International Review of Electrical Engineering (I.R.E.E.), Vol. 14, N.

5
ISSN 1827- 6660 September – October 2019

Conversion of RMS into Instantaneous Transformer Saturation

Characteristics – Implementation in MATLAB/SPS-ST

Amir Tokić, Viktor Milardić, Mensur Kasumović, Damir Demirović

Abstract – The paper presents a reduced form of the algorithm for converting a measured RMS
transformer characteristic into the corresponding peak instantaneous transformer saturation
curve. The peak instantaneous saturation curve is an essential input for stationary and
electromagnetic transient simulations of power systems such as harmonics, subharmonics, inrush
currents, ferroresonance, load rejections and similar. The conversion algorithm was implemented
in Saturable Transformer Block inside MATLAB/SPS-ST software. The existing transformer model
in SPS-ST implies the need of knowing the saturation characteristic, which is generally absent in
practice. Consequently, the RMS transformer characteristic was offered as an alternative to the
actual core saturation characteristic in Saturable Transformer Block. A novel Saturable
Transformer Block design tool, consisting of a graphical user interface, allows for a choice of
either old saturation or novel RMS saturation characteristic. The developed transformer model
with embedded conversion procedure was tested on an application example of transient and
steady-state single-phase transformer simulation. It was exhibited that a novel Saturable
Transformer Block produces identical simulation results to an actual Saturable Transformer
Block. The new SPS-ST transformer model was further validated by laboratory measurements. The
results of the transformer inrush current and steady-state current simulation and measurement
showed a very good matching ratio. The developed algorithm for conversion of RMS into peak
saturation characteristic applies to modeling and simulation of steady-state and transients in
electrical systems, where voltage and current transformer, iron-cored reactors, nonlinear coil and
electromagnetic ballast are the dominant elements. Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. -
All rights reserved.

Keywords: MATLAB, Model, Simscape, SimPowerSystem, Transformer

Nomenclature System frequency

RMS voltage
RMS current
 Instantaneous magnetic flux
Instantaneous current
System angular frequency
Corresponding angle of magnetic flux
 Peak value of magnetic flux
Total number of RMS saturation curve
points
Linear segment of instantaneous
saturation curve
Slope (inductance) of -th segment of
saturation curve instantaneous
Corresponding coefficient (current
source) of -th segment of
instantaneous saturation curve
Primary winding resistance
Secondary winding resistance
Primary leakage inductance
Secondary leakage inductance
Core loss resistance
Transformer nominal power
⁄ Transformer turn ratio
Peak current point on saturation curve
 Peak magnetic flux point on saturation
curve
, , Coefficients of quadratic equation
Δ Increment of the angle
Δ sin 2 Increment of the sine (double angle)
Δ cos Increment of the cosine
I. Introduction
Simscape Electrical is simulation tool for analysis of
dynamical and stationary states in electrical power
systems, electronic systems and control systems [1].
Simscape Power Systems - Specialized Technology
(SPS-ST) is a part of Simscape, specialized for transient
and steady-state analysis of electrical power systems [2]-
[3]. SPS-ST was originally developed using the state-
space model of dynamical systems and runs within
MATLAB/Simulink environment [4]. SPS-ST has a
significant library of models of linear and nonlinear,

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved https://doi.org/10.15866/iree.v14i5.17298

367
 A. Tokić, V. Milardić, M. Kasumović, D. Demirović

single phase and three phase transformers [2]. Modeling Lastly, Section V concludes the paper.
of transformers within the SPS-ST framework is highly
widespread in the field of training, education and
research [5]-[8]. Fig. 1, according to Google Scholar [9], II. Conversion Procedure
shows the number of documents in the period from 1989 II.1. The Basic Assumptions
to 2018 that include "transformer" and "MATLAB" as
keywords. A transformer represents the most common The basic assumptions for the conversion procedure
and essential component in a power system. Therefore, it are as follows: (a) voltage of the system is a pure (cosine)
is of value to develop an adequate nonlinear transformer function, (b) transformer serial impedance is ignored, and
model that is applicable in transient and steady-state (c) nonlinear saturation curve is strongly symmetric
analyses in power systems. The basic element in the related to origin (odd function).
transformer model is the nonlinear inductance of the As presented in the further below, existing
transformer’s iron core, which represents iron core publications [11], [24], [31], [40], [41] were used as a
saturation effect. There is a nonlinear inductance or basis for the conversion methodology development.
saturation effect when modelling power transformers The analysis starts with an assumption that there is at
[10]-[12], voltage transformers [13]-[14], capacitor disposal a discrete set of N measured RMS voltage and
voltage transformer [15], current transformer [16], iron- that current values =[ ... ] and
cored reactors [17], electronic transformer [18], =[ ... ] are known, as
electromagnetic ballast in lamps [19] and nonlinear coil represented in Fig. 2(a).
[20]. The marked instantaneous values of the current-
The model of nonlinear inductance of the mentioned magnetic flux characteristic represent the maximal values
elements plays a dominant role in the analysis of of the magnetizing current and magnetic flux, Fig. 2(b),
occurrences in the power systems, such as inrush current corresponding to different linear sections, Fig. 2(c).
[21]-[25], ferroresonance [26]-[32], switching operations
[33]-[34] and harmonics [35]-[36]. It should be noted II.2. Algorithm for Conversion of RMS to Peak Curve
that the nonlinear transformer modelling results in stiff
differential equation systems [37]-[38]. For the With an assumption that the voltage of the system is a
simulation of stiff systems, it is necessary to use a cosine function, the corresponding magnetic flux must be
suitable numerical method, which enables a rich library a sine function having a frequency of the power system,
of numerical solvers implemented in MATLAB. The as in Fig. 2(b).
nonlinear core of the transformer can be modelled by The maximum (peak) values of the magnetic flux for
standard nonlinear inductance [2] or hysteretic every single linear section, i.e. for every pair of
inductance [2], [39]. evaluation points of the RMS voltage , , . . . , can
However, knowledge of the main hysteretic loop be computed as follows:
needed for the model of hysteretic inductance is in
practical cases very difficult to acquire (this √2
 = , = 1,2, . . . , (1)
measurement is not feasible). Therefore, the standard ω
nonlinear inductance is usually used in practice as the
single-valued saturation transformer characteristic. Thus, in order to obtain the instantaneous saturation
All the models of nonlinear transformers imply the curve, computation of the corresponding instantaneous
need of knowing the transformer peak instantaneous magnetizing current values , , . . . , remains to be
saturation curve in p.u. or SI system (International done.
System of Units), which is usually unknown in practice.
However, the points of the effective RMS nonlinear
saturation curve ( − ) of the transformer are always
known. Therefore, this paper presents the procedure for
converting the RMS curve into the instantaneous
saturation curve, which is the input data for simulation
within the SPS-ST module.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.
Section II presents the details of the conversion
procedure of the RMS into instantaneous transformer
saturation characteristic. Section III describes the
conversion algorithm implementation within the existing
Saturable Transformer Block in the frame of the
MATLAB/SPS-ST module. Section IV shows the
obtained simulation results with an actual and novel
transformer model, as well as their comparison against
laboratory single-phase transformer measurements. Fig. 1. Number of documents with "transformer" and "MATLAB"
keywords, according to Google Scholar [9]

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 14, N. 5

368
 A. Tokić, V. Milardić, M. Kasumović, D. Demirović

(a) RMS − curve (b) magnetic flux waveform (c) instantaneous  − saturation curve

Figs. 2. Conversion of an RMS − into instantaneous  − saturation

Over each k-th linear subsection of the saturation This equation can be written also with respect to the
curve, = 1, 2, . . . , − 1, Fig. 2(c), the following unknown inductance :
formula is used [24], [31]:
1
1 =  sin −  +
= + (2) 2
1 (7)
where the values and are defined as follows: +  sin − 

 − 1 +
= , = −  (3)
−

Equation (2), according to Equation (3), can be written which further yields the equation with respect to the
in the following form: unknown inductance :

1 1
= − + (4)  sin −  +

As an initial condition, the RMS current is considered

to be = 0. + −
2
It is, therefore, clear that the instantaneous current is
also = 0. + 2  sin (8)
The computational approach should be repeated for
the remaining linear subsections of the instantaneous
saturation curve. − )
By using the well-known mathematical induction
method, the general relations below can be proven. For +  sin −  =0
the unknown k-th linear subsection, = + 1, the
following equation can be made:

1 or, written in a compact form:

= − + , =  sin , ≤ ≤ ,

 (5) + + =0 (9)
= arcsin ,

with the following coefficients:
= 1, 2, . . . , + 1

In a special case = 0 and = = . The =  sin − 

RMS current value can be computed as follows:

= [2( − ) (10)
4
2 1 − (sin 2 − sin 2 )]
= ( −  ) + (6) + 2  (cos − cos )
+ ( − )

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 14, N. 5

369
 A. Tokić, V. Milardić, M. Kasumović, D. Demirović

conversion procedure is rather high, due to the following

=2  sin −  reason. For each power transformer, after its
(11) manufacturing, the nonlinear RMS − characteristic is
= −2  (cos − cos )
usually measured and delivered to the customer together
+ ( − )] with the transformer. The RMS curve is, however, for
practical transient simulations of power systems not
1 sufficient, as the instantaneous  − saturation curve is
=  sin −  + required. The saturation curve should then be obtained
from the measured RMS curve.
+ −
2 II.3. Conversion Procedure Limitations
1  It should be noted that there are two basic limitations
= 2( − )
4 for the presented conversion algorithm of measured RMS
transformer characteristic to peak instantaneous
− (sin 2 − sin 2 )]
transformer saturation curve:
+ 2  cos − cos (12) a) The single-valued RMS saturation characteristic is
+ ( defined by a set of strong increased current-voltage
1 pairs defining a nonlinear RMS saturation curve;
− ) + −2  cos b) Theoretically, relations (8) and (12) are always valid.
However, since the vector RMS values are
− cos ) + ( − ) measured (i.e. non-ideal), in some cases it is possible that
> 0, which (according to expression (16)) implies
+ ( − ) + ( − )
negative value for inductance . In that certain case, the
conversion procedure requests the different value of the
−
2 last loaded pair ( , ) of transformer RMS
characteristic.
Finally, it can be proven that in each step =
1, 2, . . . , − 1, the following coefficients should be III. Implementation of Conversion
computed:
Procedure within MATLAB/SPS-ST
 III.1. Novel Saturable Transformer Block within
= (2 − sin 2 ) + 2  cos MATLAB/SPS-ST
4 (13)
+ The presented method can be sophisticatedly
implemented as a MATLAB Block (function) for
= −2  cos + (14) converting an RMS into instantaneous transformer
saturation curve, which can be easily used as an input for
steady-state and electromagnetic transient power system
= + + + − (15) simulations. The suggested conversion algorithm was
2 implemented within the existing Saturable Transformer
Block in the frame of the MATLAB/SPS-ST module. As
Furthermore, since, according to (10) and (11), the a test, a typical laboratory single-phase transformer was
subintegral functions are positive, then ≥ 0, ≥ 0 is used, with the parameters as specified below.
valid, and then, according to (8), it is directly found that Single-phase transformer parameters (linear):
≤ 0 is to be valid, so the following solution for the  Nominal power: = 100 VA;
equation (9) is obtained:  Turn ratio: ⁄ = 230⁄12 V;
 Winding resistances: = 5.75 , = 0.021 ;
− − −4  Winding leakage inductances: = 3.14 mH,
= (16)
2 = 8.55 H;
 Core loss resistance: = 4577.3 .
The unknown inductance is evidently computed Measured transformer nonlinear RMS saturation
from the previously obtained values , , ..., . The characteristic (RMS current vs. RMS voltage in the SI
instantaneous current value is then obtained as follows: system) is shown in Fig. 3. After the application of the
proposed conversion procedure, the instantaneous
1 saturation characteristic was obtained, which is the input
=  − + (17)
for simulation within the MATLAB/SPS-ST module.
The calculated transformer nonlinear saturation
The practical importance of the presented (reduced) characteristic (peak current-peak magnetic flux in the SI

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 14, N. 5

370
 A. Tokić
Tokić,, V. Milardić, M. Kasumović, D. Demirović

system), obtained by the proposed conversion procedure,

is shown in Fig. 4. Furthermore
Furthermore, Fig. 5 shows the
transformer model with implemented novel Saturable
Transformer Block in the frame of the MATLAB/SPS
MATLAB/SPS-
ST module. Fig. 6 represents the equivalent Saturable
Transformer circuit model within SPS SPS-ST
ST module. The
model shown in Fig. 6 defines the following linear
parameters: the winding resistances , and leakage
inductances , , as well as the core Joule losses
resistance . Furthermore, the magnetizing branch is
modeled as a nonlinear inductance in two ways: a
nonlinear instantaneous saturation characteristic-actual
characteristic actual
Block, and a proposed nonlinear RMS saturation
characteristic
characteristic (novel properties). The remanent magnetic
flux  is enabled in each case. The user would then Fig. 5. Transformer SPS
SPS-ST
ST model: novel Saturable Transformer Block

select one of two offered ways of defining a saturation

characteristic. During a preprocessing step, a values
conversion was executed (namely, InitFcn withinwithin Model
Properties
Properties)) for the proposed algorithm for RMS
saturation characteristic. The implemented component
Lookup Table Dynamic is initialized with a final
converted saturation characteristic value. A particular
interface option allows the proposed conversion conversion
algorithm to be efficient and fast. Furthermore, Table I
below shows the measured results of the transformer
nonlinear RMS saturation characteristic, while Table II
further below shows the calculated results using a
transformer nonlinear instantaneo
instantaneous
us saturation
characteristic.
Fig. 6. Circuit model of the Saturable Transformer
The linear transformer parameters and the results of
the nonlinear RMS/instantaneous saturation characteristic
are then entered into the corresponding fields of the
novel Saturable Transformer Block. Fig. 7 shows
modified (novel) SPSSPS-ST
ST Block parameters window for
entering the transformer model parameters. In such case,
Saturation characteristic is equal to zero-
Saturation zero-pairs
pairs vector.
Otherwise, if the old Saturation characteristic is
selected, then the RMS saturation characteristic is equal
to zero
zero--pairs
pairs vector.

Fig. 3. Measured transformer nonlinear RMS saturation characteristic

Fig. 7. Modified (novel) SPS Block parameters window

for Saturable Transformer model

TABLE I
R
RMS
MS SATURATION CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSFORMER
I [A] U [V] I [A] U [V]
0.001 31.8 0.302 244.2
0.003 53.3 0.387 264.3
0.009 74.6 0.502 286.4
0.019 95.8 0.727 313.2
0.035 116.9 1.180 340.0
0.057 139.0 1.690 355.4
0.079 160.8 2.330 366.5
0.113 181.7 3.460 378.5
Fig. 4. Calculated transformer nonlinear 0.162 201.3 4.890 389.0
instantaneous saturation characteristic 0.229 227.2 7.450 402.8

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Elect
Electrical
rical Engineering, Vol. 14, N. 5

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 A. Tokić, V. Milardić, M. Kasumović, D. Demirović

TABLE II The waveforms of transformer inrush current and

INSTANTANEOUS SATURATION CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSFORMER
transformer steady-state current were obtained using the
i [A]  [Vs] i [A]  [Vs]
Power Quality Analyzer FLUKE 434/435. It should be
0.002 0.143 0.535 1.099
0.005 0.240 0.700 1.189 noted that, when measuring the transformer inrush
0.015 0.336 0.909 1.289 current, the residual flux is set to zero. The voltage of the
0.035 0.431 1.389 1.410 power supply is slowly reduced to zero before the
0.060 0.526 2.458 1.531
transformer energization. Thus, the residual flux in the
0.099 0.627 3.809 1.601
0.134 0.723 5.571 1.650 iron core of the transformer has been guaranteed to have
0.200 0.818 8.579 1.704 an approximately zero value. It can be concluded that
0.300 0.906 12.23 1.751 modified (novel) Block for Saturable Transformer
0.420 1.003 18.35 1.813
produces identical simulation results as an original
Saturable Transformer model. The Novel Block supports
III.2. Validation of Developed Novel Saturable direct entering of saturation characteristic (the same
Transformer Block option as in the old Block) or entering of RMS
characteristic. On the other hand, the results of the
The presented conversion procedure was used to solve simulation and measurement of transformer inrush
the problem in practice of switching on a single-phase current and steady-state current have shown a very good
transformer (transformer inrush current), as well as a matching ratio, which means that the developed
steady-state of the transformer (transformer steady-state transformer model can be of great value and operational
current). from a practical point of view.
In Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 the corresponding transformer
inrush current and steady-state current simulation results
are presented, by using an actual and modified (novel)
Saturable Transformer model. IV. Conclusion
Also, the results of the simulation achieved with the The paper presents a conversion of RMS into a peak
actual and novel Saturable instantaneous transformer saturation characteristic. The
Transformer model were compared to the results of basic assumptions of the developed conversion procedure
transformer inrush current and steady-state current, as in are that the voltage of the system is purely a sinus
Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. function, that transformer serial impedance is neglected
and that a nonlinear saturation characteristic is an odd
function. The conversion procedure has been
implemented in the latest MATLAB/SPS-ST module and
included as an option in the Saturable Transformer
Block. A Saturable Transformer Block design tool,
consisting of a graphical user interface, allows for a
choice of using either an old saturation (peak
instantaneous saturation curve) or a novel RMS
saturation characteristic. In case that RMS characteristic
Block is selected, the Block activates the conversion
algorithm. An application example illustrates the
simulation of transient and steady-state currents of a
single-phase transformer. The paper shows that the novel
Fig. 8. Transformer inrush current: Actual and novel Block Saturable Transformer Block, with an embedded
for Saturable Transformer conversion algorithm, produces identical simulation
results as the original Saturable Transformer Block. The
developed SPS-ST transformer model is further validated
by appropriate laboratory measurements since the results
of the simulation and measurement of transformer inrush
current and steady-state current show a very good
matching ratio. The proposed conversion procedure can
also be used in modelling other nonlinear inductance that
occurs at the voltage and current transformer, iron-cored
reactors, nonlinear coil and electromagnetic ballast.

Fig. 9. Transformer steady-state current: Actual
and novel Block for Saturable Transformer
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Authors’ information
Amir Tokić received the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical engineering and computing
from the University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,
in 2001 and 2004, respectively. Currently, he is
a Professor at the University of Tuzla, Bosnia
and Herzegovina. His areas of interest include
modeling and simulation, power system
transients, power quality, and applied numerical
and optimization methods.
Mensur Kasumović received his M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the
University of Tuzla, in 2006 and 2012,
respectively. Currently, he is a associate
professor at the University of Tuzla, Bosnia and
Herzegovina. His areas of interest include power
electronic devices and electric motor drives.
Damir Demirović was born in 1978. He
received the B.Eng, M.Sc. and Ph.D degrees in
electrical engineering from the University of
Tuzla. Currently, he is Associate Professor at the
University of Tuzla. His research interests
include pattern recognition, image processing
and analysis.

Viktor Milardić was born in 1971. He received

the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
engineering with special emphasis on surge
protection from the University of Zagreb,
Croatia in 2001 and 2005 respectively.He has
three years of working experience in the
Distribution of Electrical Energy. Currently he is
with the Department of High Voltage and Power
System of Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University
of Zagreb. His main topics of research are surge and lightning
protection, grounding, electromagnetic compatibility and HV laboratory
testing. He is co-author of many scientific papers and practical projects
in abovementioned fields.Mr. Milardić is a member of IEEE and
Croatian Committee of Cigré.

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