
D. None of these
10
8
Mathematics
The Converse, Inverse, and
Contrapositive of a Conditional
Statement
Quarter 2 - Module 7: The Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive of a Conditional
Statement

Writer: Editha Padilla Cuenco


Michael R. Lee

Telefax: (632) 882 5861 / 882 5862
2
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master relations and functions. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module contains one lesson:
The Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive of a Conditional
Statement
1. rewrite a conditional statement to its converse, inverse, and
contrapositive;
2. identify the truth value of a converse and conditional statements; and
3. write the biconditional statement.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the contrapositive of the contrapositive of a conditional statement?

A. Conditional C. Inverse
B. Converse D. Contrapositive
2. What is the converse of the statement, “If a polygon is a triangle, then it has
three sides”?
A. If a triangle is a polygon, then it has three sides.
B. If a polygon has three sides, then it is a triangle.
C. If a triangle is not a polygon, then it doesn’t have three sides.
D. If a polygon doesn’t have three sides, then it is not a triangle.
3. The converse of an if-then statement is: “If a number is even, then it is
divisible by two”. What is the original statement?
A. If a number is not divisible by two, then it is even.
B. If a number is divisible by two, then it is not even.
C. If a number is not divisible by two, then it is not even.
D. If a number is divisible by two, then it is even.
4. Which of the following statements are logically equivalent?
I. If Jasmine makes a 50 on the test, then Jasmine failed the test.
II. If Jasmine failed the test, and then Jasmine made a 50 on the test.
III. If Jasmine did not make a 50 on the test, then Jasmine did not fail
the test.
IV. If Jasmine did not fail the test, then Jasmine did not make a 50 on
the test.
A. I and II B. II and III C. III and IV D. I and IV
5. Given: 𝑟 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝑠 = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠
Which of the following statements represents, “If the diagonals of a
quadrilateral are not perpendicular to each other, then the quadrilateral is
not a rhombus”?
A. 𝑟 → 𝑠 C. 𝑠 → 𝑟
B. ~𝑟 → ~𝑠 D. ~𝑠 → ~𝑟
3
Lesson Converse, Inverse, and
1 Contrapositive of a Conditional
Statement
Conditional statements make appearances everywhere. In mathematics or
elsewhere, it doesn’t take long to run into something which has the form
“If P then Q.” Conditional statements are indeed important. What is also important
are statements that are related to the original conditional statement by changing
the position of P, Q, and the negation of a statement. Starting with an original
statement, we end up with three new conditional statements which are the
converse, the contrapositive, and the inverse.
In this lesson, you will be familiar with the fundamental rules on how to
convert or rewrite a conditional statement into its converse, inverse, and
contrapositive by applying your skills in sentence structure and grammar.
What’s In
But first, we need to review what a conditional statement is because it is the
foundation or precursor of the three related sentences that we are going to discuss
in this lesson.
A conditional statement takes

the form “If p, then q”,
where p is the hypothesis
while q is the conclusion. A
conditional statement is also
known as an implication.
https://www.freepngimg.com/png/35468-teacher
Sometimes, you may encounter from other textbooks or resources the words
“antecedent” for the hypothesis and “consequent” for the conclusion. Don’t worry, they
mean the same thing.
In addition, the statement “If p, then q” is commonly written as the statement
“p implies q” which is expressed symbolically as p→q.
For instance, “If it rains, then they cancel school.”

hypothesis: It rains
conclusion: They cancel school
Given an if-then statement “if p, then q”, we can create three related statements.
4
What’s New
Before we define the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of a conditional

statement, we need to examine the topic of negation. Every statement in logic is
either true or false. The negation of a statement simply involves the insertion of
the word “not” at the proper part of the statement. The addition of the word “not”
is done so that it changes the truth status of the statement.
Example:
1. Statement: x = 8.
Negation ∶ 𝒙 ≠ 𝟖
2. The dog is big.

Negation: The dog is not big.
3. Statement: 10 is an even number.

Negation: 10 is not an even number or 10 is an odd number.
We will examine this idea in a more abstract setting. When the

statement P is true, the statement “not P” is false. Similarly, if P is false, its
negation “not P” is true. Negations are commonly denoted with a tilde ~. So instead
of writing “not P” we can write ~P.
What is It
Given a conditional statement, we can create related sentences, namely:

converse, inverse, and contrapositive. They are related sentences because they are
all based on the original conditional statement.
Recall that a conditional statement consists of two parts: a hypothesis in the “if”
clause and a conclusion in the “then” clause. For instance,
If 𝑚 < 𝐴 = 90, then <A is a right angle.
hypothesis: 𝑚 < 𝐴 = 90
conclusion: <A is a right angle
To form the converse of the conditional statement, interchange the hypothesis and
the conclusion. It is denoted by q → 𝒑 . The converse of “If 𝑚 < 𝐴 = 90, then <A is
a right angle” is
If <A is a right angle, then m< 𝑨 = 𝟗𝟎.
To form the inverse of the conditional statement, take the negation of both the
hypothesis and the conclusion. It is denoted by ~𝒑 → ~𝒒 . The inverse of “If 𝑚 <
𝐴 = 90, then <A is a right angle” is
If 𝒎 < 𝑨 ≠ 𝟗𝟎, then <A is not a right angle.
5
To form the contrapositive of the conditional statement, interchange the
hypothesis and the conclusion of the inverse statement. It is denoted by ~𝒒 → ~𝒑.
The contrapositive of “If 𝑚 < 𝐴 = 90, then <A is a right angle” is
If <A is not a right angle, then 𝒎 < 𝑨 ≠ 𝟗𝟎.
Here is a summary of the above discussion:
Conditional If 𝑚 < 𝐴 = 90, then <A is a right angle. 𝒑→𝒒
Converse If <A is a right angle, then m< A = 90. 𝒒→𝒑

Inverse If m < A ≠ 90, then <A is not a right angle. ~𝒑 → ~𝒒
Contrapositive If <A is not a right angle, then m < A ≠ 90. ~𝒒 → ~𝒑
Example 2:
If it rained last night, then the sidewalk is 𝒑→𝒒

Conditional wet.
Converse If the sidewalk is wet, then it rained last 𝒒→𝒑

night.
Inverse If it did not rain last night, then the ~𝒑 → ~𝒒
sidewalk is not wet.
Contrapositive If the sidewalk is not wet, then it did not ~𝒒 → ~𝒑
rain last night.
Logical Equivalence
We may wonder why it is important to form these other conditional
statements from our initial one. A careful look at the above example reveals
something. Suppose that the original statement “If it rained last night, then the
sidewalk is wet” is true. Which of the other statements have to be true as well?
 The converse “If the sidewalk is wet, then it rained last night” is not
necessarily true. The sidewalk could be wet for other reasons.
 The inverse “If it did not rain last night, then the sidewalk is not wet” is not
necessarily true. Again, just because it did not rain does not mean that the
sidewalk is not wet.
 The contrapositive “If the sidewalk is not wet, then it did not rain last night”
is a true statement.
What we see from this example is that a conditional statement has the same
truth value as its contrapositive. We say that these two statements are logically
equivalent. We also see that a conditional statement is not logically equivalent to
its converse and inverse.
It turns out that even though the converse and inverse are not logically
equivalent to the original conditional statement, they are logically equivalent to one
another. There is an easy explanation for this.
We start with the conditional statement “If Q, then P”. The contrapositive of
this statement is “If not P, then not Q.” Since the inverse is the contrapositive of
the converse, the converse and inverse are logically equivalent.
6
Biconditional Statement
Consider the following conditional statement and its converse:
 Conditional statement: If two angles have the same measure,
then they are congruent.
 Converse statement: If two angles are congruent, then they

have the same measure.
If a conditional statement and its converse are both true, then they can be
joined into a single statement, called biconditional statement.
Biconditional statements are true statements that combine the hypothesis
and the conclusion with the key words: if and only if and is denoted by 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒;
and often written as p iff q. The statement will take the form: (hypothesis) if and
only if (conclusion) or (conclusion) if and only if (hypothesis).
The conditional statement and its converse above are true. Therefore, the
biconditional statements is
•Two angles have the same measure iff they are congruent.
• Two angles are congruent iff they have the same measure.
What’s More
I. Practice your sentence structure skills. Write the converse, inverse, and the
contapositive of each statement.
1. If m< 𝐵 = 50, then < 𝐵 is an acute angle.

2. If a number is 2, then it is a prime number.
3. If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
4. If m< 𝐴 = 90, then < 𝐴 is a right angle.
5. If a figure is a quadrilateral, then it is a polygon.
6. If my favorite basketball team qualifies for the championship, then I will
buy tickets to the game.
II. Each of the statements is true. Write the converse of each statement and
decide whether the converse is true or false. If the converse is true, combine
it with the original statement to form a true biconditional statement.
1. If two points lie on a plane, then the line containing them lies on the plane.
2. If a number ends in 0, then the number is divisible by 5.
3. If three points are collinear, then they lie on the same line.
4. If a polygon has three sides, then it is a triangle.
5. If two lines are parallel, then they have the same slope.
III. Let p be the statement “It rains.”

Let q be the statement “I stay home.”
Symbolize each statement.
1. If it rains, then I stay home.

2. It is not the case that if it rains, then I stay home.
3. If I don’t stay home, then it doesn’t rain.
4. It is not the case that if I stay home, then it doesn’t rain.
7
What I Have Learned
Let p and q be statement variables which apply to the following definitions.
Conditional: The conditional of q by p is "If p then q" or "p implies q" and is
denoted by p → 𝑞. It is false when p is true, and q is false;
otherwise, it is true.
Contrapositive: The contrapositive of a conditional statement of the form

"If p then q" is "If ~q then ~p". Symbolically, the contrapositive
of p → 𝑞 is ~𝑞 → ~𝑝. A conditional statement is logically
equivalent to its contrapositive.
Converse: Suppose a conditional statement of the form "If p then q" is

given. The converse is "If q then p." Symbolically, the converse
of p → 𝑞 is 𝑞 → 𝑝. A conditional statement is not logically
equivalent to its converse.
Inverse: Suppose a conditional statement of the form "If p then q" is

given. The inverse is "If ~p then ~q." Symbolically, the inverse
of 𝑝 → 𝑞 is ~𝑝 → ~𝑞. A conditional statement is not logically
equivalent to its inverse.
Biconditional(iff): The biconditional of p and q is "p if, and only if, q" and is
denoted 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞. It is true if both p and q have the same truth
values and is false if p and q have opposite truth values.
Variations on the Conditional – The Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive are

variations on the Conditional proposition.
~ → 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 "𝑛𝑜𝑡" Converse Inverse Contrapositive
Truth Table for Conditional Variations

p q not p not q If p, If q, If not p, If not q,
(~𝒑) (~𝒒) then q then p then not q then not p
True True False False True True True True

True False False True False True True False
False True True False True False False True
False False True True True True True True
What I Can Do
I. Answer each of the following.
Write the inverse of the statement in symbolic form.

1) p → q 2) t → ~ w 3) ~ m → p 4) ~ p → ~ q
8
In 5–8, write the converse of the statement in symbolic form.
5) p → q 6) t → ~ w 7) ~ m → p 8) q → p
In 9–12, write the contrapositive of the statement in symbolic form.

9) p → q 10) t → ~ w 11) ~ m → p 12) ~ q → ~ p
II. Determine the resulting statement.

1. Inverse of converse
2. Inverse of contrapositive
3. Converse of inverse
4. Converse of contrapositive
5. Contrapositive of inverse
Assessment
Analyze each problem. Choose and write the letter of your answer before each number.
1. Which of the following is a biconditional statement?

A. If you do not vote, then you are not at least 18 years old.
B. If you are 18 years old, then you can vote.
C. You can vote if and only if you are 18 years old.
2. What is the biconditional statement of this statement?

If Aaron lives in Makati, the he lives in Metro Manila.
A. If Aaron lives in Makati, then he lives in Metro Manila.
B. Aaron lives in Makati if and only if he lives in Metro Manila.
C. If Aaron lives in Metro Manila, then he lives in Makati.
D. If Aaron does not live in Makati, then he does not live in Metro Manila.
3. What does ~p→∼ 𝑞 symbolize?

A. Conditional statement
B. Inverse
C. Converse
D. Contrapositive
4. Conditional: If James is not late to class, then he will not be marked

tardy.
If James is late to class, then he will be markes tardy. What statement
is this?
A. Converse
B. Contrapositive
C. Inverse
D. Biconditional
5. Biconditional statements use which of the following?

A. The hypothesis
B. Both the hypothesis and the conclusion
C. Only the conditional statement
D. The conclusion
6. If the hypothesis is “I am not feeling well”, and the conclusion is “I will

want to rest”, which statement is the converse?
A. If I am not feeling well, then I will want to rest.
B. If I am feeling well, then I will not want to rest.
C. I want to rest, then I am not feeling well.
D. If I want to rest, then I am not feeling well.
9
7. What is the converse of ~𝑝 → ~𝑞?
A. ~𝑞 → ~𝑝
B. 𝑝 → 𝑞
C. 𝑞 → 𝑝
D. ~𝑞 → 𝑝
8. Conditional: If it does not rain, then we will have practice.

What is the statement, “If it rains today, then we will have not practice”
called?
A. Converse
B. Contrapositive
C. Biconditional
D. Inverse
9. What is the inverse of the inverse of 𝑝 → 𝑞?

A. 𝑞 → 𝑝
B. 𝑝 → 𝑞
C. ~𝑝 → ~𝑞
D. ~𝑞 → ~𝑝
10. What is the inverse of the converse of a conditional statement?

A. Conditional
B. Converse
C. Inverse
D. Contrapositive
10
8
Mathematics
Quarter 2 - Module 8 :
Illustrating Equivalences
Quarter 2 - Module 8: Illustrating Equivalences

Writer: Clarissa Q. Huelar


Michael R. Lee

Telefax: (632) 882 5861 / 882 5862
2
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master illustrating equivalences of the statement and its contrapositive, and
the converse and inverse of a statement. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

1. illustrate the equivalences of the statement and its contrapositive; and
2. illustrate the equivalences of the converse and inverse of a statement.
What I Know
of paper.
1. Which statement is equivalent to a conditional statement if it is true?

A. converse C. contrapositive
B. inverse D. biconditional
2. If a conditional statement and its converse are both true, what kind of statement
can be made?
A. converse C. contrapositive
3. Which of the following statements is equivalent to, “If a figure is a quadrilateral,

then it is a polygon”?
A. If a figure is a quadrilateral, then it is not a polygon.
B. If a figure is not a quadrilateral, then it is not a polygon.
C. If a figure is a polygon, then it is a quadrilateral.
D. If a figure is not a polygon, then it is not a quadrilateral.
4. Which of the following statements is equivalent to “If two angles are vertical
angles, then they are congruent”?
A. If two angles are congruent, then they are vertical angles.
B. If two angles are not vertical angles, then they are congruent.
C. If two angles are not vertical angles, then they are not congruent.
D. If two angles are not congruent, then they are not vertical angles.
5. Which of the following statements is the biconditional for “If it is June 12 in the
Philippines, then it is Independence Day”?
A. It is Independence Day if and only if it is June 12 in the Philippines.
B. If it is Independence Day, then it is June 12 in the Philippines.
C. If it is not June 12 in the Philippines, then it is not Independence Day.
D. If it is not Independence Day, then it is not June 12 in the Philippines.
3
Lesson
1 Illustrating Equivalences
In the previous lesson, you have learned how to change conditional statements
into its converse, inverse, and contrapositive. For this lesson, you will be able to
determine which statements are equivalent.
What’s In
If-then statements are conditional statements. The if part is the hypothesis (p) while
the then part is the conclusion (q).
 To write the converse of a conditional statement, just simply interchange the

hypothesis and the conclusion.
 To write the inverse of a conditional statement, simply negate both the
hypothesis and conclusion.
 To write the contrapositive of a conditional statements, first get its inverse.
Then, interchange its hypothesis and conclusion.
If I immediately do my
Conditional If p, then q. 𝑝→𝑞 homework, then I can play
Mobile Legends.
If I can play Mobile Legends,
Converse If q, then p. 𝑞→𝑝 then I immediately do my
homework.
If I do not immediately do my
Inverse If not p, then not q. ~𝑝 → ~𝑞 homework, then I cannot play
Mobile Legends.
If I cannot play Mobile Legends,
Contrapositive If not q, then not p. ~𝑞 → ~𝑝 then I do not immediately do my
homework
4
Determine the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the conditional statement below.
If two angles are both right angles, then they are congruent.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
What’s New
Read and analyze the conversation below.
red If two angles are both right angles, then they are congruent.
yellow If two angles are congruent, then both angles are right angles.
If two angles are not both right angles, then they are not congruent. blue
white
If two angles are not congruent, then they are not both right angles.
pink
So…who is telling the truth?
Which color/s do you think is/are telling the truth? Let us help pink to answer her
question.
Red’s statement is the conditional statement.
If two angles are both right angles, then they are congruent.
A
D ∟𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∟𝐷𝐸𝐹 are both right angles. Since all right
angles measure 90𝑜 , therefore 𝑚∟𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90𝑜 and
B E 𝑚∟𝐷𝐸𝐹 = 90𝑜 . If the angles have the same measurement,
C F
therefore, ∟𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∟𝐷𝐸𝐹.
Yellow’s statement is the converse of the conditional statement.

If two angles are congruent, then both angles are right angles.
G ∠𝐺𝐻𝐼 and ∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 are congruent angles because they have the
J
same measure. 𝑚∠𝐺𝐻𝐼 = 60𝑂 and 𝑚∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 = 60𝑜 . The
60𝑂 60𝑂
H K measure of the two angles is not 90𝑜 . It means that the angles
I L are not right angles.
Blue’s statement is the inverse of the conditional statement.

If two angles are not both right angles, then they are not congruent.
G ∠𝐺𝐻𝐼 and ∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 are not both right angles because 𝑚∠𝐺𝐻𝐼 =
J
60𝑂 and 𝑚∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 = 60𝑜 . The two angles have the same measure
60𝑂 60𝑂
H K even though they are not right angles. They have the same
I L measure; hence, they are congruent.
5
White’s statement is the contrapositive of the conditional statement.
If two angles are not congruent, then they are not both right angles.
A
J ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 are not congruent angles because 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
60𝑂 90𝑂 and 𝑚∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 = 60𝑜 . One angle is a right angle, and the
B K other is not. So, the two angles are not both right angles.
C L
If you think that Red and White are telling the truth, then you are correct. Their
statements make sense. All right angles have the same measure, so all right angles are
congruent. If we are given two angles that are not congruent, then the two given angles
are not both right angles. Yellow and Blue’s statements somehow make sense but, we
can have congruent angles that can be both acute angles and both obtuse angles.
Kindly fill in the table.
Color Kind of Statement True or False

Red
Yellow
Blue
White
What is It
From the previous activity, you were asked to fill in the table.
Color Kind of Statement True or False

Red Conditional True
Yellow Converse False
Blue Inverse False
White Contrapositive True
What can you notice with the result? Red and White have the same result, as well as
Yellow and Blue.
It is said that if a statement is true, its contrapositive is also true. Moreover, if the
converse is true, its inverse is also true.
Kind of Statement In Symbols True or False

Conditional 𝑝→𝑞 True
Converse 𝑞→𝑝 False
Inverse ~𝑝 → ~𝑞 False
Contrapositive ~𝑞 → ~𝑝 True
More examples:
1. If you are in Makati City, then you are in Metro Manila.
Statement Explanation
The statement is false. If you
are in Metro Manila, it is not
always true that you are in
If you are in Metro Manila, then
Converse Makati City. You can be in
you are in Makati City.
Quezon City, Taguig City, or
any cities within Metro
Manila.
6
The statement is also false. If
If you are not in Makati City,
you are not in Makati City,
Inverse then you are not in Metro
you can be in any city within
Manila.
Metro Manila.
This statement is true. If you
If you are not in Metro Manila, are outside Metro Manila, it
Contrapositive
then you are not in Makati City. is impossible that you are in
Makati City.
Conditional and contrapositive have equivalent statements.
Conclusion
Converse and inverse are equivalent statements.
2. If a number is a whole number, then it is an integer.
The statement is false. There
If a number is an integer, then it are also negative integers,
Converse
is a whole number. and negative integers are not
whole numbers.
The statement is also false.
If a number is not a whole
There are integers that are
Inverse number, then it is not an
not whole numbers. These
integer.
integers are negative.
This statement is true. If a
number is a fraction or a
If a number is not an integer,
Contrapositive decimal (which are not
then it is not a whole number.
integers), the number cannot
be a whole number.
Conditional and contrapositive have equivalent statements.
Conclusion
Converse and inverse are equivalent statements.
3. If 𝑎 + 7 = 12, then 𝑎 = 5
The statement is true.
Converse If 𝑎 = 5, then 𝑎 + 7 = 12. Substitute 5 to 𝑎 + 7, the
answer is 12.
The statement is also true.
Inverse If 𝑎 + 7 ≠ 12, then 𝑎 ≠ 5
Confirm by substitution.
The statement is also true.
Contrapositive If 𝑎 ≠ 5, then 𝑎 + 7 ≠ 12.
Confirm by substitution.
The statements are all true. Notice that the conditional and
converse statements are both true. If a conditional statement
and its converse are both true, then they can be joined into a
Conclusion
single statement called biconditional statement. This is done by
using the words if and only if or abbreviated as iff. Hence, we
can say that 𝑎 + 7 = 12 iff 𝑎 = 5.
What’s More
Activity: Determine the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the given
conditional statements. Then, explain whether the statement is true or false. (The
given conditional statements are all true.)
7
1. If 𝑚∠𝐴 = 50𝑜 , then ∠𝐴 is an acute angle.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
2. If a figure is a circle, then it is not a polygon.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
3. If a number is 2, then it is a prime number.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
4. If a triangle has at least two congruent sides, then it is an isosceles triangle.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
What I Have Learned
If a conditional statement is true, its contrapositive is also true. Moreover, if the

converse is true, its inverse is also true. This is called Law of Contrapositive.

Converse 𝑞→𝑝 False
Inverse ~𝑝 → ~𝑞 False
8
If a conditional statement and its converse are both true, then they can be joined into a
single statement called biconditional statement. This is done by using the words if and
only if or abbreviated as iff.

Converse 𝑞→𝑝 True
Inverse ~𝑝 → ~𝑞 True
What I Can Do
Science. Analyze the statements below. Which statements are equivalent? Kindly
explain briefly.
If an animal is a cat, then it has 4 paws.
If an animal has 4 paws, then it is a cat.
If an animal is not a cat, then it does not have 4 paws.
If an animal does not have 4 paws, then it is not a cat. https://pixabay.com/images/search/cat%20drawing/
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
of paper.
1. Which statement is equivalent to a converse statement if it is false?

A. conditional C. contrapositive
2. If a conditional statement is true, its contrapositive is also true. Moreover, if the

converse is true, its inverse is also true. What do you call this law?
A. Law of Conditional C. Law of Converse
B. Law of Inverse D. Law of Contrapositive
9
3. Which of the following statements is equivalent to, “If 𝑚∠𝐴 = 127𝑜 , then ∠𝐴 is
obtuse.”?
A. If ∠𝐴 is not obtuse, then 𝑚∠𝐴 ≠ 127𝑜 .
B. If ∠𝐴 is obtuse, then 𝑚∠𝐴 = 127𝑜 .
C. If 𝑚∠𝐴 ≠ 127𝑜 , then ∠𝐴 is not obtuse.
D. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 127𝑜 iff ∠𝐴 is obtuse.
4. Which of the following statements is equivalent to “If a number is an integer, then

it is a rational number”?
A. If a number is not an integer, then it is not a rational number.
B. If a number is a rational number, then it is an integer.
C. If a number is a not a rational number, then it is not an integer.
D. A number is an integer if and only if it is a rational number.
5. Which of the following statements is the biconditional for “If two line segments
have the same length, then they are congruent”?
A. If two line segments do not have the same length, then they are not
congruent.
B. Two line segments have the same length if and only if they are congruent.
C. If two line segments are not congruent, then they do not have the same
length.
D. If two line segments are congruent, then they have the same length.
10

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8

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Emma D. Villanueva

Editor: Patricia Ulynne F. Garvida

Reviewer: Michael R. Lee

Layout: Ma. Fatima D. Delfin and Michiko Remyflor V. Trangia

Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Department of Education - Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

2. From the table below, which is the dependent variable?

Number of kilos of Rice 2 4 6 7

A. I and II B. II only C. III only D. II and III

Time in Minute (t) 1 3 5 7 9

What is the equation of the function?

Three babies are born in

c. Representing Using Ordered Pairs

To find the number of babies born in 9 seconds, we have to use the

∴ There are 27 babies born in 9 seconds.

Determine the function that represents

Substituting these given values into Slope-intercept form,

b) Using this equation, we can find other values of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

∴Yesha will have to pay ₱890 for the rental cost.

Let us now consider the following examples:

a. Draw the graph of (𝑑) for 0 ≤ 𝑑 ≤ 10.

∴The estimated fare for 400 km is ₱710.

∴ The estimated distance traveled for a bus fare of ₱360 is 200 m.

Using the formula for the slope,

∴The function maybe written as (𝒕) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒕 + 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎

c) To determine the number of students enrolled in 2025, evaluate the function at 𝑡 =

(6) = 200(6) + 1800

∴ The student’s population in 2025 will be 3000.

Substitute (𝑡) = 3800 in the function.

3800 = 200𝑡 + 1800

∴ The population will reach 3800 in the year 2029.

Solve the following problems.

1. A killer whale is the fastest marine animal that

a. Write an equation to show the

b. Use your equation to find how far https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orca-

Kenna decides to set up a tutoring service for

a. Estimate the cost of tutoring services for

b. Find the value of (7).

What I Have Learned

In this lesson, we learned how to solve problems involving linear functions. We

Solve the following problems.

a. Identify the dependent and independent variables.

a. How many flyers could be printed for ₱465.00?

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Elmor F. Leonor

Editor: Patricia Ulynne F. Garvida

Reviewer: Michael R. Lee

Layout: Ma. Fatima D. Delfin and Michiko Remyflor V. Trangia

Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Department of Education - Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

3. What is the symbolic form of “𝑞 𝑖𝑓 𝑝"?

The conditional is symbolized by → and is read “if-then.” An if-then statement is

The statement 𝑝 → 𝑞 is read “if p, then q” or “p implies q”.

If-then Form Hypothesis Conclusion

1. If you pass this subject, I will buy you a cellphone.

If-then Form Hypothesis Conclusion

1. Jerry can eat lunch if he finds his meal ticket.