Human Computer Interaction

Lecture 4
 Topics
• Cognition
• Input and Output channels
 Going for a Drive
• Driving a Car with a Keyboard

• Steering with Arrow keys

• Brake – Space bar

• Acceleration – Enter

• Indicators
– Left – F1
– Right – F2
• Horn – F3
• Headlights – F4
• Windscreen Wipe – F5
 Cognitive Psychology
• Psychology primarily concerned with human
behavior and the mental processes that underlie
it.

• It is primarily concerned with information

processing
 Cognitive Psychology
• Cognition is a term referring to the mental
processes involved in gaining knowledge and
comprehension.
• These cognitive processes include thinking,

knowing, remembering, judging,

and problem-solving.
• These are higher-level functions of the brain

and encompass language, imagination,

perception, and planning.
 Cognitive Psychology
• Cognitive psychology is the field of
psychology that investigates how people think
and the processes involved in cognition.
 Cognition
• Process by which we became acquainted with
things or in other words gain knowledge
– Understanding
– Remembering
– Reasoning
– Attending
– Creating a new idea
• How Humans and Computers interact with one
another in terms of knowledge transmitted by
them
 Cognition
• Also described in terms of specific process
– Attention
– Perception
– Memory
– Learning
– Reading, speaking and listening
– Problem solving, planning, reasoning, decision making
 Cognition Mode
• Experiential
We perceive, act and react to events around us
effectively
Identify the cognitions shown in previous as
experiential
• Driving a car, reading
• Reflective
– Involves thinking , comparing and decision making
 Information Processing …
• Lets look at how humans
process information

• Identify the following:

Information Processing Analysis
• Trace mental operations

• Example Retrieving a friends phone number

– Identifying friends Name
– Retrieving meaning of words
– Understanding the meaning of set of words given in
the exercise
– Retrieve number from memory
– Generate plan and formulate the answer
Human Information Processing Model

Encoding Comparison Response Response

Selection Execution
 Extended Model
• How Information is perceived by the perceptual
processors

• How information is attended to

• How information is processes and stored in

Memory
 Extension to the Information
Processing Model
Attention

Encoding Comparison Response Response

Selection Execution

Memory
 Human Eye
.
 Image Formation
• Cornea and lens
– Focuses light into a sharp image on
retina
– An upside down image is formed on
the retina.
 Rods
• Situated towards the edges of retina

• Sensitive to light
– Allow us to see under low level of
illumination

• Unable to resolve fine detail and are

subject to light saturation
– Cause of temporary blindness when
moving from dark areas to very bright
ones

• 120 million rods per eye

 Cones
• Less sensitive to light
– Can tolerate more light than Rods

• Basic function is color vision

• Situated in Fovea
– Small area on retina where image is
fixated
 Color Theory
• Primary Color
– Red,yellow and blue
PRIMARY COLORS
Red, yellow and blue

• Secondary Color
– formed by mixing the primary colors
SECONDARY COLORS
Green, orange and purple
• Tertiary Color
– formed by mixing one primary and one secondary color

TERTIARY COLORS
Yellow-orange, red-orange, red-purple, blue-purple, blue-green and yellow-green
 Color Harmony
• Harmony can be defined as a pleasing arrangement of parts, whether it
be music, poetry, color, or even an ice cream sundae

• In visual experiences, harmony is something that is pleasing to the eye

• When something is not harmonious, it's either boring or chaotic

• Color harmony delivers visual interest and a sense of order

• Extreme unity leads to under-stimulation, extreme complexity leads to

over stimulation. Harmony is a dynamic equilibrium.
 Color Harmony…

• There are many theories for harmony. Some basic formulas are:
• Analogous colors
– Analogous colors are any three colors, which are side by side on a 12
part color wheel, such as yellow-green, yellow, and yellow-orange.
Usually one of the three colors predominates.
 Color Harmony
• Complementary colors
– Complementary colors are any two colors, which are directly opposite
each other, such as red and green and red-purple and yellow-green.
– There are several variations of yellow-green in the leaves and several
variations of red-purple in the orchid
– These opposing colors create maximum contrast and maximum
stability
 Color Context
• How color behaves in relation to other colors and shapes
is a complex area of color theory

• Compare the contrast effects of different color

backgrounds for the same red square
 Color’s Guidelines
• As we age, the color in eye changes
• It becomes yellow and absorbs shorter wavelengths
so the colors with shorter wavelength will not be
visible
• So do not use blue for text or small objects
• The fluid between lens and retina absorbs more light
due to which eye perceive lower level of brightness
 Color’s Guidelines
• Therefore older people need brighter colors.
• Be careful about color combinations, Pure
(saturated) colors require more focusing then less
pure
• Therefore do not use saturated colors in User
interface unless you really need it (danger sign)