Table 1: Participant Demographic Characteristics

Child Demographics
Age in Years (M  SD) 6.05  2.92
Gender N (%)
Male 428 (53.0%)
Female 378 (47.0%)
Race/Ethnicity N (%)
Hispanic/Latino 461 (55.7%)
White 235 (28.4%)
Asian 51 (6.2%)
African-American 24 (2.9%)
Other 56 (6.8%)
Parent Demographics
Gender N (%)
Mothers 715 (88.3%)
Fathers 95 (11.7%)
Age (M  SD) 35.24  7.06
Education in years (M  SD) 13.52  3.64
Median Income (Range) $21,000 - $30,000
Note: Household income was assessed utilizing categorical ranges;
thus, the median income categorical range is reported above.
 Child-Report Pain Severity
10.0

9.0
Faces Pain Scale-Revised Median Score

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0
4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
4.0

3.0
2.00
2.0

1.0
0.00
0.0
Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 6/7 Day 13/14

Post-Operative Day

Figure 1: Median child faces pain scale-revised (FPS-R) scores with their respective interquartile ranges. A
score of zero denotes a neutral face that represents the “No pain”, and a score of 10 denotes a face that
represents “The most pain/hurt possible”.

Parent-Report of Children's Pain Severity

10.0

9.0
Numeric Rating Scale Median Score

8.0

7.0

6.0
5.0 5.0 5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0

3.0
2.0
2.0

1.0
0.0
0.0
Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 6/7 Day 13/14

Post-Operative Day

Figure 2: Median parental numeric rating scale (NRS) scores with their respective interquartile ranges. A score
of 0 refers to “No pain”, and a score of 10 refers to “Severe pain”.
Figure 3: The
Parent-Report Behavioral Recovery - PHBQ-AS
100.0% Positive Behav Change No Change Negative Behav Change
90.0%
78.7%
80.0% 74.6% 76.3%
72.5% 73.7%
70.0%
63.9%
PHBQ-AS Frequencies

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%
33.7%
30.0%
22.2%
19.6%
20.0% 14.9%
14.0%
11.4% 11.7%
9.6% 8.8% 7.9%
10.0% 4.1%
2.4%
0.0%
Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 6/7 Day 13/14

Post-Operative Day

frequency of behavioral changes in children as measured by the PHBQ-AS, with scores greater than 3
indicating negative behavioral change, scores equal to 3 indicating no change, and scores less than 3 indicating
positive behavioral change.

Parent-Report Physical Recovery - RI

30.0

25.57
25.0

20.07
20.0
17.23
16.41
RI Mean Score

16.08
14.86
15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 6/7 Day 13/14

Post-Operative Day

Figure 4: The mean recovery inventory (RI) score with their respective standard deviations. Higher scores
indicate higher levels of recovery.
 Child-Report Physical Recovery - FDI
60.0
Child FDI
Parental
50.0 FDI

40.0
FDI Mean Score

28.82
27.25
30.0

20.0 21.97
18.82

10.0

5.84 0.39
0.0
Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 6/7 Day 13/14

Post-Operative Day

Figure 5: The mean child functional disability inventory (FDI) scores with their respective standard deviations.
Higher scores indicate higher levels of child functional disability in performing daily functions.

Parental-Report Physical Recovery - FDI

60.0
Parental
FDI
50.0 Child FDI

40.0
FDI Mean Score

30.0
22.82
28.04 19.63
20.0 24.89

9.02
10.0

0.96
0.0
Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 6/7 Day 13/14

Post-Operative Day

Figure 6: The mean parental functional disability inventory (FDI) score with their respective standard
deviations. Higher scores indicate higher levels of child functional disability in performing daily functions.