Patuakhali Science and Technology University

Faculty of Business Administration

Report Submission
Attendance Report

Level :1
Semester :1
Course Code : LCM 111
Course Title : English Language
Report Title : Covid-19: Origin, Transmission and control
Date of Submission : 28th December, 2021

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2
Acknowledgement
Faculty of Business Administration
Patuakhali Science and Technology University
Dumki, Patuakhali - 8602
First of all, we like to express sincere gratitude to almighty Allah who has granted us health and
long life, without which we could not have finished this report, then we want to give cordial
respect and deeply thanks to our honorable course teacher Md. Mehedi Hasan sir, Professor &
Chairman Department of Language and Communication, Faculty of Business Administration,
28th December, 2021
Patuakhali Science and Technology University, without whose assistance, help and
Md. Mehedi Hasan
encouragement we could not be able to prepare this report.
Chairman &Professor,
Department of Language and Communication,
Faculty of Business Administration,
Patuakhali Science and Technology University.
Finally, we want to confess that this report has been prepared with based on our experiences and
Subject: Letter
information of Transmittal
provided by the authority but there could have been some unwilling errors and
lacking, we hope that you would be kind enough to accept those.
Dear Sir,

I am thankful to almighty Allah for giving us the strength and capability to complete this
report on “Covid-19: Origin, Transmission and Control” I would like to thank my course
Sincerely yours,
(English Language) teacher Md. Mehedi Hasan sir for putting in all the hard work in this
course
Md. to make
Nazmul it a memorable
Hassan Bhuiyan experience for all of us. We appreciate his guidance and shall
be glad to have valuable feedback on this report.

------------------------------------------------

Sincerely,
(Group Leader)

Mdbehalf
On Nazmul Hassan
of the Bhuiyan
group: F1

Faculty of Business Administration

-------------------------------------------------
Level:1
Level 1,Semester:
Semester11
Session 2019-2020
Patuakhali
On behalf Science
of and Technology University
Group F
Faculty of Business Administration
Patuakhali Science and Technology University.

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Exam roll Reg. no Name Signature Remarks

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1903084 08864 Habiba Sultana

1903085 08865 Mohammad Hasan Reza

1903086 08866 Md. Nazmul Hassan Bhuiyan

1903087 08867 Md. Sohbut Saakib

1903088 08868 Sadman Rafid

1903089 08869 A.S.M. Sadiqur Rahman

1903091 08871 Zarin Tasnim

1903092 08872 Abu Jafor Md. Saleh

1903093 08873 Syed Abid Arefin

1903094 08874 Elton Susan Biswas

1903095 08875 Himel Majumder

1903096 08876 Ardia Humayra Khan

1903097 08877 Munia Jahan

1903099 08879 Aurna Yousuf

Group Member’s details

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 Table of Contents:

Number Contents Page No.

01 Introduction 6
02 Executive Summary of COVID-19 7
03 Methodology 8
04 Objectives 8
05 Covid-19- origin and variants 9
06 Transmission 12
07 Control and Vaccination 14
08 Findings of The Study 15
09 Conclusion 16
10 References 17

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Introduction:

Coronaviruses belong to the Coronaviridae family in the Nidovirales order. Corona represents
crown-like spikes on the outer surface of the virus; thus, it was named as a coronavirus.
Coronaviruses are minute in size (65–125 nm in diameter) and contain a single-stranded RNA as
a nucleic material, size ranging from 26 to 32kbs in length. The subgroups of coronaviruses
family are alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) and delta (δ) coronavirus. The severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), H5N1 influenza A, H1N1 2009 and Middle East
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cause acute lung injury (ALI) and acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which leads to pulmonary failure and result in fatality.
These viruses were thought to infect only animals until the world witnessed a severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak caused by SARS-CoV, 2002 in Guangdong, China. Only
a decade later, another pathogenic coronavirus, known as Middle East respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (MERS-CoV) caused an endemic in Middle Eastern countries.

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Executive Summary of COVID-19:

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The majority of those infected with the virus will have mild to moderate respiratory symptoms
and will recover without the need for medical attention. Some, on the other hand, will become
critically unwell and require medical assistance. Serious sickness is more likely to strike the
elderly and those with underlying medical disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes,
chronic respiratory disease, or cancer. COVID-19 can make anyone sick and cause them to get
very ill or die at any age.

The majority of those infected with the virus will develop mild to moderate respiratory disease
and will recover without the need for specific treatment. Some, though, will get very ill and
require medical treatment. People over the age of 65, as well as those with underlying medical
diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer, are at a
higher risk of developing serious illness. Anyone of any age can become very ill or die as a result
of COVID-19.

When an infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks, sings, or breathes, the virus can spread in
microscopic liquid particles from their mouth or nose. These particles range in size from big
respiratory droplets to tiny aerosols. If you feel ill, it is critical to adopt respiratory etiquette,
such as coughing into a flexed elbow, and to stay at home and self-isolate until you recover.

We need to get vaccinated as soon as the vaccine hits local area and till then we must maintain
some distance. We must stay concern about this situation as this is very dangerous for ourselves.
Keep distance and stay safe.

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Methodology:

Methodology is the study of research methods, or, more formally, "'a contextual framework' for
research, a coherent and logical scheme based on views, beliefs, and values, that guides the
choices researchers [or other users] make". It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of
methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge such that the methodologies
employed from differing disciplines vary depending on their historical development. This creates
a continuum of methodologies that stretch across competing understandings of how knowledge
and reality are best understood. This situates methodologies within overarching philosophies and
approaches. Methodology may be visualized as a spectrum from a predominantly quantitative
approach towards a predominantly qualitative approach. Although a methodology may
conventionally sit specifically within one of these approaches, researchers may blend approaches
in answering their research objectives and so have methodologies that are multimethod and/or
interdisciplinary. Overall, a methodology does not set out to provide solutions - it is therefore,
not the same as a method. Instead, a methodology offers a theoretical perspective for
understanding which method, set of methods, or best practices can be applied to the research
question(s) at hand.

Objective:
 To explore more about the virus's origins.
 To determine the roots of transmission.
 To evaluate the impact of Covid-19 on public health, mental health, economy, and
education.
 How to overcome the flow and outbreak.
 Prevention and cure of the virus.
 Precautionary measures for a future pandemic.

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Covid-19- origin and variants:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute

respiratory syndrome coronavirus. It was first isolated from three people with pneumonia
connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan. All structural features of the
novel SARS-CoV-2 virus particle occur in related coronaviruses in nature. The first known
infections from SARS-CoV-2 were discovered in Wuhan, China. The original source of viral
transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether the virus became pathogenic before or
after the spillover event.

COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) virus strain. The IC assesses that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19,
probably emerged and infected humans through an initial small-scale exposure that occurred no
later than November 2019 with the first known cluster of COVID-19 cases arising in Wuhan,
China in December 2019. In addition, the IC was able to reach broad agreement on several other
key issues. We judge the virus was not developed as a biological weapon. Most agencies also

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assess with low confidence that SARS-CoV-2 probably was not genetically engineered;
however, two agencies believe there was not sufficient evidence to make an assessment either
way. Finally, the IC assesses China’s officials did not have foreknowledge of the virus before the
initial outbreak of COVID-19 emerged. After examining all available intelligence reporting and
other information, though, the IC remains divided on the most likely origin of COVID-19. All
agencies assess that two hypotheses are plausible: natural exposure to an infected animal and a
laboratory-associated incident.

We are aware of scientific studies claiming to have found SARS-CoV-2 viral fragments or
antibodies in samples taken before November 2019 outside China. However, technical flaws in
some of these studies, uncertainties in the methodologies, and in some cases, the lack of a
credible review process make us skeptical of their utility in determining the pandemic’s origin.

 We assess that the first cluster of confirmed COVID-19 cases arose in Wuhan, China, in late
2019, but we lack insight—and may never have it—on where the first SARS-CoV-2 infection
occurred. Although all of the earliest confirmed cases of COVID-19 were documented in China’s
Hubei Province, where Wuhan is located, according to Western and China’s press reports, it is
plausible that a traveler came in contact with the virus elsewhere and then went to Wuhan.

 We continue to monitor scientific publications and discuss these issues with experts. Even if
the virus is found to have existed outside China before the Wuhan outbreak, credible evidence of
human infection would also be necessary to determine if the first COVID-19 outbreak began
there.

Viruses are always changing, and that can cause a new variant, or strain, of a virus to form. A
variant usually doesn't affect how the virus works. But sometimes they make it act in different
ways.

Scientists around the world are tracking changes in the virus that causes COVID-19. Their
research is helping experts understand whether certain COVID-19 variants spread faster than
others, how they might affect your health, and how effective different vaccines might be against
them.

There are many variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the

virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some are believed, or have been stated,

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to be of particular importance due to their potential for increased transmissibility, increased
virulence, or reduced effectiveness of vaccines against them. These variants contribute to the
continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Coronaviruses didn't just pop up recently. They're a large family of viruses that have been around
for a long time. Many of them can cause a variety of illnesses, from a mild cough to severe
respiratory illnesses.

The new (or “novel”) coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is one of several known to infect
humans. It's probably been around for some time in animals. Sometimes, a virus in animals
crosses over into people. That's what scientists think happened here. So, this virus isn't new to
the world, but it is new to humans. When scientists found out that it was making people sick in
2019, they named it as a novel coronavirus. Experts call these strains SARS-CoV-2.

Five SARS-CoV-2 variants have been designated as variants of concern by the World Health
Organization: the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants. Alpha is first discovered in
United Kingdom, Beta is first discovered in South Africa, Gamma is first invented in Brazil,
Delta first invented in India, Omicron is first invented in South Africa.

The earliest available SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes were collected from patients in December
2019, and Chinese researchers compared these early genomes with bat and pangolin coronavirus
strains to estimate the ancestral human coronavirus type; the identified ancestral genome type
was labeled "S", and its dominant derived type was labeled "L" to reflect the mutant amino acid
changes. Independently, Western researchers carried out similar analyses but labeled the
ancestral type "A" and the derived type "B". The B-type mutated into further types including into
B.1, which is the ancestor of the major global variants of concern, labeled in 2021 by the WHO
as alpha, beta, gamma, delta and omicron variants.

Early in the pandemic, the relatively low number of infections (compared with later stages of the
pandemic) resulted in fewer opportunities for mutation of the viral genome and, therefore, fewer
opportunities for the occurrence of differentiated variants. Since the occurrence of variants was
rarer, the observation of S-protein mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) region
interacting with ACE2 was also not frequent.

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As time went on, the evolution of SARS-CoV-2's genome (by means of random mutations) led
to mutant specimens of the virus (i.e., genetic variants), observed to be more transmissible, to be
naturally selected. Notably, both the Alpha and the Delta variants were observed to be more
transmissible than previously identified viral strains.

Some SARS-CoV-2 variants are considered to be of concern as they maintain (or even increase)
their replication fitness in the face of rising population immunity, either by infection recovery or
via vaccination. Some of the variants of concern show mutations in the RBD of the S-protein.
Coronaviruses have all their genetic material in something called RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA has
some similarities to DNA, but they aren't the same.

When viruses infect you, they attach to your cells, get inside them, and make copies of their RNA,
which helps them spread. If there's a copying mistake, the RNA gets changed. Scientists call those
changes mutations. These changes happen randomly and by accident. It's a normal part of what
happens to viruses as they multiply and spread. Because the changes are random, they may make
little to no difference in a person's health. Other times, they may cause disease. For example, one
reason you need a flu shot every year is because influenza viruses change from year to year. This
year's flu virus probably isn't the exact same one that circulated last year.

If a virus has a random change that makes it easier to infect people and it spreads, that variant will
become more common. The bottom line is that all viruses, including coronaviruses, can change over
time.

Transmission:

We know that the COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which spreads between
people in several different ways the transmission of COVID-19 is the passing of corona virus
diseases 2019 from person to person. The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route
when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles that infected people exhale as they
breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing. Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19
when they are physically close.

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Person-to-Person Transmission

Experts believe the virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly from person to person. There are
several ways this can happen:

 Droplets or aerosols

 This is the most common transmission. A person can be at risk by having his or her mouth, nose
and eyes exposed to infective respiratory droplets. These infective respiratory droplets are
usually considered to be >5-10µm in diameter. Droplet transmission may also occur through
fomites in the immediate environment around the infected person. When an infected person
coughs, sneezes, or talks, droplets or tiny particles called aerosols carry the virus into the air from
their nose or mouth. Anyone who is within 6 feet of that person can breathe it into their lungs.
Therefore, transmission of COVID-19 can occur by direct contact with infected people. It also
can occur by indirect contact with the surfaces in the immediate environment or objects which
used on the infected person such as stethoscope or thermometer.

 Airborne transmission

 Research shows that the virus can live in the air for up to 3 hours. It can get into your lungs if
someone who has it breathes out and you breathe that air in. Experts are divided on how often the
virus spreads through the airborne route and how much it contributes to the pandemic. Airborne
transmission refers to the presence of microbes within droplet nuclei. These nuclei are generally
considered to be particles > 5µm diameter and which result from evaporation of larger droplets
and exits within dust particles. They may remain in the air for a long time and be transmitted to
others over distance greater than 1m. In the context of COVID-19, airborne transmission may be
possible in specific circumstance and settings in which procedures which generate aerosols are
performed. In analysis of 75,465 COVID-19 cases in China, airborne transmission was not
reported. COVID-19 transmits when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small
airborne particles containing the virus. The risk of breathing these in is highest when people are
in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distance, particularly indoors.

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  Surface transmission. A less common method is when you touch surfaces that someone
who has the virus has coughed or sneezed on. Someone may touch a countertop or doorknob
that's contaminated and then touch his/her nose, mouth, or eyes. The virus can live on
surfaces like plastic and stainless steel for 2 to 3 days. To stop it, we have to clean and
disinfect all counters, knobs, and other surfaces we touch several times a day.
 Fecal-oral. Studies also suggest that virus particles can be found in infected people's poop.
But experts aren't sure whether the infection can spread through contact with an infected
person's stool. If that person uses the bathroom and doesn't wash their hands, they could
infect things and people that they touch.

WHO describe settings, where transmission of the COVID-19 virus occurs more easily. 1)
Crowded place; 2) Close-contact settings, especially where people have conversation very near
each other. 3) Confined and enclosed space with poor ventilation. The ‘Three C’ are a useful way
to think about how COVID-19 can be spread more easily. WHO continues to emphasize the
utmost importance of frequent hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and environmental cleaning
and disinfection, as well as the importance of maintaining physical distance and avoidance of
close, unprotected contact with people with fever and respiratory symptoms?

Control and Vaccination:

The availability of a safe and effective vaccine for COVID-19 is well-recognized as an additional
tool to contribute to the control of the pandemic. At the same time, the challenges and efforts
needed to rapidly develop, evaluate and produce this at scale are enormous. It is vital that we
evaluate as many vaccines as possible as we cannot predict how many will turn out to be viable.
To increase the chances of success (given the high level of attrition during vaccine
development), we must test all candidate vaccines until they fail. WHO is working to ensure that
all of them have the chance of being tested at the initial stage of development? This is a major
and extraordinary global research undertaking: WHO is facilitating collaboration and accelerated
efforts on a scale not seen before; it is convening vital communications across the research
community and beyond. COVID-19 can be prevented through pharmaceutical (i.e., vaccination)
and non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., masking, physical distancing, hand hygiene). All of

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these preventative measures are important to protect individuals from acquiring and transmitting
the SARS-CoV-2 virus and should be done in conjunction with one another. Vaccination Getting
vaccinated is a preventative measure that people can take to avoid getting sick with COVID-19
and to avoid infecting others. While safe and effective vaccines are a great tool for prevention, it
is important to continue other preventative actions such as wearing masks, performing hand
hygiene, physically distancing from others, and avoiding crowded spaces and spaces with poor
ventilation.7 There are several vaccine candidates, and many have been listed under WHO’s
emergency use external icon. Wearing masks is another important preventative action for
COVID-19 that should continue to be performed. When selecting a mask, there are many factors
to consider.8 Masks should Have two or more layers of washable, breathable fabric Completely
cover the nose and mouth Fit snug against the sides of the face and not have gaps Have a nose
wire to prevent air from leaking out of the top of the mask It is also important to choose and wear
the proper type of mask based on your setting. For example, in a community setting, cloth masks
should be worn, whereas during aerosol generating procedures in a healthcare setting, should be
worn.

Findings of The Study:

Masks are useful tools Not everyone practiced preventive measures such as mask wearing,
maintaining a 6-foot distance, and washing hands frequently. Masks are a case in point. They are
a key COVID-19 prevention strategy because they provide a barrier that can keep respiratory
droplets from spreading. Mask-wearing became more common.

Telehealth might become the new normal More doctors also encouraged patients to track their
blood pressure at home, and to use at-home equipment for such purposes as diagnosing sleep
apnea and even testing for colon cancer. Doctors also can fine-tune cochlear implants remotely.

Vaccines are powerful tools Covid-19 made us really eager to get a vaccine. The whole world
was looking at the scientists for coming up with a vaccine. And at last when the vaccine came it

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was like a blessing to the world. Everyone is not treated equally, especially in a pandemic Racial
and ethnic minority groups especially have had disproportionately higher rates of hospitalization
for COVID-19 than non-Hispanic white people in every age group, and many other groups faced
higher levels of risk or stress.

We need to take mental health seriously Many people were depressed in the pandemic. Many of
them also caused suicide. So, we need to take mental health more seriously.

We have the capacity for resilience People have practiced self-care in a multitude of ways during
the pandemic as they were forced to adjust to new work schedules, change their gym routines,
and cut back on socializing. Many started seeking out new strategies to counter the stress.
Community is essential—and technology is too

Many of us have become aware of how much we need other people—many have managed to
maintain their social connections, even if they had to use technology to keep in touch. Even
people who aren’t necessarily friends or family are important.

Sometimes you need a dose of humility It’ll take just a little patience and support for us to master
this crisis, but together can we do it. We only need to respect the recommendations and measures
issued by the govt. to protect ourselves, the people closest to us, and others who live in our
community. We have to think of the people rather than being selfish. Thus, we can fight anything
that can harm us.

Conclusion:

Recent COVID-19 has been deemed as a global health emergency which has affected worldwide
everything economically and medically. Vaccines has been invented but the permanent treatment
of COVID -19 is still distant and thus its spread can only be contained by following strict
quarantine protocols. Therefore, efforts should be made to devise comprehensive measures to
prevent future outbreak. System setups of triage of patients with respiratory illness in outpatient
departments and health care professionals have the duty to protect the public and maintain high
standards of infection control. Further research is required to help define the exact mechanism of
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human to human transmission to facilitate the development of antidote and virus specific
vaccines. Ever changing statistics, constant unravelling of new data represents the limitation of
this review. It should, however, be noted that due to the highly fluid, dynamic and the evolving
nature of the pandemic, and the unfolding natural history of the disease process, the foregoing
recommendations are likely to change and all dental personnel should constantly keep abreast of
the new developments and pronouncements on infection control in dentistry, issued by the local
and regional health authorities.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7113610/

https://pmj.bmj.com/content/96/1142/753

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/origins-of-the-virus

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42398-021-00204-7

https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-causes

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339970952_COVID-
19_infection_Origin_transmission_and_characteristics_of_human_coronaviruses

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339970952_COVID-
19_infection_Origin_transmission_and_characteristics_of_human_coronaviruses

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