2.

2 Volcanic Eruption around the world

CHILE
Chaite´n, Chile (2008)
Puyehue-Cordo´n Caulle, Chile (2011)
COLUMBIA
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia (1985)
COSTA RICA
Arenal, Costa Rica (1968, 1988, 1993, 2000, 2010)
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (1877, 2002)
ECUADOR
Cotopaxi, Ecuador (1744,1877, 1907)
GREECE
Santorini, Greece (1610,1650, 1866, 1950)
GUATAMELA
Santa Maria, Guatemala (1902, 2008, 2011, 2013)
ICELAND
Askja, Iceland (1875, 1921,1926, 1961)
Eyjafjallajo¨ kull, Iceland (1612, 1821, 2010)
GrimsvTtn, Iceland (1783,1903, 1983, 1996, 1998, 2004, 2011)
Hekla, Iceland (1554, 1766,1845, 1947, 2000)
Krafla, Iceland (1975, 1984)
Laki, Iceland (1783e1785)
ICELAND
Agung, Bali, Indonesia (1808, 1943, 1963)
Kelud, Indonesia (1586,1641, 1826, 1919, 1956,1961, 1990, 2008)
Krakatau, Indonesia (1883,1999, 2009, 2010, 2011,2012)
Merapi, Indonesia (1822,1872, 1961, 2001, 2006,2010)
Tambora, Indonesia (1812, 1815, 1880)
ITALY
Etna, Italy (2012, ongoing activity)
Vesuvius, Italy (AD 79, 1875,1944)
Fuji, Japan (1560, 1700,1707)
JAPAN
Sakurajima, Japan (1471,1779, 1914, ongoing activity)
Unzen, Japan (1663, 1690,1792, 1990e1995, 1996)
Usu, Japan (1663, 1769,1822, 1853, 1943, 1977,2000)
FRANCE
Mont Pele´e, Martinique (1851, 1902, 1929)
UNITED KINGDOM
Soufriere Hills, Montserrat (1995, 2009, 2010)
NEW ZEALAND
Ruapehu, New Zealand (1881,1895, 1945, 1953, 1995,2007)
Taranaki (Egmont), New Zealand (1655)
Tarawera (Okataina),
New Zealand (1310, 1886)
Taupo, New Zealand (c.1800 years ago or AD 200)
PHILIPPINES
Mayon, Philippines (1814,1897, 1968, 2006, 2009,2010, 2013)
Pinatubo, Philippines (1450,1991)
Taal, Philippines (1716, 1749,1754, 1965, 1977)
MEXICO
Colima, Mexico (1622, 1818,1890, 1913, 1975)
El Chicho´n, Mexico (1982)
Popocate´petl, Mexico (1994, ongoing activity)

RUSSIA
Bezymianny, Kamchatka, Russia (1956, 1997, 2012, ongoing activity)
Shiveluch, Kamchatka, Russia (1944, 1990, 1999, 2005,2010)
SAINT VINCENT
La Soufriere, Saint Vincent (1902, 1979)
USA
K¯ılauea, Hawai’i, USA (1983 to present)
Augustine Volcano, Alaska,USA (1883, 1976, 1986, 2006)
Novarupta, Alaska Peninsula,USA (1912)
Redoubt Volcano, Alaska,USA (1902, 1967, 1989, 2009)
Mt St Helens, USA (1480, 1482, 1800, 1980)

Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (2015). The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes || Volcanoes and Tourism. , (),

1295–1311.  doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00075-4 

2.2.1 Environmental Impacts of volcanic eruptions

around the world
Erupting volcanoes have claimed more than 80 000 lives in the twentieth century and over 260 000 since AD1700.
At least 300 000 casualties have been ascribed to volcanism in human history. This number includes not only those
that are killed by pyroclastic flows, mudflows, and ash falls but also those that die from starvation after crop
failures. Volcanoes have been a major contributor to the building of continents as well as the ocean floor. The waters
of the ocean and gases of the atmosphere are believed to have been derived from magma and to have reached the
surface through volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions are the surface expression of deep Earth processes.
Volcanic ash contains components that can stimulate biological production in the marine and aqueous environments.
Volcanism is one of the factors that can influence the earth's climate. Climate cooling at Earth's surface attributed to
volcanic eruptions is primarily a result of the formation and spread of stratospheric H2SO4 aerosols.

2.2.2 Volcanoes in History, Culture and Religion

The early pilgrims and the recording of their journeys were the first to visit places of interest. Because of their
affinity for natural hot springs, the Romans preferred volcanic places such as the Campi Flegrei and the island of
Ischia for recreation in the past. The tourism business was invented, perfected, and developed in Europe, particularly
in Great Britain, as the Grand Tour for the young, well-educated, and wealthy members of the elite. The Vesuvius
Railway, which brought travelers directly up to the volcano, was purchased by Thomas Cook in 1864. This put the
local guides and porters, who made a fortune by transporting tourists to the summit in sedan chairs, in significant
competition.
They set fire to the station, wrecked the railway, and threw trains down the volcano in protest. The funicular train
has been damaged by lava flows three times throughout the ages, and it was not restored following the destruction
caused by the eruption in 1944. A chairlift was built in its stead to transport tourists up to the crater rim, but it is
likewise no longer operational.
Iceland's Geysir and Iceland's volcanoes were created around the same time as Europe's Grand Tour era, while
Pompeii and Herculaneum in Italy are among the world's most famous volcanic landscapes. Documentaries, novels,
and movies on volcanoes' unleashed natural powers have also fueled interest in famous volcanic places like
Yellowstone and Mt St Helens in the United States, and Krakatau in Indonesia.
Since the turn of the century, English photographer and amateur volcanologist Tempest Anderson spent two decades
exploring volcanic regions such as Vesuvius, Etna, Auvergne, Eifel, Canaries, and Iceland. When the volcanoes La
Soufriere (St. Vincent) and Mont Pelee (Martinique) erupted in the Lesser Antilles, Anderson photographed the
eruptions and gave talks about his travels. Volcanic eruptions are generally accom- panied by change, both good and
bad.

2.2.3 Recreation and Volcanoes

Volcano abseiling into an active volcanic crater (e.g., Ambrym, Vanuatu) offers a certain adrenaline rush, although
the need for special equipment restricts this activity to a minority of visitors. One of the most exciting, although
dangerous tourist attractions is bungee jumping from a helicopter above the active crater of Chile's Villarica
volcano. Alternatively, hot air balloon tours can prove fatal. An accident in Turkey in 2013 claimed 3 lives and
injured 21 passengers in a midair collision of two balloons. In Australia, hot air balloons take visitors on sunrise
flights to experience the breathtaking view of the volcanic caldera of Mt Warning (Wollumbin), also known as the
Green Caul- dron.

In Costa Rica, ballooning includes views of Arenal volcano as a special attraction; and in Southern California,
tourists have the opportunity to enjoy panoramic views of ancient canoes below. Scenic flights by airplane or
helicopter are a popular way in Oceania to access volcanoes such as White Island, Tongariro, Ruapehu, and
Tarawera in New Zealand and Lopevi, Ambrym, and Yasur in Vanuatu.

2.2.4 Activities in volcanic environment

Geotourism, ecotourism, and adventure tourism are all forms of tourism that can be found in volcanic areas.
Education and interpretation are given via on-site information centers and volcanic museums for the study of
geological processes in harsh situations. While visiting and exploring, tour guides and sign boards provide additional
learning opportunities. Many volcano tourists value a sense of adventure, which varies depending on the intensity of
volcanic activity. Local history and culture are a typical aspect of the visitor experience in most places where
volcanic geotourism is conducted, adding to the overall geo-diversity.
Volcanic hot springs are frequently found near natural hot springs, which are also included as volcanic attractions in
sightseeing excursions. The number of visitors is steadily increasing due to improved access to rural regions and
more economical plane travel. In the communities and municipalities surrounding Mt Etna in Sicily, nighttime
eruption watching is possible. Hotel rooms with views of Sakurajima in eruption are in high demand in Kagoshima,
Japan; and Arenal Observatory Lodge in Costa Rica provides volcano views.